猫经口内服2种米尔贝肟吡喹酮片的药代动力学比较研究

本试验将16只成年健康猫随机分成2组,每组8只(公母各半),采用单剂量随机平行对照试验设计,分别单剂量(4 mg/kg体重,以米尔贝肟计)经口内服国产(受试品)和进口(对照品)米尔贝肟吡喹酮片,进行其在猫体内的药代动力学比较研究.给药后按预定时间采集血样,采用HPLC法进行血浆中米尔贝肟和吡喹酮含量的测定,实测血药浓度—时间数据采用Winnonlin 5.2药代动力学分析软件计算药代动力学参数.结果显示,米尔贝肟吡喹酮片对照品单剂量内服后,米尔贝肟的消除半衰期(T_1/2β)为(20.08±7.57)h,达峰时间(T_max)和峰值浓度(C_max)分别为6.00 h和(764.43±251.40)ng/mL,平均曲线下面积(AUC)为(15.00±5.05)ng/(L·h),平均滞留时间(MRT)(18.60±1.52)h;吡喹酮的消除半衰期(T_1/2β)为(6.27±5.26)h,达峰时间(T_max)和峰值浓度(C_max)分别为(3.88±0.35)h和(1018.25±200.19)ng/mL,平均曲线下面积(AUC)为(8.69±2.07)ng/(L·h),平均滞留时间(MRT)(6.56±1.07)h.米尔贝肟吡喹酮片受试品单剂量内服后,米尔贝肟的消除半衰期(T_1/2β)为(15.07±4.05)h,达峰时间(T_max)和峰值浓度(C_max)分别为(5.25±1.04)h和(806.65±299.01)ng/mL,平均曲线下面积(AUC)为(15.18±5.97)ng/(L·h),平均滞留时间(MRT)(17.47±1.97)h,相对生物利用度为101.20%;吡喹酮的消除半衰期(T_1/2β)为(11.11±4.62)h,达峰时间(T_max)和峰值浓度(C_max)分别为(5.25±1.04)h和(880.47±241.27)ng/mL,平均曲线下面积(AUC)为(9.64±2.76)ng/(L·h),平均滞留时间(MRT)(10.52±1.52)h,相对生物利用度为119.16%.与对照品相比,受试品的药代动力学参数中除米尔贝肟的消除半衰期显著缩短、吡喹酮的达峰时间显著延迟外(P<0.05),其他药代动力学参数差异均不显著(P>0.05).结果表明,猫经口内服米尔贝肟吡喹酮片受试品与对照品后具有相似的药代动力学特征.     

20%吡喹酮注射剂在水牛体内的药代动力学研究

4头成年健康水牛采用随机交叉实验设计,分别进行吡喹酮注射剂肌注和吡喹酮片内服给药的药动学试验.吡喹酮注射剂按10 mg/kg的剂量单次肌注,吡喹酮片按20 mg/kg的剂量单次内服给药.采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中吡喹酮的质量浓度,方法最低检测限和定量限分别为0.01 mg/L和0.062 5 mg/L.吡喹酮注射剂单剂量肌注给药,血药浓度-时间数据符合一级吸收一室开放模型,其主要动力学参数分别为:t1/2(ka)(0.45±0.029)h,t1/2(ke)(5.04±0.1 0)h,T(peak)(1.72±0.029)h,C(max)(0.87±0.006)mg/L,V(c)(8.58±0.010)L/kg,AUC(7.99±0.005)mg·L-1·h-1.吡喹酮片单剂量口服给药血药浓度-时间数据符合有吸收-室开放模型,其主要动力学参数分别为:Lagtime(0.13±0.010)h,t1/2(ka)(0.76±0.11)h,t1/2(ke),(1.31±0.076)h,T(peak)(3.84±0.026)h,C(max)(0.51±0.006)mg/L,V(c)(26.07±1.221)L/kg,AUC(7.99±0.005)mg·L-11·h-1.肌注相对生物利用度为(232±12.9)%.研究结果表明,20%吡喹酮注射剂肌注给药吸收迅速且完全,具有较高的生物利用度;吡喹酮吸收后在体内广泛分布.     

吡喹酮脂质体在山羊体内的代谢动力学研究

本试验对吡喹酮脂质体在山羊体内的代谢动力学进行了研究.给山羊一次静脉推注吡喹酮脂质体3mg/kg·bw,取24h内不同间隔时间血样,血药浓度测定按文献操作[1].4只山羊的血药浓度测定结果,血药浓度--时间曲线符合无吸收因素一室开放模型.其药代动力学参数,消除半衰期(T1/2β)为10.00+0.59h);消除速率常数(ke)为0.0690±0.040h-1;初始浓度(B)为18.81±0.64(ug/100m1);维持有效血药浓度时间(TCP)为20.01±1.28h;表现分布容积(vd)O 2.85±0.37(100ml/ky);廓清率(CL)为0.139±0.029(100ml/ky·h)药时曲试下面积(AUC)为271.67士21.07(μg/100m1).     

伊维菌素和吡喹酮复方注射液在绵羊体内的药代动力学

本文对自制伊维菌素(IVM)和吡喹酮(PZQ)复方制剂在绵羊体内的药代动力学进行了研究,试验将18只绵羊随机分为3组,A组肌肉注射自制复方制剂;B组皮下注射市售单方IVM注射液;C组口服市售单方PZQ片剂,其中伊维菌素的给药剂量均为0.2 mg/kg体重,A组PZQ的剂量为30 mg/kg体重,C组PZQ剂量为100 mg/kg体重.试验结果显示,肌肉注射自制复方制剂中IVM的各项药代动力学参数与单方对照药物相比均无显著差异;尽管复方制剂PZQ的剂量约为单方对照品的1/3,但两者的AUC值相似,复方制剂中PZQ的达峰时间比单方对照品快约6倍,T1/2beta长约3倍,维持有效血药浓度时间长达24 h,结果说明,自制复方制剂中IVM的生物利用度与单方对照药物相似,吡喹酮的生物利用度与单方对照药物相比有显著提高,且具有起效快、疗效长的特点.     

吡喹酮在猪体内的生物利用度及药物动力学研究

8头体重32.9±4.3kg(平均值土标准差)的健康长白×约克夏杂种猪,随机交叉设计试验,按10mg/kg静注或50mg/kg内服吡喹酮,给药间隔时间为2周。以乙醚萃取法提取血浆中的药物,反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆吡喹酮的浓度。非线性最小二乘法计算机程序拟合静注及内服的药时数据,分别适合二室开放模型及一级吸收一室开放模型。静注给药的动力学参数是:t1/2α0.31±0.08h,t1/2β1.50±0.57h,Vd(area)3.09±1.19 I/kg,Cl_B24.57±8.57ml/kg/min,AUC 7.48±2.36μg/ml·h。内服给药的动力学参数是:C_(max)0.27±0.21μg/ml,t_(max)0.97±0.50h,t1/2Ka 0.53±0.31h,t1/2 Ke 1.07±0.38h,tlag 0.07±0.08h,AUC 0.91±1.14μg/ml·h,F 3.20±5.7％。猪内服吡喹酮后,生物利用度很低的原因可能是吡喹酮在肝内有极强的首过效应。     

透皮给药后吡喹酮在小鼠体内组织分布及药代动力学

目的研究透皮给药后吡喹酮在小鼠体内的组织分布及药代动力学。方法用200mg/mL吡喹酮透皮剂涂擦小鼠腹部后,采用高效液相色谱法检测各时间点小鼠器官(肝、心脏、脾和肾)的吡喹酮浓度,分析其在各器官药代谢动力学特点。结果透皮给药后吡喹酮在小鼠肝脏分布浓度最高,脾和肾次之,心脏的浓度最低。吡喹酮在小鼠肝脏、脾和肾脏c-t曲线,各出现两个峰值,第一个峰值4min,Cmax分别为31.78μg/mL和7.87μg/mL,第二个峰值15min,Cmax分别为27μg/mL,11.1μg/mL。小鼠心脏的c-t曲线,有一个峰值3min,Cmax3.91μg/mL。结论吡喹酮透皮给药后,在小鼠肝脏分布浓度高,达到了临床治疗的要求。     

伊维菌素吡喹酮咀嚼片含量测定方法的建立

为了建立伊维菌素吡喹酮咀嚼片同时测定两种主药含量的方法,采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂,以乙腈∶水的梯度洗脱系统作为流动相,伊维菌素检测波长为245 nm,吡喹酮检测波长为210 nm。在该色谱条件下,溶剂和辅料对伊维菌素和吡喹酮出峰均无干扰,伊维菌素和吡喹酮与相邻杂质峰分离良好。伊维菌素在2～400μg/m L的浓度范围线性关系良好;吡喹酮在1～100μg/m L的浓度范围内线性关系良好。伊维菌素回收率为102.5%,吡喹酮回收率为99.4%。该方法操作简便,准确度高,重复性好,可用于伊维菌素吡喹酮咀嚼片同时测定两种主药的含量。     

吡喹酮注射剂早期治疗小鼠血吸虫病效果的初步研究

为探索吡喹酮新制剂早期治疗血吸虫病效果,对人工感染日本血吸虫20d的小鼠皮下给药进行减虫率、肝脏减卵率统计,并在不同时间点对口服组和皮下注射吡喹酮新制剂组的未感染小鼠在给药后采集血浆,高效液相色谱法建立药时曲线。结果显示新制剂600mg/kg剂量治疗的3次试验的减虫率分别为72.88%、82.69%和56.7%,肝脏减卵率分别为81.7%、94.8%和70.7%,对感染20d期别的血吸虫有较好效果。而高效液相色谱法检测血药浓度显示,新制剂经皮下给药方式可使有效杀虫浓度(约0.3μg/mL)持续10d以上,具有缓释作用。吡喹酮新注射制剂能杀灭20d童虫,减少血吸虫病的危害,对血吸虫病的防治有较大的意义。     

HPLC法检测水牛血浆中吡喹酮的研究

建立了一种简便、灵敏、可重复的高效液相色谱法检测水牛血浆中吡喹酮(Praziquantel,PZQ)的含量。吡喹酮在C18(250 mm×4.0 mm,5μm)柱中可以很好地与杂质峰分离开。其保留时间、紫外检测波长、流动相、流速、色谱柱温度分别为10.6 min、220 nm、甲醇∶水(70∶30,V/V)、0.8 mL/min和40℃。水牛血浆样品(0.5 mL)经乙酸乙酯(6 mL)两步提取后,采用旋转蒸发仪蒸干,1 mL流动相溶解定容,取上清滤液20μL进样做HPLC分析。吡喹酮的血浆药物浓度在0.062 5~8 mg/L范围内,呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数r0.999。在0.062 5、1、16 mg/L的3个药物浓度水平下,吡喹酮的平均回收率均在90%以上。日内和日间变异系数小于5%。PZQ的LOD可达0.01 mg/L,LOQ为0.03mg/L。该方法的专属性强、灵敏度高,适用于水牛血浆中PZQ的药动学检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定赛鸽用复方吡喹酮胶囊中吡喹酮和伊维菌素的含量

用高效液相色谱法同时测定赛鸽用复方吡喹酮胶囊中吡喹酮和伊维菌素的含量.采用Nova-Pak C18柱(150 mm×3.9 mm,4 μm),以乙腈-甲醇-水(53:35:12)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长254 nm,柱温25℃.在此色谱条件下,吡喹酮和伊维菌素的分离良好,吡喹酮和伊维菌素分别在511～1 534μg/mL和10.1～30.6μg/mL浓度范围内峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r＞0.999).按外标法以峰面积计算进行测定,吡喹酮和伊维菌素的平均回收率分别为99.9%和98.3%,RSD分别为0.3%和0.6%(n=9).本方法简便、快速、准确,适用于赛鸽用复方吡喹酮胶囊中吡喹酮和伊维菌素含量的测定.     

Plasma concentrations of praziquantel after oral administration of single and multiple doses in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetics of praziquantel following single and multiple oral dosing in loggerhead sea turtles. ANIMALS: 12 healthy juvenile loggerhead sea turtles. PROCEDURE: Praziquantel was administered orally as a single dose (25 and 50 mg/kg) to 2 groups of turtles; a multiple-dose study was then performed in which 6 turtles received 3 doses of praziquantel (25 mg/kg, PO) at 3-hour intervals. Blood samples were collected from all turtles before and at intervals after drug administration for assessment of plasma praziquantel concentrations. Pharmacokinetic analyses included maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), time to maximum concentration (Tmax), area under the plasma praziquantel concentration-time curve, and mean residence time (MRTt). RESULTS: Large interanimal variability in plasma praziquantel concentrations was observed for all dosages. One turtle that received 50 mg of praziquantel/kg developed skin lesions within 48 hours of administration. After administration of 25 or 50 mg of praziquantel/kg, mean plasma concentrations were below the limit of quantification after 24 hours. In the multiple-dose group of turtles, mean plasma concentration was 90 ng/mL at the last sampling time-point (48 hours after the first of 3 doses). In the single-dose study, mean Cmax and Tmax with dose were not significantly different between doses. After administration of multiple doses of praziquantel, only MRTt was significantly increased, compared with values after administration of a single 25-mg dose. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Oral administration of 25 mg of praziquantel/kg 3 times at 3-hour intervals may be appropriate for treatment of loggerhead sea turtles with spirorchidiasis.     

Postexposure prophylaxis for prevention of rabies in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in dogs experimentally infected with rabies. ANIMALS: 29 Beagles. PROCEDURE: Dogs were sedated and inoculated in the right masseter muscle with a salivary gland homogenate from a naturally infected rabid dog (day 0). Six hours later, 5 dogs were treated by administration of 2 murine anti-rabies glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and commercial vaccine; 5 received mAb alone; 5 received purified, heat-treated, equine rabies immune globulin (PHT-ERIG) and vaccine; 5 received PHT-ERIG alone; 4 received vaccine alone; and 5 control dogs were not treated. The mAb or PHT-ERIG was administered at the site of rabies virus inoculation. Additional vaccine doses for groups mAb plus vaccine, PHT-ERIG plus vaccine, and vaccine alone were administered IM in the right hind limb on days 3, 7, 14, and 35. RESULTS: All control dogs and dogs that received only vaccine developed rabies. In the PHT-ERIG and vaccine group, 2 of 5 dogs were protected, whereas none were protected with PHT-ERIG alone. Use of mAb alone resulted in protection in 4 of 5 dogs. Administration of mAb in combination with vaccine provided protection in all 5 dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Current national guidelines recommend euthanasia or a 6-month quarantine for unvaccinated animals exposed to rabies. Findings from this study document that vaccine alone following severe exposure was unable to provide protection from rabies. However, vaccine combined with mAb resulted in protection in all treated dogs, revealing the potential use of mAb in PEP against rabies in naive dogs.     

不同麻前给药配合乳化七氟烷对矮马肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统及无创血压影响的对比

本试验旨在比较不同麻前给药方案配合乳化七氟烷进行麻醉时对矮马无创血压及肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统（RAAS）的影响。以半野生矮马为研究对象，将10匹矮马随机分成KFXES组、KFDBES组两组，采用肌内注射的方式，KFXES组使用氯胺酮、静松灵、芬太尼对矮马进行诱导麻醉，KFDBES组使用氯胺酮、布托啡诺、右旋美托咪定和芬太尼对矮马进行诱导麻醉。矮马保持自主呼吸，采用静脉给药的方式，恒速静脉滴注6%乳化七氟烷维持麻醉2 h。在给药前记录常态下试验动物基础体征，在麻醉后持续2 h记录矮马的生命体征，分别于0、30、60、90、120 min监测无创血压，并同步采集血液样本，检测血浆中肾素、血管紧张素、醛固酮等因子的浓度。结果显示，在试验过程中，KFXES组矮马的血压与试验前对比有显著性差异（P<0.05），在0~60 min时，对RAAS的抑制性两试验组间无明显差异（P>0.05），麻醉时间超过90 min时，KFXES组对RAAS的抑制显著弱于KFDBES组（P<0.05）。因此，氯胺酮、芬太尼、布托啡诺及右旋美托咪定复合乳化七氟烷相对于氯胺酮、静松灵及芬太尼复合乳化七氟烷对半野生矮马进行麻醉时血压稳定性更好，在麻醉90 min后对RAAS的影响更大。本研究结果可为矮马的麻醉方法或剂量优化提供参考。     

Results of vaccination of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) with monovalent inactivated rabies vaccine

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the humoral immune response of Asian elephants to a primary IM vaccination with either 1 or 2 doses of a commercially available inactivated rabies virus vaccine and evaluate the anamnestic response to a 1-dose booster vaccination. ANIMALS: 16 captive Asian elephants. PROCEDURES: Elephants with no known prior rabies vaccinations were assigned into 2 treatment groups of 8 elephants; 1 group received 1 dose of vaccine, and the other group received 2 doses of vaccine 9 days apart. All elephants received one or two 4-mL IM injections of a monovalent inactivated rabies virus vaccine. Blood was collected prior to vaccination (day 0) and on days 9, 35, 112, and 344. All elephants received 1 booster dose of vaccine on day 344, and a final blood sample was taken 40 days later (day 384). Serum was tested for rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies by use of the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. RESULTS: All elephants were seronegative prior to vaccination. There were significant differences in the rabies geometric mean titers between the 2 elephant groups at days 35, 112, and 202. Both groups had a strong anamnestic response 40 days after the booster given at day 344. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results confirmed the ability of Asian elephants to develop a humoral immune response after vaccination with a commercially available monovalent inactivated rabies virus vaccine and the feasibility of instituting a rabies virus vaccination program for elephants that are in frequent contact with humans. A 2-dose series of rabies virus vaccine should provide an adequate antibody response in elephants, and annual boosters should maintain the antibody response in this species.     

Pharmacokinetics of cetirizine in healthy cats

OBJECTIVE: To develop a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for cetirizine in feline plasma and determine the pharmacokinetics of cetirizine in healthy cats after oral administration of a single dose (5 mg) of cetirizine dihydrochloride. ANIMALS: 9 healthy cats. PROCEDURES: Heparinized blood samples were collected prior to and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 hours after oral administration of 5 mg of cetirizine dihydrochloride to each cat (dosage range, 0.6 to 1.4 mg/kg). Plasma was harvested and analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC. Plasma concentrations of cetirizine were analyzed with a compartmental pharmacokinetic model. Protein binding was measured by ultrafiltration with a microcentrifugation system. RESULTS: No adverse effects were detected after drug administration in the cats. Mean +/- SD terminal half-life was 10.06 +/- 4.05 hours, and mean peak plasma concentration was 3.30 +/- 1.55 microg/mL. Mean volume of distribution and clearance (per fraction absorbed) were 0.24 +/- 0.09 L/kg and 0.30 +/- 0.09 mL/kg/min, respectively. Mean plasma concentrations were approximately 2.0 microg/mL or higher for 10 hours and were maintained at > 0.72 microg/mL for 24 hours. Protein binding was approximately 88%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A single dose of cetirizine dihydrochloride (approx 1 mg/kg, which corresponded to approximately 0.87 mg of cetirizine base/kg) was administered orally to cats. It was tolerated well and maintained plasma concentrations higher than those considered effective in humans for 24 hours after dosing. The half-life of cetirizine in cats is compatible with once-daily dosing, and the extent of protein binding is high.     

Effect of alternate-day prednisolone administration on hypophyseal-adrenocortical activity in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effect of alternate-day oral administration of prednisolone on endogenous plasma ACTH concentration and adrenocortical response to exogenous ACTH in dogs. ANIMALS: 12 Beagles. PROCEDURE: Dogs were allotted to 2 groups (group 1, 8 dogs treated with 1 mg of prednisolone/kg of body weight; group 2, 4 dogs given excipient only). During a 30-day period, blood samples were collected for determination of plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations before, during, and after treatment with prednisolone. From day 7 to 23, prednisolone or excipient was given on alternate days. Sample collection (48-hour period with 6-hour intervals) was performed on days 1, 7, 15, 21, and 28; on other days, sample collection was performed at 24-hour intervals. Pre- and post-ACTH plasma cortisol concentrations were determined on days 3, 9, 17, 23, and 30. RESULTS: A significant difference was detected between treatment and time for group 1. Plasma ACTH concentrations significantly decreased for 18 to 24 hours after prednisolone treatment in group-1 dogs. At 24 to 48 hours, ACTH concentrations were numerically higher but not significantly different in group-1 dogs. Post-ACTH plasma cortisol concentration significantly decreased after 1 dose of prednisolone and became more profound during the treatment period. However, post-ACTH cortisol concentration returned to the reference range 1 week after prednisolone administration was discontinued. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Single oral administration of 1 mg of prednisolone/kg significantly suppressed plasma ACTH concentration in dogs for 18 to 24 hours after treatment. Alternate-day treatment did not prevent suppression, as documented by the response to ACTH.     

Comparison of microbiologic and high-performance liquid chromatography assays to determine plasma concentrations, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability of erythromycin base in plasma of foals after intravenous or intragastric administration

OBJECTIVE: To determine pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of erythromycin base after intragastric administration and erythromycin lactobionate after IV administration to healthy foals and to compare a microbiologic assay with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to determine plasma concentrations of erythromycin A. ANIMALS: 6 healthy foals that were 2 to 4 months old. PROCEDURE: Foals were given single doses of erythromycin (10 mg/kg of body weight, IV, and 25 mg/kg, intragastrically) in a crossover study. Venous blood samples were obtained at specific times after drug administration, and plasma was harvested for determination of erythromycin concentrations by microbiologic assay and a HPLC method Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma concentration-time data was performed, and results derived from each method were compared. RESULTS: Concentration-time profiles for IV administration were best described by a two-compartment open model. Comparing pharmacokinetic data obtained by the 2 methods revealed substantial differences in results. Values for area under the plasma concentration-time curve and area under the first moment of the curve were substantially higher when determined by the bioassay, indicating overestimation of plasma concentration-time data by this method. The derived rate transfer constants (K21 and K(e)1) and mean residence time were significantly different, when determined by the bioassay. Systemic bioavailability of erythromycin base was low in all foals. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The bioassay method overestimated plasma concentrations of erythromycin, compared with the HPLC method. Despite low systemic bioavailability of erythromycin base administered intragastrically, plasma concentrations of erythromycin exceeded, for at least 4 hours, the minimum inhibitory concentration of most Rhodococcus equi isolates.     

Walking the dog and moving the cat: rabies serology in the context of international pet travel schemes

Data of 13'469 blood samples from 10'999 dogs and 2'470 cats tested for rabies neutralizing antibodies within the framework of pet travel schemes were analysed for single and combined factors influencing antibody titres and failures. The time span between vaccination and drawing the blood sample was confirmed as a major source of failure in dogs with a proportion of 23 % at 4 months after primary vaccination (single dose). Failures in dogs and cats (titre < 0.5 IU) were significantly reduced after double primary vaccination (2 doses within 7 - 10 days), although failures reached comparable levels in dogs as early as 6 months after vaccination. In contrast, failure after vaccination was generally below 5 % in dogs and absent in cats after a booster applied at earliest 12 months after single primary vaccination. Statistically significant differences between the failures of the vaccine brands ?Rabisin? (1.5 %), ?Defensor? (6.7 %), ?Nobivac Rabies? (11.0 %) and ?Rabdomun? (18.2 %) were found in dogs but also between the titres induced in cats. Significant differences were found between different dog breeds with some small breeds showing a significantly higher responsiveness. Taken together, a new regimen for rabies vaccination consisting of double primary vaccination with a short interval of 7 - 10 days and a one-year booster appears to be highly recommended for dogs and cats.     

Incidence of adverse events in ferrets vaccinated with distemper or rabies vaccine: 143 cases (1995-2001)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of adverse events in ferrets vaccinated with a modified-live avian cell culture canine distemper virus vaccine licensed for use in ferrets, an inactivated rabies vaccine licensed for use in ferrets, or both. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 143 ferrets. PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed to identify ferrets that had an adverse event after vaccination. RESULTS: Adverse events developed within 25 minutes after vaccination in 13 ferrets. One ferret developed an adverse event after receiving a distemper and a rabies vaccine simultaneously and developed a second adverse event the following year after receiving the rabies vaccine alone. Therefore, a total of 14 adverse events were identified. All adverse events were an anaphylactic reaction characterized by generalized hyperemia, hypersalivation, and vomiting. Ten of the 14 anaphylactic reactions occurred after ferrets received both vaccines, 3 occurred after ferrets received the distemper vaccine alone, and 1 occurred after a ferret received the rabies vaccine alone. Incidences of adverse events after administration of both vaccines, the distemper vaccine alone, and the rabies vaccine alone were 5.6, 5.9, and 5.6%, respectively. Ferrets that had an anaphylactic reaction were significantly older at the time of vaccination than were ferrets that did not. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that there may be a high incidence of anaphylactic reactions after vaccination of domestic ferrets. Ferrets should be observed for at least 25 minutes after vaccination, and veterinarians who vaccinate ferrets should be prepared to treat anaphylactic reactions.