碳酸盐碱胁迫下尼罗罗非鱼氨代谢两种途径时序研究

为了解罗非鱼在碱水环境适应过程中的氨代谢机制,将尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)放在(2、4、6 g/L)碳酸盐(Na HCO3)碱水环境中进行急性胁迫。检测碱胁迫72 h内的血氨浓度,肝、肾、鳃组织及水体、尿液、血液尿素浓度变化,肝、脑、鳃谷氨酰胺(Gln)浓度,肝、脑谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,肝氨甲酰磷酸合成酶(CPS)活性,不同组织中GS、CPS、谷氨酰胺酶(GLS)的基因表达变化。结果显示:急性胁迫下尼罗罗非鱼血氨浓度上升,于12 h到达峰值。随着血氨升高,各组织中的尿素浓度0~6 h快速升高,CPS活性0~2 h快速升高,基因相对表达量0~24 h升高,表明尿素代谢途径0-6 h内启动。肝谷氨酰胺浓度0~6 h快速升高到达峰值,肝GS活性0~6 h和12~24 h快速升高,组织中GS、GLS基因相对表达量在0~24 h升高,表明谷氨酰胺代谢途径0~6 h内启动。结果表明,在碱胁迫条件下,尼罗罗非鱼在胁迫早期同时启动尿素代谢途径与谷氨酰胺代谢途径共同参与调节血氨浓度。     

碱胁迫下罗非鱼鳃氨转运蛋白Rh基因的表达

为研究碱环境下广盐性鱼类氨转运途径,将尼罗罗非鱼同时进行急性碱度胁迫(2、4、6 g/L)和慢性碱度胁迫,检测胁迫后120 h内的血氨浓度与鳃组织中Rhag、Rhbg、Rhcg1和Rhcg2基因mRNA表达变化,并采用免疫组化技术观察鳃组织中Rh蛋白的阳性反应。结果表明,急性碱度胁迫下,血氨浓度在12 h内快速升高到达峰值,4种Rh基因表达量升高,并于24 h到达峰值;慢性碱胁迫组由于碱度不断升高,血氨浓度呈波动状态,4种Rh基因的表达量均维持在较高表达水平,表明几种Rh蛋白均可能参与血氨浓度调节。胁迫24 h,Rhcg1基因的表达量显著高于其他3种基因。免疫组化结果表明,急性与慢性胁迫组中Rhag、Rhbg和Rhcg在鳃组织中均发现阳性反应,且随碱度升高,阳性反应增强。本研究表明,在碱胁迫环境下,尼罗罗非鱼会增强Rh基因与蛋白表达量参与氨转运过程。     

盐碱胁迫对尼罗罗非鱼血清渗透压、离子浓度及离子转运酶基因表达的影响

为了解鱼类适应盐碱水环境的生理变化机理,将尼罗罗非鱼从淡水直接转入4个不同盐碱混合梯度组(A组:盐度10,碱度1 g/LNaHCO3;B组:盐度10,碱度2 g/LNaHCO3;C组:盐度15,碱度1 g/LNaHCO3;D组:盐度15,碱度2 g/LNaHCO3)中进行为期96 h的急性胁迫实验,分别检测胁迫后0、6、12、24、36、48、72和96 h时尼罗罗非鱼的血清渗透压、血清Na+、K+、Cl-浓度以及鳃中Na+-K+-ATP酶(NKA)和碳酸酐酶(CA)基因相对表达量的变化过程。结果显示,血清渗透压、离子浓度以及鳃中NKA基因和CA基因mRNA表达量变化程度均与其盐碱胁迫浓度间呈正相关,变化过程随着实验时间推移均呈现为先升、后降,最后趋于平稳。B、D组血清渗透压峰值出现在24 h,A、C组出现在36 h。血清Na+、K+、Cl-浓度均在24 h达到峰值。B、D组NKA基因mRNA表达峰值出现在24 h,A、C组出现在36 h;除A组外,其余各组CA基因mRNA表达峰值时间出现在24 h。研究表明,尼罗罗非鱼具有一定的盐碱适应能力,盐碱胁迫下NKA、CA是参与离子转运、渗透压调节的重要转运酶。     

盐碱胁迫对尼罗罗非鱼鳃Na+/HCO3-共转运子、碳酸酐酶基因表达的影响

为了探讨盐碱胁迫条件下鱼类渗透生理调节机制,以尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)为实验材料, PCR扩增得到了Na+/3HCO-共转运子(NBCe1)基因cDNA部分序列,比较了单盐(盐度10、盐度15)、单碱(1.5 g/L、3 g/L NaHCO3)、盐碱混合(盐度10,碱度1.5 g/L;盐度15,碱度3 g/L)胁迫后不同时间(0 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h)血清渗透压、离子浓度(Na+、K+、Cl–、Ca2+)以及鳃碳酸酐酶(CA)活性、CA与NBCe1基因mRNA表达变化。结果显示,不同胁迫条件下,血清渗透压、离子浓度、鳃组织 CA 酶活、CA 与 NBCe1基因 mRNA 表达变化均与胁迫强度呈正相关。随时间推移,血清渗透压、离子浓度呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,单盐、盐碱混合组血清渗透压值较单碱组高。单盐、单碱、盐碱混合组中, NBCe1基因mRNA在鳃中均呈略微上调,但不显著(P>0.05)。单碱组和盐碱混合组鳃CA活性较单盐组高,低盐碱胁迫(盐度10,碱度1.5 g/L)下CA活性较晚达最高值;不同胁迫条件下, CA基因mRNA表达均表现上调,单碱、盐碱混合组更为显著(P<0.05),推测CA较NBCe1对体内3HCO-转运作用更为显著。研究结果为尼罗罗非鱼盐碱适应生理调节提供了基础资料。     

碳酸盐碱度胁迫下凡纳滨对虾基因的差异表达

以广盐性养殖的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,采用抑制消减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)和定量PCR的方法,研究其在高碳酸盐碱度胁迫下转录组水平的基因表达差异,以期从基因组水平研究对虾对高碳酸盐碱度胁迫的适应机制。结果表明,以高碳酸盐碱度(20 mmol/L)胁迫第4天凡纳滨对虾鳃组织和低碱度(2 mmol/L)对照组鳃组织为材料,通过斑点杂交筛选,发现鳃组织中有158个克隆子表达上调,291个克隆子表达下调。挑选150个高表达差异的克隆子进行测序,获得100个序列,其中50个得到成功注释。经过GO分析,这些注释的差异基因主要分为8大类群,其中碳酸酐酶基因(CA)、Na+-K+-ATPase基因(NKA-α)等与离子调控相关的基因表达量上调,而溶菌酶基因等与先天免疫相关的基因表达量下调,这些结果表明高碳酸盐碱度胁迫下,凡纳滨对虾以增加离子调控的方式进行酸碱平衡的调控,同时其免疫功能受到抑制。此外,还对CA和NKA-α两个基因在鳃和触角腺中的时空表达规律进行了研究,发现高碳酸盐碱度胁迫9 d过程中,两个基因在鳃组织中的表达均呈现先高表达后回落的现象,而在触角腺中NKA-α基因则一直维持较高表达水平,说明CA和NKA-α基因在凡纳滨对虾高碳酸盐碱度适应离子调控中起着关键作用,同时还发现除了鳃组织之外,触角腺同样参与了调控。本研究从转录水平初步筛选了高碳酸盐碱度胁迫下凡纳滨对虾的表达差异基因,探索了凡纳滨对虾的耐盐碱机制,对培育适于盐碱地水产养殖的优良品种有着重要的意义。     

鲤（Cyprinus carpio）Rh糖蛋白家族基因的克隆与组织mRNA表达

为了研究鱼类氨代谢机制,克隆了鲤（Cyprinus carpio）Rh糖蛋白家族的Rhag、Rhbg、Rhcgl基因的cDNA全序列,与人类Rh基因的氨基酸序列比对结果显示,鲤Rh糖蛋白保守性较高。系统分析表明,鲤3个Rh基因与斑马（Daniorerio）Rh基因的亲缘关系较近。Rhag、Rhbg、Rhcgl基因在鲤鳃组织中表达较高,而在其它组织表达的相对量极低。比较3个基因在鳃组织的表达,Rhbg的表达量极显著高于其它2个基因。这一结果预示Rhag、Rhbg、Rhcgl与鲤的氨代谢密切相关,尤其是Rhbg基因,可能是鲤氨代谢的重要因子。     

盐碱胁迫对尼罗罗非鱼鳃Na+/HCO3-共转运子、碳酸酐酶基因表达的影响

为了探讨盐碱胁迫条件下鱼类渗透生理调节机制,以尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)为实验材料, PCR扩增得到了Na⁺/HCO₃^-共转运子(NBCe1)基因cDNA部分序列,比较了单盐(盐度10、盐度15)、单碱(1.5 g/L、3 g/L NaHCO₃)、盐碱混合(盐度10,碱度1.5 g/L;盐度15,碱度3 g/L)胁迫后不同时间(0 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h)血清渗透压、离子浓度(Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-、Ca²⁺)以及鳃碳酸酐酶(CA)活性、CA与NBCe1基因mRNA表达变化。结果显示,不同胁迫条件下,血清渗透压、离子浓度、鳃组织CA酶活、CA与NBCe1基因mRNA表达变化均与胁迫强度呈正相关。随时间推移,血清渗透压、离子浓度呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,单盐、盐碱混合组血清渗透压值较单碱组高。单盐、单碱、盐碱混合组中, NBCe1基因mRNA在鳃中均呈略微上调,但不显著(P>0.05)。单碱组和盐碱混合组鳃CA活性较单盐组高,低盐碱胁迫(盐度10,碱度1.5 g/L)下CA活性较晚达最高值;不同胁迫条件下, CA基因mRNA表达均表现上调,单碱、盐碱混合组更为显著(P<0.05),推测CA较NBCe1对体内HCO₃^-转运作用更为显著。研究结果为尼罗罗非鱼盐碱适应生理调节提供了基础资料。     

中国对虾ATG5基因的克隆及其在pH、碳酸盐碱度胁迫下的表达分析

采用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术获得中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis) ATG5基因cDNA全长,命名为FcATG5。利用实时荧光定量技术分析了FcATG5的组织表达及其在pH和碳酸盐碱度胁迫下的表达特征,并利用RNAi技术验证其功能。基因分析显示,FcATG5 cDNA全长为2225 bp,开放阅读框为810 bp,编码269个氨基酸,预测其编码的蛋白质分子量为31.103 kDa,理论等电点为5.59,为疏水性蛋白,包含1个APG5自噬相关蛋白结构域,无跨膜结构,不包含信号肽。同源性和系统进化分析显示,FcATG5具有高度保守性,与凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)同源性最高(98.14%)。组织表达分析显示,FcATG5在中国对虾各组织中均有表达,肌肉中表达量最高(P<0.05),血淋巴细胞中最低(P<0.05)。pH胁迫后48 h,FcATG5在鳃中的表达量最低,为对照组的1.68倍;胁迫后96 h最高,为对照组的2.67倍。碳酸盐碱度胁迫后12 h,FcATG5在鳃中表达量最高,为对照组的2.77倍;胁迫后96 h最低,为对照组的1.30倍。干扰实验结果显示,pH和碳酸盐碱度胁迫下,沉默FcATG5基因会使中国对虾死亡率显著增高(P<0.05),表明该基因的表达量越高,越有利于中国对虾存活。实时定量结果表明,FcATG5在pH、碳酸盐胁迫下的表达量均显著升高(P<0.05),推测自噬可能参与中国对虾应对非生物胁迫的调控。本研究结果对水生动物特别是甲壳动物中细胞自噬研究具有重要的借鉴意义,有助于推进中国对虾盐碱水养殖的研究进程。     

尼罗罗非鱼MHC ⅡA基因的克隆、表达及多态性分析

为进一步了解鱼类MHC ⅡA基因的特点及其在免疫反应中的功能,采用同源克隆、RACE-PCR、巢式PCR等技术,从健康的尼罗罗非鱼体获得1 205 bp的MHC ⅡA基因cDNA全序列(Orni-DBA-0101,Genebank登录号:JF719813)及1 388 bp的基因组序列。序列分析发现,尼罗罗非鱼MHC ⅡA基因含4个外显子和3个内含子,开放阅读框长720 bp,编码239个氨基酸。从4尾尼罗罗非鱼中共得到8条不同的cDNA序列,分别编码不同的氨基酸序列。氨基酸序列比对后发现,序列间存在丰富的多态性,且主要集中在α-1区,多态性位点数远远高于半滑舌鳎MHC ⅡA基因。生物信息学分析表明,尼罗罗非鱼MHC ⅡA编码的蛋白质分子包含1个信号肽、2个胞外结构域、1个跨膜区和1个胞质区,存在4个保守的半胱氨酸残基以及丰富的磷酸化位点,与其他物种的相似性为23%～65%。RT-PCR结果表明,MHC ⅡA基因在脾、肾、肠、鳃、性腺、肝、心脏表达量很高,在鳔和肌肉中表达量最低。人工感染嗜水气单胞菌后,肝、脾、肾、鳃、肠5个组织中MHC ⅡA基因的mRNA水平均发生了不同程度的变化,提示MHC ⅡA分子作为一种重要的免疫因子,在清除病原的免疫反应中起着重要作用。     

高碱环境下青海湖裸鲤氮废物排泄及相关基因的表达规律

采用个体生理学及定量PCR方法,研究了青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)在32 mmol/L(CA32)和64 mmol/L(CA64)碳酸盐碱度胁迫下氮废物排泄规律及鳃和肾组织中Rhesus type b glycoproteins(Rhbg)、Rhesus type c2 glycoproteins(Rhcg2)与urea transporter(Ut)基因的表达规律。结果显示,在32 mmol/L碱度胁迫整个过程中及64 mmol/L碱度胁迫初期裸鲤氨氮排泄率显著降低,但在64 mmol/L碱度胁迫8~20 h、24~72 h时氨氮排泄率基本恢复到胁迫前水平,在32 mmol/L碱度胁迫12~16 h、20~24 h及64 mmol/L碱度胁迫16~48 h时尿素氮排泄率显著升高。定量PCR结果显示,Rhbg、Rhcg2、Ut基因在胁迫过程中都有表达上调趋势,其中32 mmol/L碱性环境下鳃组织中Rhbg基因在胁迫12 h时表达明显上调;64 mmol/L碱性环境下鳃组织中Rhcg2基因在胁迫6 h、48 h、72 h表达明显上调,Ut基因在胁迫6 h表达明显上调,肾组织中Rhcg2基因在胁迫6 h表达明显上调。以上结果表明,裸鲤在高碱环境下虽然前期氮废物排泄受到抑制,但后期会通过启动Rh基因高表达恢复氨氮排泄,同时启动Ut高表达来增加尿素氮排泄来进行氮废物排泄。这一特殊氮废物排泄策略有助于裸鲤更好地适应高碱性环境。     

氨和空气暴露对大鳞副泥鳅组织中谷氨酰胺含量的影响

为研究氨对大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)(体重18~25 g)生理指标的影响,将其暴露于30 mmol/L NH_4Cl溶液和空气中0 h,6 h,12 h,24 h,48 h,72 h,以研究体外和体内氨对其体组织中谷氨酰胺含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性的影响。研究发现,氨和空气暴露下,随着暴露时间的延长,大鳞副泥鳅肝脏和肌肉组织中谷氨酰胺含量有明显累积的趋势,脑、肝脏和肠道组织中谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均显著上升。氨和空气暴露显著影响大鳞副泥鳅脑和肠道组织中谷氨酸脱氢酶活性,但对肝脏组织中谷氨酸脱氢酶活性并没有显著性影响。结果表明,大鳞副泥鳅可通过体组织中累积谷氨酰胺来应对体外或体内氨浓度的上升,氨暴露和空气暴露可刺激体内谷氨酰胺的合成,将氨转化为无毒性的谷氨酰胺。肠道中谷氨酸脱氢酶活性显著上升,可能在鱼类应对氨氮毒性中,肠道谷氨酸脱氢酶比谷氨酰胺合成酶有更重要的作用。而大鳞副泥鳅肝脏组织中谷氨酸脱氢酶活性并不受氨和空气暴露的影响,这可能是由于肝脏组织中转氨酶催化生成了足量的谷氨酸。     

Changes in physiological parameters involved in glutamine and urea synthesis in Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,fed Ampithoe sp. meal and exposed to ammonia stress

Two dietary formulas containing 0% (D0 group) and 33% (D33 group) Ampithoe sp. meal were fed to Litopenaeus vannamei for 42 days, and then, an ammonia stress test was performed to explore the mechanism by which dietary Ampithoe sp. meal supplementation improves the ammonia tolerance of shrimp. The changes in key enzyme activities and biochemical substances involved in glutamine and urea synthesis in shrimp under ammonia stress were investigated. The cumulative mortality in the D0 group and D33 group was 62.22% and 44.44% respectively. With the prolongation of ammonia exposure, the ammonia concentration in the haemolymph of both groups increased, but that of the D33 group was significantly lower than that of the D0 group. The glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity, glutamine concentration and urea‐N concentration in the haemolymph of the D33 group were significantly higher than those of the D0 group. In the gills of the D33 group, the glutamine concentration, arginase (ARG) activity and urea‐N concentration were significantly higher than those of the D0 group. In the hepatopancreas of the D33 group, the glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, glutamine concentration and urea‐N concentration were significantly higher than those of the D0 group. In the muscle of the D33 group, the GDH activity, GS activity, glutamine concentration and ARG activity were significantly higher than those of the D0 group. Consequently, our results indicated that dietary Ampithoe sp. meal supplementation could enhance glutamine and urea synthesis, thereby reducing ammonia accumulation in organisms, resulting in the improvement of ammonia tolerance in L. vannamei.     

Effects of α‐ketoglutarate on growth performance,antioxidant capacity and ammonia metabolization against chronic carbonate alkalinity stress in Songpu mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio Songpu)

A 3 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction between carbonate alkalinity and dietary α‐ketoglutarate (AKG) levels on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and ammonia metabolization of Songpu mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio Songpu). Each diet (0%, 1% AKG) was randomly allotted to 0 mmol/L, 15 mmol/L, 30 mmol/L carbonate alkalinity groups with three replicate aquaria. The weight gain rate (WGR) significantly increased in the 1% AKG group and significantly decreased with increasing carbonate alkalinity (p < .05). Crude ash was significantly affected by the interaction between carbonate alkalinity and dietary AKG levels and significantly increased in the 1% AKG group (p < .05). A significant interaction between carbonate alkalinity and dietary AKG levels on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in hepatopancreas was observed (p < .05). The increasing carbonate alkalinities significantly decreased SOD activities in the hepatopancreas and foregut, catalase (CAT) activities in the hepatopancreas, foregut, midgut and hindgut and glutathione (GSH) contents in the hepatopancreas and foregut (p < .05). Despite AKG addition, the blood ammonia content still increased with increasing carbonate alkalinities. The gene expressions of AQP3, Rhag, Rhcg2 and Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase (NKA) in the gills and glutamine synthase (GS) in the brain were significantly upregulated with increasing carbonate alkalinities (p < .05). In the 1% AKG group, GS gene expression significantly upregulated in the brains, whereas AQP3, Rhag, Rhcg2 and NKA gene expressions significantly downregulated in the gills (p < .05). In summary, the 1% AKG addition can enhance the gene expression of ammonia metabolization and improve the antioxidant capacity of Songpu mirror carp with chronic carbonate alkalinity stress.     

Cloning and characterization of the glutamine synthetase gene from Chinese shrimp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fenneropenaeus chinensis</Emphasis>

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is considered to be one of the oldest existing functioning genes in evolution and plays a key role in two major biochemical pathways: in liver GS catalyzes ammonia detoxification, whereas in neural tissues it also functions in recycling of the neurotransmitter glutamate. In this study, a cytosolic glutamine synthetase was cloned and characterized from the Chinese Shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis, and named as FcGS. The results indicated that the full-length DNA of 1,756 bp had an open reading frame without intron, which encoded a polypeptide of 366 amino acids with several conserved active site residues. The calculated molecular mass of mature protein was 40.7 kDa and theoretical pI was 6.47. A phylogenetic analysis of GS sequences showed that FcGS clustered with the invertebrate group as expected. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that FcGS was expressed in intestines, hepatopancreas, muscles and gills, and its profile was up-regulated post-WSSV challenge in hepatopancreas and gills. Our results suggested that FcGS might participate in the regulation of shrimp immune response toward WSSV invasion. These data would be helpful to better understand the WSSV resistance mechanism of farming shrimps.     

Acute toxicity of ammonia and its sub-lethal effects on selected haematological and enzymatic parameters of mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

A comprehensive acute toxicity trial was conducted using a static water system to study the toxic effect of ammonia on haematology and enzyme profiles of Cirrhinus mrigala H. The LC₅₀ of total ammonia‐nitrogen (TAN) was 11.8 mg L^?1 TAN (1.029 mg L^?1 NH₃‐N). The sub‐lethal test revealed that with increasing concentration of TAN, the total erythrocyte counts were reduced in lower concentrations (1–4 mg L^?1 TAN) followed by higher levels in fish exposed to higher concentrations (8–16 mg L^?1 TAN). In contrast, the total leucocyte counts were opposite. With increasing concentration of TAN, haemoglobin and serum protein content were reduced, whereas the blood glucose level increased. As the concentration of ammonia increased, there was a reduction in acetylecholinesterase activity in the brain and liver; alkaline phosphatase activity in the serum, brain and gill; and acid phosphatase (ACP) activity in the gill. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the gill, liver, kidney and brain increased with increased concentration of ammonia. In addition, activities of ACP in the serum and brain, alanine aminotransferase in the serum, brain and gill, and aspartate aminotransferase in the serum, brain and gill were increased.     

氨氮胁迫对锦绣龙虾代谢酶和抗氧化酶活力的影响

为了研究急性氨氮胁迫对锦绣龙虾(Panulirus ornatus)抗氧化系统及氨氮代谢机制的影响,通过设置对照[(0.24±0.07)mg/L]、低浓度[(1.04±0.08)mg/L]、中浓度[(9.75±0.21)mg/L]和高浓度[(19.87±0.46)mg/L]氨氮胁迫方法对锦绣龙虾进行48 h急性实验,测...