互花米草入侵对闽江河口裸滩湿地土壤有机碳的影响

为揭示互花米草入侵对裸滩湿地土壤有机碳的影响,选取闽江河口裸滩湿地和被互花米草入侵的裸滩湿地为研究对象,测定其不同土层土壤的有机碳和活性有机碳质量分数,同时对土壤的各种理化性质进行测定分析。结果表明:裸滩和互花米草湿地0~60 cm土层土壤有机碳质量分数变化范围分别为0.95~12.43 g/kg和1.45~10.04 g/kg,平均质量分数分别为4.03和4.35 g/kg;互花米草湿地0~60 cm土层土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳和轻组有机碳平均质量分数分别增加12.76%、40.86%和12.62%,土壤易氧化有机碳平均质量分数基本不变。研究结果表明互花米草入侵裸滩在一定程度上增加了土壤有机碳及不同活性有机碳质量分数,但影响并不显著。     

互花米草入侵对潮滩土壤活性有机碳组分的影响

对外来种互花米草替代本土植物盐蒿后生长8、12、14年的湿地土壤以及盐蒿湿地表层土壤(0～10 cm)的活性有机碳(微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳)特征进行了研究,分析了不同湿地的土壤活性有机碳与土壤总有机碳之间的关系。结果表明:不同类型湿地的土壤活性有机碳组分含量存在显著差异,土壤活性有机碳、土壤总有机碳的变化趋势一致,表现为互花米草湿地>盐蒿湿地,且随着互花米草生长时间增长而明显增加;土壤活性有机碳与土壤总有机碳存在显著正相关关系;土壤活性有机碳与土壤总有机碳的比值则随着互花米草生长时间增长而逐渐减小,表明入侵年限长的互花米草湿地活性有机碳库周转率降低,生物可利用性减小,有利于土壤有机碳的累积。这可能是互花米草生长导致土壤总有机碳含量显著增加的主要原因。     

互花米草入侵对我国红树林湿地土壤碳组分的影响

以福建漳江口、九龙江口、闽江口和浙江乐清湾为研究区,采集红树林和入侵种互花米草(入侵前为红树林)湿地土壤样品,分析互花米草入侵后土壤有机碳(SOC)、有机碳储量(SOCS)、活性有机碳组分(微生物生物量碳MBC、易氧化有机碳EOC、水溶性有机碳WSOC)以及有机碳键合组分(钙键结合有机碳(Ca—SOC)和铁铝键结合有机碳(Fe(Al)—SOC))的变化,探讨互花米草入侵对土壤有机碳组分以及稳定性的影响。结果表明:互花米草入侵红树林后,土壤SOC、SOCS、MBC和EOC总体上有所降低,尤其是SOC和SOCS,其降低的比例分别约为9.86%~27.13%和13.95%~26.29%;土壤WSOC含量则增加,增加比例约为5.75%~53.52%;互花米草入侵对土壤有机碳键合组分也具一定的影响,其中Ca—SOC/SOC比值增加,而[Fe(Al)—SOC+残渣态SOC]/SOC比值降低。这些结果预示着互花米草入侵改变了土壤有机碳库,同时也一定程度削弱了土壤有机碳稳定性。土壤有机碳的化学键合可能是红树林湿地土壤有机碳稳定的主要保护机制,对红树林碳汇功能具有重要意义。     

互花米草入侵对闽江河口芦苇湿地土壤有机碳的影响

 以闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地为研究区域,选取芦苇和互花米草为研究对象,对其根际土壤有机碳质量分数和储量的垂直分布特征及其影响因子进行测定分析。结果表明:芦苇和互花米草0～60cm根际土壤有机碳平均质量分数分别为15.54和17.16 g/kg,表层（0～10 cm）有机碳质量分数最大,分别为19.69和22.02g/kg;芦苇和互花米草0～60 cm根际土壤有机碳储量总和分别为6 794.20和8 231.48 t/km2,芦苇根际土壤有机碳储量在30～40cm达到最大,而互花米草为010cm有机碳储量最大;互花米草的入侵增加了芦苇湿地根际土壤碳质量分数和储量;2种植物根际土壤有机碳质量分数与含水量和盐度之间均呈显著正相关。从闽江河口互花米草入侵的角度提出了管理该湿地的一些建议。     

闽江口互花米草不同治理方式对土壤有机碳及养分含量的影响

有效控制与管理米草属植物入侵是人类社会面对全球变化的一个巨大的挑战,不同治理措施对于治理区土壤环境影响的评估也逐渐引起关注。采集闽江口鳝鱼滩湿地互花米草不同治理措施试验区土壤样品,开展互花米草不同治理措施对于土壤有机碳和养分含量的影响研究。"刈割+围堰水淹"处理根除互花米草后,3年未种植替代植物的试验地内仍无互花米草入侵地段0-40cm土层土壤有机碳(SOC)含量显著低于对照样地;互花米草湿地刈割开垦为滩涂鱼养殖场后SOC含量较对照互花米草样地SOC含量稍有下降,但差异不显著(P>0.05),土壤总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量变化同样不显著,但是土壤无机氮含量显著增加;经过"围堰+刈割+水淹"处理根治互花米草后,在短期(8个月)内不论是否种植替代植物,与对照相比,试验区0-40cm土层SOC含量均无显著变化。     

长江口九段沙湿地土壤有机碳及微生物陆向分布

通过分析九段沙湿地土壤有机碳及微生物因子的陆向分布,研究了土壤有机碳的空间差异性及其与土壤微生物因子的相互关系。结果表明,九段沙土壤有机碳的陆向分布具有显著差异（P〈0．05）,随着高程上升,其含量整体呈现增大趋势,互花米草区／芦苇混合区最高（9．18g·kg^-1）;土壤微生物因子的陆向分布与土壤有机碳相似,且与土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系（P〈0．01）,其中以土壤微生物呼吸和土壤脱氢酶最为明显;互花米草的引种及蔓延,增加了区域土壤有机碳含量,也增强了土壤微生物活性。     

杭州湾湿地不同植被类型下土壤有机碳及其组分分布特征

土壤有机碳及其活性组分能够敏感地反映土壤碳库的变化。调查采集杭州湾自然滩涂湿地土壤样品(0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm),比较分析芦苇、互花米草、海三棱藨草、裸滩的土壤有机碳(SOC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化碳(ROC)和轻组有机质(LFOM)的变化。结果表明:(1)0~30 cm各土层,芦苇、互花米草、海三棱藨草和裸滩的SOC平均含量依次为3.87~5.08 g kg-1,6.46~6.78 g kg-1,4.33~4.48 g kg-1和4.99~5.25 g kg-1,互花米草SOC含量高于相同土层的其他类型;(2)互花米草DOC和LFOM平均含量分别为90.69~98.90 mg kg-1,2.35~2.95 g kg-1,高于相同土层的海三棱藨草、芦苇和裸滩,而裸滩ROC含量(2.06~2.22 g kg-1)却高于相同土层的其他三种类型;(3)芦苇、互花米草和海三棱藨草DOC占土壤有机碳的分配比例无显著性差异,而相同土层的DOC占土壤有机碳的分配比例大小依次为裸滩海三棱藨草芦苇互花米草;(4)SOC和DOC、ROC、LFOM、全氮(TN)、土壤含水量、p H之间均存在极显著关系(p0.01),各指标与p H之间均表现为负相关性。研究表明互花米草的入侵增强了滩涂湿地的固碳能力,有机碳活性组分能够反映有机碳库的变化。     

互花米草控制技术对湿地土壤有机碳保留能力与微生物活性的影响

鉴于多种技术被用于控制崇明东滩互花米草的蔓延,为了选择更好的互花米草控制技术,首先比较不同控制技术作用下湿地土壤总有机碳（SOC）含量的差异,并对土壤中的微生物活性进行研究以分析土壤中总有机碳的输出能力,进而分析土壤总有机碳的保留能力。结果表明,经过刈割／翻耕、刈割／翻耕／水位调节、刈割／生物（芦苇）替代等控制措施后,湿地土壤中土壤总有机碳含量、可培养微生物菌落数、土壤转化酶活性和土壤呼吸强度均高于对照,而通过DGGE技术对微生物种群进行分析后发现,修复后的湿地土壤多样性显著低于对照。在几种不同的控制技术中,刈割／翻耕／水位调节模式由于增加了土壤的滞水时间,其土壤微生物活性相对较低,有机碳含量较高,表明采用该修复技术后土壤的碳代谢能力相对较弱,因此该修复技术更有利于湿地土壤有机碳的保留。相对其他控制技术而言,刈割／翻耕／水位调节模式可在控制互花米草蔓延的同时有效地保留土壤有机碳。     

互花米草入侵对闽江口湿地土壤磷形态及释放风险的影响

选取闽江河口鳝鱼滩裸滩湿地和互花米草入侵裸滩湿地土壤为研究对象,测定其磷形态以及吸附特性,探讨互花米草入侵下裸滩湿地土壤磷赋存形态、吸附特性及其潜在释放风险的变化。结果表明:无机磷(IP)是2种湿地类型土壤磷的主要形态,分别占裸滩和互花米草湿地土壤总磷(TP)含量的61.40%和61.01%;互花米草入侵裸滩湿地后,土壤中总磷、无机磷、铁铝磷(Fe/A1-P)和钙磷(Ca-P)含量总体上显著增加,其增加比例分别为12.58%,9.49%,11.11%和5.32%,而有机磷(Org P)含量无显著变化;互花米草入侵对土壤无定形态铁(Feox)、铝(Alox)、磷(Pox)、吸附指数(PSI)和吸附饱和度(DPS)影响不一致,其中Feox和DPS总体上变化不明显,Alox有所降低,而Pox和PSI显著增加;裸滩湿地土壤磷潜在释放风险指数(ERI)为12.69,属于中度风险,而互花米草入侵后,土壤ERI降为9.98,表现为较低风险,说明互花米草入侵对土壤磷潜在释放风险具有一定削弱作用。     

闽江河口互花米草入侵过程对短叶茳芏湿地土壤氮矿化的影响

对闽江河口湿地互花米草入侵对土壤氮矿化影响进行时空变化研究,选择闽江口鳝鱼滩湿地互花米草入侵斑块中央(A)、互花米草入侵斑块边缘(B)及未被入侵的短叶茳芏沼泽群落(C)为研究对象,探讨互花米草入侵过程对土壤氮矿化的影响,并对其进行原因分析。结果表明:互花米草入侵闽江河口短叶茳芏湿地后,从时空两个方面均改变了原有湿地土壤氮的矿化水平,总体上互花米草入侵在一定程度上增强了土壤的矿化作用。从季节上来看,春夏秋冬4个季节互花米草入侵斑块中央(A)矿化速率变化范围分别为(-2.50~6.25),(-5.0~8.5),(-0.35~0.9),(-0.37~0.22)mg/(kg·d);互花米草入侵斑块边缘(B)分别为(-3.37~6.25),(-7.5~5.5),(-0.15~0.55),(-0.25~0.21)mg/(kg·d);未被入侵的短叶茳芏沼泽群落(C)分别为(-5.8~3.6),(-5.7~5.4),(-0.12~0.55),(-0.13~0.09)mg/(kg·d)。互花米草入侵对土壤氮矿化速率的影响随着季节变化表现出显著的规律,即入侵过程中3种不同土壤类型均表现为夏季春季秋季冬季;相同季节3种样地同层土壤氮矿化速率总体表现为ABC。从土壤分层来看,在培养时期内各土层土壤氮矿化速率总体呈现出随着培养时间的增加而降低的趋势;在同一培养时期内,不同土层土壤矿化速率总体呈现出随土层深度的增加而降低的现象。这主要是由于互花米草入侵对闽江口湿地土壤温度、湿度、微生物活动、植物的生长周期以及生长特性等因子随时空变化的改变有关。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.