土壤资源和生态环境信息系统的设计与应用: 以三峡地区秭归县为例

The design and applications of a land information system built upon ARC/INFO and ArcView are presented. The proposed system not only maintains all the advantages of the more conventional implementations but also enhances them in the following ways: 1) the application program interfaces (API) are used to transmit data and messages among different parts of the system; 2) the integrated system can support studies on land evaluations and ecological analyses by efficient management of attribute and spatial data and 3) correspondingly, spatial records and attributive records are linked by the same identifiers (ID). A case study application in Zigui County of the Three Gorges Area in China demonstrates that the system could employ land-use maps and land property data to predicate and analyze the land utilization changes in the past, present and future. The ecological environment analysis can be carried out with the data of land, economics and terrain map used, showing that the system can be widely applied, especially to survey land and environment resources in the countryside area.     

普通克里格法在土壤有机碳制图中的应用

The quantification of the pattern and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) is fundamental to understand many ecosystem processes.This study aimed to apply ordinary kriging (OK) to model the spatial distribution of SOC in a selected part of Zambia.A total of 100 soil samples were collected from the study area and analyzed for SOC by determining soil oxidizable carbon using the Walkley-Black method.An automated fitting procedure was followed when modeling the spatial structure of the SOC data with the exponential semivariogram.The results indicated that the short range spatial dependence of SOC was strong with a nugget close to zero.The spatial autocorrelation was high to medium with a nugget to sill ratio of 0.25.The root mean square error of the predictions was 0.64,which represented 58.18％ of the mean observed data for SOC.It can be concluded that the generated map could serve as a proxy for SOC in the region where evidence of spatial structure and quantitative estimates of uncertainty are reported.Therefore,the maps produced can be used as guides for various uses including optimization of soil sampling.     

GIS/RS集成技术在叙利亚滨海土壤侵蚀评价和模拟研究上的应用

An integrated remote sensing(RS) and geographic informtion system(GIS) technique was employed to characterize the spatial distribution of the risk of soil erosion by water on Lakaia district ,Syria,The universal soil loss equation(USLE)was used to calculate the annual soil loss rates for Latakia soils ,Mainly,remote sensing data soil survey,land use inventory,elevation data and climatic atlases are used as resource data sets to generate USLE facto values ,The results revealed that integration of GIS/RS with USLE was a practical and effective approach for monitoring soil erosion over large areas.     

Evaluation for Applied Materials of Eco-technology

The eco-materials （include natural and artificial material） applied in the eco-technology in internal currently,usually lack of evaluation for applicative conditions. Hence,this study carryon the whole research and identifications to draft the eco- materials of eco-technology. The evaluation models of applied materials for eco-technology were proposed. The quantitative score were obtained by expert＇s person evaluation. Three models were proposed to quantify the effects of applied materials on the ecological environment. The statistical procedures were adopted to compare the performance of these materials for eco- technology. The results indicated that the comparison of applied materials can be treated by quantitative analysis. For the further analysis,more evaluated data from expert＇s experience need to be collected then the bias of person subject can be reduced. In addition to reach the benefits in the respects of ecosystem, society, economy and function, also practice the comprehensive effects in eco-technology.     

应用数字遥感图像对泰国Chanthaburi省土地利用动态的监测

A comprehensive method of image classification was developed for monitoring land use dynamics in Chanthaburi Province of Tailand.RS(Remote Sensing),GIS(Geographical Information System),GPS (Global Positioning System) and ancillary data were combined bythe method which adopts the main idea of classifying images by stekps from decision tree method and the hybridized supervised and unsupervised classification.An integration of automatic image interpretation,ancillary materials and expert knowledge was realized.Two subscenes of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper(TM) images of bands 3,4 and 5 obtained on December 15,1992,and January 17,1999,were used for image gprocessing and spatial data analysis in the study.the overall accuracy of the results of classification reached 90%,which was verified by field check.Results showed that shrimp farm land,urban and traffic land,barren land,bush and agricultural developing area increased in area,mangrove,paddy field,swamp and marsh land,orchard and plantation,and tropical grass land decreased,and the forest land kept almost stable.Ecological analysis on the land use changes showed that more attentions should be paid on the effect of land development on ecological environment in the future land planning and management.     

斯洛伐克农田土壤环境学指标的研究

The soil environmental index(SEI),which is a four digit code system,represents relatively homogenous spatial unit with specific soil capacity to provide ecological or non-production functions.This work aimed to present information on rating and economic evaluation of SEI,which is a spatial identifier used for expressing heterogeneity of Slovak agricultural soil to support analysis of soil ecological functions.In this study,SEI index expressed the capacity of soil to accumulate water,immobilise the risk elements and substances and transform risk substances(organic pollutants).Partial evaluations of soil capacity to provide above mentioned functions were used to derive final SEI values.Within the agricultural soils of Slovakia there were 493 combinations of soil environmental index.Each index was expressed through rating(point)value and economic value.Average value of Slovak agricultural land to provide selected ecological soil functions was 55.3 points,which corresponded to 35.946 billionper agricultural land or approximately 1.42per square meter.Spatial identification of SEI codes and relevant database were developed in vector form via geographical information systems of Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute,Bratislava.In addition to using the national soil database system,a strategy was presented for evaluating and pricing of soil ecological function,and the development of an soil environmental index.Assessment and evaluation of vitally important soil functions expressed by SEI can significantly contribute to planning and protection of the soil,and can regulate indiscriminate anthropic interventions in land use decisions.     

基于GIS和改进型土地生态适宜性评价模型的茶叶适宜性综合评价

Tea(Camellia sinensis) is one of the most valuable cash crops in southern China;however,the planting distribution of tea crops is not optimal and the production and cultivation regions of tea crops are restricted by law and custom.In order to evaluate the suitability of tea crops in Zhejiang Province,the annual mean temperature,the annual accumulated temperature above 10 C,the frequency of extremely low temperature below 13 C,the mean humidity from April to October,slope,aspect,altitude,soil type,and soil texture were selected from climate,topography,and soil factors as factors for land ecological evaluation by the Delphi method based on the ecological characteristics of tea crops.These nine factors were quantitatively analyzed using a geographic information system(GIS).The grey relational analysis(GRA) was combined with the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) to address the uncertainties during the process of evaluating the traditional land ecological suitability,and a modified land ecological suitability evaluation(LESE) model was built.Based on the land-use map of Zhejiang Province,the regions that were completely unsuitable for tea cultivation in the province were eliminated and then the spatial distribution of the ecological suitability of tea crops was generated using the modified LESE model and GIS.The results demonstrated that the highly,moderately,and non-suitable regions for the cultivation of tea crops in Zhejiang Province were 27 552.66,42 724.64,and 26 507.97 km 2,and accounted for 28.47%,44.14%,and 27.39% of the total evaluation area,respectively.Validation of the method showed a high degree of coincidence with the current planting distribution of tea crops in Zhejiang Province.The modified LESE model combined with GIS could be useful in quickly and accurately evaluating the land ecological suitability of tea crops,providing a scientific basis for the rational distribution of tea crops and acting as a reference to land policy makers and land use planners.     

Thoughts on Integrated Monitoring of Ecological Environment at Provincial Level

The Law of Soil and Water Conservation entitles the administrations of water resources at various level to monitor ecological environment and to proclaim status of soil erosion periodically. Monitoring units of soil and water conservation approved by local governments are obliged to undertake this work. How to develop a monitoring program needs an overall and long-term concept. Particularity and objectives of ecological environment monitoring was discussed. Monitoring at provincial level may be divided into two levels,province-wide and at project level. Those indicators meaningful,sensitive to any disturbances,and simple to measure may be selected to test status of ecosystem stability and health. It makes sense to have an integrated sampling design, to set up permanent observation plots and to collect data, so that to have a relative timely,accurate understanding of ecosystems in the province. A program regarding sampling design, field methods, data analysis, documentation and implementation was detailed.     

厦门市土地利用变化的时空格局及驱动力

Using Landsat TM data of 1988, 1998 and 2001, the dynamic process of the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use changes during 13 years from 1988 to 2001 in the special economic zone of Xiamen, China was analyzed to improve understanding and to find the driving forces of land use change so that sustainable land utilization could be practiced. During the 13 years cropland decreased remarkably by nearly 11 304.95 ha. The areas of rural-urban construction and water body increased by 10 152.24 ha and 848.94 ha, respectively. From 1988 to 2001, 52.5% of the lost cropland was converted into rural-urban industrial land. Rapid urbanization contributed to a great change in the rate of cropland land use during these years. Land-reclamation also contributed to a decrease in water body area as well as marine ecological and environmental destruction. In the study area 1） urbanization and industrialization, 2） infrastructure and agricultural intensification, 3） increased affluence of the farming community, and 4） policy factors have driven the land use changes. Possible sustainable land use measures included construction of a land management system, land planning, development of potential land resources, new technology applications, and marine ecological and environmental protection.     

中国坡耕地分布特征与退耕还林草政策影响分析

The Grain-for-Green Policy in China could not only improve China's ecological quality, but also influence grain supplies for a short term. Based on data from the detailed nationwide land use survey in 1996 and the steep cultivated land survey update in 2000, a regression model for the driving forces affecting steep cultivated lands was developed, and cluster analysis was used to identify seven steep cultivated land types in order to analyze the grain availability impact of the project with land usage estimates for 2010 and 2030. The results suggested that consecutive days with minimum daily temperature over 10 ℃ and the dominant slope in a county constrained the spatial distribution of steep cultivated lands. In terms of socioeconomic factors, steep cultivated land was a complex interaction of population size, gross domestic production level, and the richness and quality of cultivated lands having slopes less than 15°. The trends for steep cultivated land in 2010 and 2030 were forecast using a driving forces model and China's grain security criteria and showed that the Grain-for-Green Policy at the national level would not cause a grain shortage or threaten food security criteria. However, if steep sloped lands were to be retired from production, some regions would need grain supplements as early as 2010. Also, assuming that only 60% of the cultivated land at the national level was needed, population and economic development pressures in 2030 would require some steep cultivated lands to be used for grain production.     

小车避障双目视觉识别系统的研发

For the reasons of the complex working environment and plenty of obstacles in facility agriculture, this paper studied the problem of identifying the obstacles by binocular vision recognition system.Binocular vision system was built up at first.OpenCV and Matlab were used for the binocular camera calibration respectively.Secondly, Bouguet algorithm was used to rectify the input images and analyse three kinds of matching algorithms.Then the smallest enclosing moment of the object could be extracted.At last, the distance between the objects was calculated and 3D reconstruction was used.The experimental results showed that the binocular vision system had high reliability, high real time, strong anti-interference ability and lower cost which can identify different obstacles with a wide application rage.It could satisfy the operational requirements of the unmanned control vehicle’s automatic obstacle avoidance in facility agriculture, and laid the foundation for vehicle obstacle avoidance and navigation.     

小车避障双目视觉识别系统的研发（英文）

For the reasons of the complex working environment and plenty of obstacles in facility agriculture,this paper studied the problem of identifying the obstacles by binocular vision recognition system.Binocular vision system was built up at first.Open CV and Matlab were used for the binocular camera calibration respectively.Secondly,Bouguet algorithm was used to rectify the input images and analyse three kinds of matching algorithms.Then the smallest enclosing moment of the object could be extracted.At last,the distance between the objects was calculated and 3D reconstruction was used.The experimental results showed that the binocular vision system had high reliability,high real time,strong anti-interference ability and lower cost which can identify different obstacles with a wide application rage.It could satisfy the operational requirements of the unmanned control vehicle’s automatic obstacle avoidance in facility agriculture,and laid the foundation for vehicle obstacle avoidance and navigation.     

伊朗中部伊斯法罕地区土地利用对石灰性土壤磁性质和重金属的空间分布的影响

Anthropogenic activities have caused the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil environment. Pollution of the soils significantly reduces environmental quality and affects human health. In many recent studies, magnetic susceptibility measurements have been used for pollution monitoring. The objective of this research was to determine the spatial variability of magnetic properties and selected heavy metals and the effects of land use on their variability in the surface soils of the Isfahan region, Central Iran. A total of 158 composite surface (0-5 cm) samples of calcareous soils were collected from an area of about 700 km2, located along a cross-border transect from Isfahan City to a steel plant, covering urban, industrial, agricultural and uncultivated land uses. Concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and cobalt (Co) and magnetic parameters, magnetic susceptibility at low frequency (χlf), natural remanent magnetization (NRM), saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), and isothermal remanent magnetization at the field of 100 mT (IRM100mT) and the backfield of 100 mT (IRM-100mT), were measured in all the soil samples. Results showed that magnetic susceptibility in the urban and industrial land topsoils (0--5 cm) samples was significantly higher than that in the agricultural and uncultivated land soils in the study area. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, and Fe were positively correlated with magnetic properties (χlf, IRM100mT, SIRM, IRM-100mT, and NRM), which could be attributed to their inputs from traffic emissions and industrial activities at the study sites. Ni and Cr concentrations showed significant negative correlations with magnetic properties. No significant correlation was found between Co concentration and magnetic parameters. The Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) showed significant correlation with the magnetic properties (χlf, IRM100mT, SIRM, IRM-100mT, and NRM). The spatial distribution of the selected heavy metals and χlf in the study area suggested that activities at the urban and industrial land sites caused greater pollution as compared to that at the study sites of other land uses. The concentrations of Cu and Zn seemed to have been affected by anthropogenic sources, whereas Ni, Cr, and Co were mainly controlled by natural sources in the study area. Moreover, the concentrations of soil Pb and Fe in the study area could be affected by both lithologic and anthropogenic sources. The magnetic parameters appeared to be a proxy measure for the degree of heavy metal contamination and could be a potential method for the detection and mapping of contaminated soils.     

基于土壤传递函数的土壤持水特性间接估计及其空间变异性研究

A total of 107 soil samples were taken from the city of Qingdao,Shandong Province,China.Soil water retention data at 2.5,6,10,33,100,300,and 1 500 kPa matric potentials were measured using a pressure membrane apparatus.Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to develop pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for single point estimation and van Genuchten parameter estimation based on readily measurable soil properties,i.e.,MLR-based point (MLRP) PTF and MLR-based parametric (MLRV) PTF.The double cross-validation method was used to evaluate the accuracy of PTF estimates and the stability of the PTFs developed in this study.The performance of MLRP and MLRV PTFs in estimating water contents at matric potentials of 10,33,and 1 500 kPa was compared with that of two existing PTFs,the Rawls PTF and the Vereecken PTF.In addition,geostatistical analyses were conducted to assess the capabilities of these PTFs in describing the spatial variability of soil water retention characteristics.Results showed that among all PTFs only the Vereecken PTF failed to accurately estimate water retention characteristics.Although the MLRP PTF can be used to predict retention characteristics through traditional statistical analyses,it failed to describe the spatial variability of soil water retention characteristics.Although the MLRV and Rawls PTFs failed to describe the spatial variability of water contents at a matric potential of 10 kPa,they can be used to quantify the spatial variability of water contents at matric potentials of 33 and 1 500 kPa.     

应用危险确认模型评估土地管理的可持续发展

New Zealand is highly dependent on its soil resource for continued agricultural production.To avoid depleting this resource,there is a need to identify soils and associated land management practices where there is a risk of soil degradation.Environmental integraity and ecosystem services also need to be maintoained.Accordingly,to ensure sustainable production,The on -and off-site environmental impacts of aldn management need to be identified and managed.We developed a structural vulnerability index for New Zealand soils.This index ranks solis according to their inherent susceptibility to physical degradation when used for agricultural (pasture,forestry and cropping) Purposes.We also developed a rule-based model to assess soil sompaction vulnerability by characterising the combined effects of resistance and resilience,Other soil attributes have been approatised using seven chemical,physical and biological indicators of soil quality.These indicators have been applied in a nation -wide project involving data collection from over 500 sites for a range of land uses.These soil quality data can be interpreted via the World Wide Web -through the in teractive decisionsupport tool SINDI,The land-use impact model is a framework to assess agricultural land management and environmental sustainability,and may be applied to land units at any scale.Using land resource data and information the model explicitly identifies hazards to land productivity and environmental integrity,It utilises qualitative expert and local knowledge and quantitative model-based evaluations to assess the potential environmental impacts of land-management pratices.The model is linked to a geographic information system(GIS),allowing model outputs.such at the environmental impacts of site-specific best management practices,to be identified in a spatially explicit manner,The model has been tested in New Zealand in an area of pastoral land use.Advantages of this risk identification model include:utilising current knowledege of the causes and effects of land-management practices on soil degradation;linking land management practice to both on-and off-site environmental consequences;identifying important gaps in local knowledge,and providing spatially explicit information on the environmental impact of land-management practices.     

利用地统计学研究土壤有机质空间分布：评估意大利中部地区土地退化的重要指标

Soil organic matter (SOM) content is one of the main factors to be considered in the evaluation of soil health and fertility. As timing, human and monetary resources often limit the amount of available data, geostatistical techniques provide a valid scientific approach to cope with spatial variability, to interpolate existing data and to predict values at unsampled locations for accurate SOM status survey. Using geostatistical and geographic information system (GIS) approaches, the spatial variability of some physical and chemical soil parameters was investigated under Mediterranean climatic condition in the Abruzzo region of central Italy, where soil erosion processes accelerated by human induced factors are the main causes of soil degradation associated with low SOM content. Experimental semivariograms were established to determine the spatial dependence of the soil variables under investigation. The results of 250 soil sampling point data were interpolated by means of ordinary kriging coupled with a GIS to produce contour maps distribution of soil texture, SOM content related to texture, and C/N ratio. The resulting spatial interpolation of the dataset highlighted a low content of SOM in relation with soil texture in most of the surveyed area (87%) and an optimal C/N ratio for only half of the investigated surface area. Spatial location of degraded area and the assessment of its magnitude can provide decision makers with an accurate support to design appropriate soil conservation strategies and then facilitate a regional planning of agri-environmental measures in the framework of the European Common Agricultural Policy.     

土地质量评估与监测: 土壤科学面临的新挑战

Sustainable land management (SLM)is the key to harmonizing environmetal and ecolgical concerns of society with the economic realities of producing adequate food and fiber of high quality and ensuring a absi minimal quality of life.The aim of SLM is to maintain the integrity of the biophysical land resource base,but it can only be realized if land users understand the impacts of land management options on their lands but also on other off-site areas and can optimize the socioeconomic and environmetal benefits of their choice.To Facilitate this,the Contribution of soil suvery organizations would be through the assessment and monitoring of land quality.Land quality is a measure of the ability of land to perfor specific functions and is derived by an integration of soil survey information with other environmental,and if necessary,socioeconomic information.The desired reliability influences the operational scale of the assessment,Such an assessment would assist in:1) locating homologous areas for research sites or for transferring technologies;2) providing the geographic basis for systems analysis(e.g.modeling);3) serving as a basis for local,natinal and global resource assessment and monitoring;4) providing an ecosystem context for land use,assessments of temporal and spatial variability,and impact of human interventions;5)serving as a framework for more detailed assessment for all levels of interest;and 6) evaluating global issues such as food security,impacts of climate change,biodiversity montoring,and addressing desertification.Based on an evaluation of the progress made in soil resource inventories and considering the demands of the environment focused world,the paper considers the need for counteries to mount such a program.The authors believe that this is the next demand of soil science and that we can fulfill our soical contract by periodically providing such information on the state of a nation‘s land resource.     

土壤中氯苯类化合物的归趋过程及潜在修复策略研究进展

Chlorobenzenes (CBs) are a group of organic pollutants that pose a high environmental risk due to their toxicity,persistence and possible transfer in the food chain.Available data in literature show that CBs are detected in different environmental compartments such as soil,water,air and sediment.The widespread presence of CBs in the environment is related to their former extensive use in agriculture and industry.Some CBs are ranked in the list of priority pollutants by the Stockholm Convention,and their reduction or elimination from the environment is therefore of high importance.Environmental risk assessment of CBs requires knowledge on the role and importance of the main environmental fate processes,especially in soil.Furthermore,development of remediation strategies for reduction or elimination of CBs from the environment is related to the enhancement of fate processes that increase their dissipation in various environmental compartments.The main objectives of the current review were to present up-to-date data on fate processes of CBs in the soil environment and to explore possible remediation strategies for soils contaminated with CBs.Dechlorination of highly-chlorinated benzenes is the main degradation pathway under anaerobic conditions,leading to the formation of lower-chlorinated benzenes.Biodegradation of lower-chlorinated benzenes is well documented,especially by strains of adapted or specialized microorganisms.Development of techniques that combine dechlorination of highly-chlorinated benzenes with biodegradation or biomineralization of lower-chlorinated benzenes can result in useful tools for remediation of soils contaminated with CBs.In addition,immobilization of CBs in soil by use of different amendments is a useful method for reducing the environmental risk of CBs.     

Scanning Mode Application of Neutron-Gamma Analysis for Soil Carbon Mapping

Soil carbon mapping is extremely useful in assessing the effect of land management practices on soil carbon storage. Applications of neutron-gamma analysis in scanning mode for mapping of soil carbon are discussed. A Global Positioning System(GPS) device and softwares required to simultaneously acquire gamma signals and geographical positions during scanning operations were added to an existing measurement system. The reliability of soil carbon measurements in scanning mode was demonstrated to be in agreement with results acquired from static mode. The error analysis indicated that scanning measurements can be conducted with the same accuracy as static measurements in approximately one fourth the time. To obtain results suitable for mapping analogous to traditional chemical analyses(i.e., ± 0.5 in weight percent or ± 0.5 w%), scanning time over a given site should be ca. 15 min using the current measurement system configuration. Based on this measurement time, a reasonable towing speed of 3–5 km h-1, the necessity for complete site coverage during scanning, the number of sites(within the surveyed field), and the required total measurement time can be estimated. Soil carbon measurements for 28 field sites(total area ca. 2.5 ha) were conducted in ca. 8 h. Based on acquired data,a soil carbon distribution map was constructed utilizing various softwares. The surveyed field area included an asphalt road that had carbon readings higher than the surrounding land. The clarity with which these carbon-rich zones were delineated on the constructed map represents evidence supporting the veracity of this method. Neutron-gamma analysis technology can greatly facilitate timely construction of soil carbon maps.     

采用基于以对象为目标的方法对SOTER管理系统进行分析和设计

A SOTER management system was developed byanalyzing,designing,programming,testing,repeated proceeding and progressing based on the object-oriented method.The function of the attributedatabase management is inherited and expanded in the new system.The integrityand security of the SOTER database are enhanced.The attribute database management,the spatial database management and the model base are integrated into SOTER based on the component object model(COM),and the graphical user interface (GUI) for Windows is used to interact with clients,thus being easy to create and maintain the SOTER,and convenient to promote the quantification and automation of soil information application.