绿鳍马面鲀(Navodon septentrionalis)对4种大型水母的捕食行为

以绿鳍马面鲀为研究对象,通过室内受控实验,比较研究了其对我国沿海4种常见大型水母(海蜇、沙海蜇、海月水母和白色霞水母)的捕食差异。结果显示,体重为(215±20)g的绿鳍马面鲀对海月水母的捕食能力最强,日均最大摄食量为(150.7±18.6)g/fish,其次是海蜇和白色霞水母,日均摄食量分别为(129.7±11.6)和(120.0±19.3)g/fish,对沙海蜇的摄食量最少,为(92.5±11.3)g/fish;绿鳍马面鲀对海月水母与海蜇摄食量主要受投喂量影响,与规格无关,当投喂量小于其最大捕食量时,绿鳍马面鲀可捕食其周围所有水母,当投喂量超过其最大摄食量并继续增加时,绿鳍马面鲀摄食量保持不变,但残余水母的触手和伞部边缘均被啃食,继而导致水母摄食能力丧失,难以继续生存;在适口饵料冰鲜玉筋鱼充足的情况下,绿鳍马面鲀对水母具有明显的摄食偏向性,与仅投喂水母实验组相比,其对海月水母和海蜇的日均摄食量仅降低了20.2%和16.9%。研究结果表明,绿鳍马面鲀对上述4种水母皆能捕食。     

三种常用化学消毒剂对牙鲆仔稚鱼的急性毒性研究

选用3种化学消毒剂对牙鲆仔稚鱼进行急性毒性试验。结果表明,高锰酸钾对牙鲆仔鱼的24 hLC504、8 h LC50和安全浓度分别为1.678×10-6、1.382×10-6和0.281×10-6,对牙鲆稚鱼的24 h LC50、48 hLC50和安全浓度分别为2.555×10-6、1.789×10-6和0.263×10-6;甲醛对牙鲆仔鱼的24 h LC50、48 h LC50和安全浓度分别为25.821×10-6、10.671×10-6和0.547×10-6,对牙鲆稚鱼的24 h LC50、48 h LC50和安全浓度分别为33.959×10-6、17.046×10-6和1.288×10-6;聚维酮碘对牙鲆仔鱼的24 h LC50、48 h LC50和安全浓度分别为15.744×10-6、8.163×10-6和0.658×10-6,对牙鲆稚鱼的24 h LC504、8 h LC50和安全浓度分别为25.802×10-6、21.286×10-6和4.346×10-6。牙鲆仔稚鱼对3种化学消毒剂的敏感性依次为:高锰酸钾>甲醛>聚维酮碘,并且牙鲆仔鱼分别对3种消毒剂的敏感性均大于牙鲆稚鱼分别对3种消毒剂的敏感性。最后依据本试验结果,作者对牙鲆疾病防治中消毒剂的使用进行了探讨。     

几种工业废水对牙鲆仔稚鱼的急性毒性及联合毒性作用

印染废水、电镀废水、农药废水都是常见的、易进入近岸海域的工业废水。本文通过室内实验，研究了这3种工业废水及其混合物对牙鲆仔稚鱼的急性毒性作用。结果表明，印染废水、电镀废水、农药废水及其混合物对牙鲆初孵仔鱼48hLC50(95％置信区间）和96h LC50（95％置信区间）分别为2．28％（1．39％－3．74％）、0．21％（0．18％－0．27％）、0．47％（0．37％－0．60％）及0．42％（0．07％－2．54％）和0．58％（0．15％－0．76％）、0．10％（0．04％－0．25％）、0．23％（0．18％－0．29％）及0．17％（0．12％－0．23％）；对牙鲆后期仔稚鱼48h LC50(95%置信区间）和96h LC50（95％置信区间）分别为2．95％（1．65％－5．29％）、0．22％（0．15％－0．31％）、0．71％（0．50％－1．01％）及0．77％（0．50％－1．19％）和0．69％（0．51％－0．93％）、0．14％（0．10％－0．20％）、0．38％（0．23％－0．61％及0．24％（0．16％－0．35％）。以对牙鲆仔稚鱼半致死浓度为指标，这几种工业废水的毒性顺序为电镀废水＞农药废水＞印染废水，初孵仔鱼较后期仔稚鱼对这些废水更为敏感。这些废水以等体积混合时，对初孵仔鱼和后期稚鱼的联合毒性作用表现为相加作用。     

许氏平鲉仔、稚鱼的摄食特性及幼鱼胃排空率

为了探明仔、稚鱼阶段红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythopterus)投喂轮虫的最适密度和颗粒饲料驯化时间,文章研究了不同轮虫投喂密度下,红鳍笛鲷仔鱼的生长、存活和食物选择,并采用生长、存活、RNA/DNA比率和消化道上皮细胞高度等参数作为评价指标,研究了颗粒饲料驯化时间 [13 dph (孵化后天数,W13)、16 dph (W16)、19 dph (W19)和22 dph (W22)] 对红鳍笛鲷仔、稚鱼的影响。结果表明,轮虫投喂密度显著影响红鳍笛鲷仔鱼的摄食、饵料选择、生长和存活,轮虫投喂密度为10~20 个·mL^–1时,仔鱼的生长和成活率均无显著差异但显著高于1个·mL^–1和30个·mL^–1处理组。颗粒饲料驯化实验中,W19和W22处理组个体的生长和成活率显著高于其他两组,W13处理组个体的RNA/DNA比率最低。22 dph时,W13和W16处理组个体消化道上皮细胞高度明显低于其他两组。根据研究结果,轮虫和卤虫无节幼体混合喂养期间,轮虫密度对仔、稚鱼的食物选择性存在显著影响,建议在红鳍笛鲷初始投喂阶段使用10~20 个·mL^–1的轮虫密度投喂仔鱼,红鳍笛鲷13 dph即可驯料,而最佳驯料期为16~22 dph。     

四种大型水母横裂生殖的差异与其种群数量变动的初探

在实验室培养了4种大型水母:海蜇、海月水母、白色霞水母及沙海蜇的螅状体.在相同的生态环境下,观察了这4种螅状体的横裂生殖, 其横裂生殖率:海蜇100%、海月水母100%、白色霞水母0%、沙海蜇0%.经过横裂生殖螅状体的存活率:海蜇20%、海月水母100%.未横裂生殖螅状体的存活率为100%,同时探讨了这4种大型水母的种群数量变化原因.     

许氏平鲉的食物组成及其食物选择性

 2009年8月和10月对渤海进行了底拖网调查, 对增殖放流种类之一的许氏平鲉(Sebates schlegeli)进行了胃含物分析和食物选择性的初步研究。结果表明许氏平鲉共摄食7类20余种饵料, 主要摄食虾类和鱼类, 属虾/鱼食性鱼类。8月摄食的主要饵料为日本鼓虾和虾虎鱼类, 10月摄食的主要饵料为疣背宽额虾和小黄鱼。与20世纪90年代的研究结果相比, 许氏平鲉的摄食发生了显著的年间变化, 摄食的虾类饵料增多, 鱼类饵料减少; 主要饵料种类发生改变, 鳀不再是其主要的饵料种类。食物选择性指数的计算表明许氏平鲉摄食的主要饵料种类与喜食的饵料种类有一定差别; 许氏平鲉的食物选择性并不完全是由环境中的饵料丰度决定的, 说明其对食物的选择具有较强的主动性。结论认为, 许氏平鲉的摄食和食物选择性的季节变化不仅受环境中饵料丰度的影响, 也受鱼类自身营养需求和主动选择性摄食的影响。

     

大菱鲆胚胎和仔稚鱼的热刺激耐受能力

以培育大菱鲆Scophthalmus maximus耐高温品系为目的,研究了胚胎和仔稚鱼对热刺激的耐受力差别,为通过高温刺激选育大菱鲆耐高温品系提供指导和基础数据。实验分别对大菱鲆胚胎期(孵化前期)、卵黄囊期(初孵仔鱼,0dph)、前弯曲期(10dph)和弯曲期(25dph)的仔鱼、稚鱼(50dph)使用22～33℃范围内不同梯度的高温海水,进行突变热刺激,2h后转入原水体中培育,记录之后60～84h的死亡率、仔鱼孵化率、畸形率等数据。结果表明,上述5个发育期大菱鲆经受2h热刺激的亚致死温度为24、23、<22、28、28℃,半致死温度为26、28、22、29、29℃,致死温度为30、29、27、30、30℃。根据热刺激后24和48h死亡率,耐热能力由弱到强依次为10dph<胚胎<0dph<25dph<50dph,总体上呈现随生长发育逐渐增强的趋势。10dph左右可能为大菱鲆热刺激耐受力低谷,此时也是开鳔期,对外界环境反应灵敏,受到不良环境刺激易导致死亡。     

杭州湾北岸水域仔稚鱼的多样性和聚类分析

为了探明以杭州湾北岸水域仔稚鱼分布和多样性特征, 2019 年 5 月、8 月、11 月, 在杭州湾北岸水域设立 12 个站位点, 以大型仔稚鱼网(口径 1.3 m, 网目 0.5 mm)进行表层水平拖网采集仔稚鱼, 测量表层温度、盐度、溶氧量及 pH 值。结果表明: 共 36 次拖网调查采集到仔稚鱼 9019 尾, 其中淡水性鱼类 2 种, 河口性鱼类 12 种, 海洋性鱼类 14 种, 洄游性鱼类 11 种。斑尾刺虾虎鱼(Acanthogobius ommaturus)最多, 占总个体数的 40.32%, 其次依次为凤鲚(Coilia mystus) (15.58%)、鮻(Liza haematocheilus) (9.83%)、黄鳍多纪鲀(Takifugu xanthopterus) (1.39%)、单鳍喉褶?(Eleutherochir mirabilis) (1.36%)和有明银鱼(Salanx ariakensis) (1.35%)。仔稚鱼物种数与密度均为 5 月最多, 11 月最少。物种数和密度均呈现近岸站点较远岸站点高的现象。Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数和 Margelef 多样性指数分析表明, 两指数变化趋势较为一致, 均呈现 5 月最高, 8 月次之而 11 月最低的情况。相似性聚类分析结果显示, 杭州湾北岸仔稚鱼主要分为湾口近岸、湾口离岸和湾内 3 种群落类型, 单独对各月仔稚鱼群落进行聚类分析, 结果表明 5 月、8 月仔稚鱼主要分为湾口和湾内两种群落类型, 11 月仔稚鱼分布较为均匀, 没有明显聚类特征。     

许氏平鲉仔、稚鱼的摄食特性及幼鱼胃排空率

为阐明人工育苗条件下许氏平鲉早期发育阶段的摄食特性及变化规律,采用实验生态学方法,对人工育苗条件下许氏平鲉仔、稚鱼摄食特性及不同生长阶段幼鱼的胃排空率进行了研究。结果显示,许氏平鲉仔、稚鱼已具有较强的摄食能力,前期仔鱼(2日龄)昼夜摄食高峰出现于16:00;后期仔鱼(15日龄)与稚鱼(25日龄)的摄食高峰均出现在16:00—20:00,表现为白天摄食类型。许氏平鲉仔、稚鱼各阶段的日摄食率分别为42.26%(2日龄)、16.25%(15日龄)和13.07%(25日龄),可将其作为许氏平鲉早期发育阶段日投喂量的参考标准。在水温(22±0.5)°C条件下,摄食人工配合饵料的不同规格许氏平鲉幼鱼(平均体质量1.78和8.52 g)表现出明显不同的胃排空特征。采用线性模型、指数模型、平方根模型和Logistic模型均能较好地拟合实验幼鱼的胃排空数据。以R2、RSS、SDR为标准进一步比较,结果显示,体质量1.78和8.52 g幼鱼胃排空最佳拟合模型分别为线性模型和Logistic模型,其胃排空率分别为0.007和0.047 g/h,根据其胃排空特征以及投喂频率对幼鱼生长离散的影响等,建议将饱食投喂2~3次/d作为60~90日龄幼鱼的适宜投喂频率。     

不同尺寸网目与缩结系数对许氏平鲉的选择性

为探究不同尺寸网目及缩结系数对许氏平鲉(Sebastesschlegelii)的选择性,本研究基于实验水槽中的套网法试验,测得许氏平鲉的生物学特征参数,采用Logistic模型曲线拟合得到不同尺寸网目及缩结系数对许氏平鲉的选择性曲线,并用极大似然法估算选择性参数。结果表明:网目尺寸为63 mm、82 mm、93 mm时,许氏平鲉的50%选择性体长(L50)分别为18.49 cm、23.90 cm、25.12 cm,选择范围(SR)分别为3.18、3.6、3.85,选择因素(SF)分别为2.93、2.91、2.70,随着网目尺寸的增大,许氏平鲉的L50、SR逐渐增大, SF逐渐减小;当82 mm网目的缩结系数(Et)分别为0.5、0.6、0.707时,许氏平鲉的50%选择性体长(L50)分别为21.47 cm、23.90 cm、22.02 cm,选择范围(SR)分别为3.23、3.6、3.38,选择因素(SF)分别为2.65、2.91、2.68,随着网目缩结系数的增大,许氏平鲉的L50、SR、SF先增大后减小,在Et为0.6时均达到最大。为保护许氏平鲉幼鱼资源,建议在鱼礁区使用网目规格为70 mm, Et为0.6的笼壶渔具进行采捕。     

沙蜇与海蜇晚期碟状体的形态学研究

针对每年春季在大型水母资源量初期调查工作中沙蜇与海蜇晚期碟状体(1~2 cm)阶段较难区分的现象,通过实验室培养观察,首次对沙蜇和海蛰晚期碟状体的形态特征进行了详细比较,总结了二者的主要差异:沙蜇的生殖腺下腔较饱满,腔内空间较大,而海蜇的腔内空间较小,每个腔内外两侧边缘弧度相近,腔与腔之间的距离较大。沙蜇的胃腔内垂直排列着两列胃丝,长胃丝分别由4个生殖腺下腔内向胃腔壁下方的中央口延伸,而海蜇的胃丝分别分布在4个生殖腺下腔内,胃腔内壁上没有或仅有少量的胃丝。当处于紧缩状态时,沙蜇的口腕呈倒圆锥形,小触指分布错综复杂,而海蜇的口腕呈圆柱形,小触指有序地收缩在口腕柱内。     

海蜇毒素的提取及活性测定

利用液氮速冻、石英砂研磨破碎刺胞,用水溶液、醇溶液提取海蜇和沙蜇刺胞毒素。用Sepha-dex G-75柱层析分离得到2个峰,收集2个峰的液体冷冻干燥得到毒素。利用血平板快速检测毒素的活性。沙蜇毒素的溶血活性明显高于海蜇毒素。提取物中的活性成分的分子量约为10 000~60 000。这类毒素具有溶血、心脏毒性、神经毒性、肌肉毒性、皮肤坏死,影响离子转运以及胆碱酯酶活性等作用。     

辽宁沿海海蜇与沙海蜇遗传多样性的AFLP分析

海蜇和沙海蛰均为腔肠动物门的大型食用水母,采用AFLP分子标记技术对辽宁沿海的海蜇野生群体、养殖群体和沙海蜇野生群体共90个个体进行了遗传多样性分析.10对引物共得到560个稳定扩增位点.3个群体的多态性位点比例为海蜇野生群体82.05%.海蜇养殖群体78.46%,沙海蜇野生群体74.10%;平均杂合度分别为0.2072,0.1850和0.2116,Shannon多样性指数分别为0.3248、0.2954和0.3262,海蜇野生群体与海蜇养殖群体和沙海蜇野生群体的遗传距离分别为0.0300和0.2702.分析结果表明,3个群体的遗传多样性均保持了相对较高的水平.     

Energy budget of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel) larvae fed HUFA-enriched and non-enriched Artemia nauplii

The energy budget of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel) larvae fed enriched (EA) and non‐enriched (NEA) Artemia nauplii was determined by equating energy intake (EI) with the summation of energy channelled to faeces (F), metabolism (M), excretion (U) and growth (G). Larvae (21 days post hatching, 2.2 mg mean wet wt) were reared in six 80‐L circular tanks with three replicates of 160 larvae per tank and fed EA and NEA for 20 days. EI was calculated from the energy content of consumed nauplii, M from the summation of energy for routine, feeding and active metabolisms, U from ammonia excretion and G from energy gained based on weight gain, while F was the difference between EI and the total of other components. The heat increment of larvae was calculated from the difference of O₂ consumption at post‐prandial and routine conditions. Except for G and F, variables were correlated to the dry body weight (W) of larvae in a power function: Y=aW^b. Coefficients a and b were estimated by regression after a logarithmic transformation of the raw data. Overall, growth and survival rates of the larvae fed EA were higher than those fed NEA. For a larval flounder growing from 2 to 20 mg wet wt, the ingested energy was partitioned as follows: 22.8% to faecal loss, 38.3% to metabolism, 1.5% to urinary loss and 37.4% to growth for the EA group, whereas 35.4% to faecal loss, 28.4% to metabolism, 1.3% to urinary loss and 34.9% to growth for the NEA group. Gross conversion and assimilation efficiencies were higher, but the net conversion efficiency was lower in EA‐fed larvae than NEA‐fed larvae. This study suggests that the higher growth and survival rates of the EA‐fed group compared with the NEA‐fed group were attributed to their higher intake of essential fatty acids, higher metabolism and lower energy loss of faeces.     

不同饵料对海蜇幼体生长、消化酶、抗氧化和免疫酶活力的影响

本研究旨在探讨不同饵料对海蜇(Rhopilema esculentum)幼体生长、消化酶、抗氧化酶和非特异性免疫酶活力的影响.实验设置4个饵料组:小球藻组、虾片(对虾开口饵料)组、卤虫无节幼体组和混合组(卤虫无节幼体和虾片等比例混合),养殖实验持续进行30 d.结果显示:混合组和卤虫无节幼体组海蜇的增重率(WGR)和特...     

不同饵料对3种西藏鱼类仔鱼生长及存活的影响

研究了卤虫无节幼体、专用仔鱼料、鳗鱼仔鱼料等3种不同饵料对西藏尖裸鲤(Oxygymnocypris stewartii)、异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax o'connori Lloyd)、拉萨裂腹鱼(Schizothorax waltoni Regan)等3种鱼类仔鱼生长和存活的影响。实验尖裸鲤、异齿裂腹鱼、拉萨裂腹鱼仔鱼的初始全长分别为(13.29±0.52)mm、(12.29±0.44)mm、(15.81±0.50)mm,实验周期分别为25 d、25 d、15 d。结果表明:与其他饵料组相比,投喂专用仔鱼料组,异齿裂腹鱼仔鱼和拉萨裂腹鱼仔鱼的平均全长、全长增加倍数以及存活率均高于其他各组,并有显著差异;尖裸鲤仔鱼的平均全长和全长增长倍数也高于其他各组,但存活率较投喂卤虫无节幼体低,并有显著差异。     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile and grower rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli

Two feeding trials were conducted to determine the optimal dietary carbohydrate to lipid (CHO:L) ratio for juvenile and grower rockfish. Triplicate groups of juvenile (initial mean weight 3.6 g) and duplicate groups of grower (initial mean weight 166 g) were fed the five isonitrogenous (51% CP) and isoenergetic (4.0 kcal g^?1) diets with the different CHO:L ratios (0.4–5.6 g:g) for 8 weeks respectively. The survival of juvenile and grower was above 93% and was not affected by the dietary CHO:L ratios. Weight gain of juvenile fed the diets with CHO:L ratios of 0.8 and 1.6 was significantly higher than that of the fish fed diets with CHO:L ratios of 2.8 and 5.6 (P<0.05). The feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of juvenile fed the diet with CHO:L ratio of 5.6 were the lowest among all groups (P<0.05). The daily feed intake of juvenile fed the diet with a CHO:L ratio of 5.6 was significantly higher than that of the other groups (P<0.05). The condition factors of juvenile fed the diets with CHO:L ratios of 0.8 and 1.6 were significantly higher than that of 5.6 (P<0.05). The crude lipid content of whole body, liver and viscera of juvenile decreased as the dietary CHO:L ratio increased, and the opposite was found for the moisture content. Weight gain, feed efficiency, daily feed intake, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor of grower were not affected by the dietary CHO:L ratio. Hepatosomatic and viscerasomatic indexes of grower were significantly influenced by dietary CHO:L ratio (P<0.05). Significant differences were observed in the lipid content of whole body and viscera of grower. Dietary CHO:L ratios significantly affected the major fatty acid composition of whole body in both juvenile and grower. The contents of 18:2n‐6 and 18:3n‐3 linearly decreased as the dietary CHO:L ratio increased, whereas the 20:4n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 contents increased. Based on growth, feed efficiency and body composition, the optimal dietary CHO:L ratio was 1.6 for juvenile rockfish fed isonitrogenous (51% CP) and isoenergetic (4.0 kcal g^?1) diets, and starch could partially replace lipids in the diets with CHO:L ratios ranging from 0.4 to 5.6 for grower.     

Larval development and salinity tolerance of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) from hatching to juvenile settlement

Salinity tolerance and growth of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus at different developmental stages were evaluated, including newly hatched larvae (nhl), yolk sac larvae (ysl), oil droplet larvae (odl), post oil droplet larvae (podl), premetamorphic larvae (preml) and prometamorphic larvae (proml), at 11 salinities from 5 to 55 g L^?1 for 96 h. The ontogenesis during the early life of P. olivaceus was investigated under hatchery salinity 35 g L^?1. The results showed that suitable salinities for nhl, ysl, odl, podl, preml and proml larvae were 10 to 25 g L^?1, 10 to 30 g L^?1, 20 to 30 g L^?1, 30 g L^?1, 10 to 30 g L^?1, 15 g L^?1, respectively, demonstrating an ontogenetic variation of salinity tolerance. The salinity tolerance of nhl, ysl, preml was higher than that of odl, podl and proml. The ysl and preml larvae displayed wide salinity tolerances. The present findings demonstrate that the suitable salinity for larviculture of P. olivaceus is 20–25 g L^?1 before the depletion of oil droplet; after that, higher salinity (30 g L^?1) should be ensured for the post‐oil droplet larvae; the premetamorphic larvae can be cultured at a wide salinity range (10–30 g L^?1), and the metamorphosed larvae should be reared at salinity about 15 g L^?1.