一种改进气相色谱-质谱法检测茶叶中亚胺硫磷等三种农残的技术

建立了一种基于气相色谱．离子阱二级质谱（GC-MS／MS）检测茶叶中亚胺硫磷、噻嗪酮和哒螨灵残留量的方法。样品采用乙腈提取后经活性炭小柱净化,浓缩,定容后上机分析。采用HP-5MS毛细管柱分离,电子轰击电离源二级质谱监测模式检测,外标法定量。方法的线性关系良好（R≥0．9970）,最低检出限在0．01～0．02mg／k...     

气相色谱串联质谱法测定茶叶中嘧菌酯的残留量

建立了测定茶叶中嘧菌酯残留量的气相色谱串联质谱方法。样品经乙酸乙酯提取,正己烷液液分配,GCB/NH2固相萃取柱净化,用气相色谱串联质谱仪检测。方法的定量限为0.01mg/kg,线性范围为0.01~0.50mg/kg,加标回收率为105.8%-111.5%,相对标准偏差为3.4%。     

在线凝胶渗透色谱-气相质谱法检测小麦粉中的50种农药残留

建立在线凝胶渗透色谱-气相质谱分析小麦粉中50种农药残留的方法。样品经乙腈超声提取，提取液经GPC-GCMS在线净化、分离和检测，方法的加标回收率为73.06%～119.9%，相对标准偏差为0.88%～11.02%。方法的检出限为0.000 3～0.009 mg/kg，该方法样品前处理简单、快速、灵敏度高、重现性好，能够满足农药多残留检测技术的要求。     

快速滤过型净化法应用于气相色谱—串联质谱检测大豆中农药残留

为研究快速滤过型净化法(m-PFC)对大豆基质中14种常见农药残留气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)同时检测的适用性,本研究选取两种快速滤过型净化柱(m-PFC柱)作为净化手段,利用气相色谱-串联质谱进行检测分析,以外标法作为定性定量依据对14种农药进行测定,通过对基质效应、净化效果、回收率、多次滤过效果等方面进行评价。结果显示：多数农药在大豆基质中的基质效应影响无法忽略,14种农药在0.005～0.5 mg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好,回收率为85%～110%,RSD为4.3%～10.2%,m-PFC柱2(150 mg无水硫酸镁,25 mg MWCNTs, 25 mg C₁₈,25 mg PSA)的净化效果更好,两次滤过次数的净化效果、检测准确度、重复性更佳。本方法可对大豆中14种农药进行快速测定,操作简单,效率高,亦具备一定的普适性,可以作为大豆中其他农药残留检测的参考方法。     

离子阱气质联用测定农产品中残留毒死蜱及杀螟松

利用选择离子监测(SIM)检测毒死蜱及杀螟松特征离子峰，建立了离子阱气相色谱质谱联用同时测定农产品中毒死蜱及杀螟松残留的方法。毒死蜱及杀螟松的检出限分别为0．0002mg／kg、0．0001mg／kg。所建立的方法预处理简单、灵敏度高、精密度高(4．0％-4．5％)、回收率高(81．2％-98．0％)，可用于同时定性定量检测农产品中毒死蜱及杀螟松残留。     

UPLC-MS/MS法测定生咖啡中的赭曲霉毒素A

建立了生咖啡中赭曲霉毒素A的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。样品用甲醇提取后,直接在BEH C18色谱柱上以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水为流动相分离,采用多离子监测模式(MRM)进行测定。赭曲霉毒素A的线性范围为5.0～200.0 ng/mL,相关系数大于0.99,检出限为0.5 μg/kg。4个水平的添加回收率在84.3%～109.2%,相对标准偏差小于7.35%。本方法灵敏度高、准确性好、成本低,适用于生咖啡中赭曲霉毒素A的检测。     

超高效液相色谱-质谱/质谱法同时测定蔬菜中7种磺胺的残留量

为建立超高效液相色谱-质谱/质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定蔬菜中7种磺胺残留量的方法。样品用1%乙酸乙腈提取，以C18色谱柱分离待测物，采用多反应监测(MRM)离子扫描模式，外标法进行定量，线性良好，相关系数均大于0.999。结果显示：7种磺胺的检出限为0.000 4～0.000 6 mg/kg，样品添加回收率为67.5%～94.1%，相对标准偏差均少于5.3%(n＝6)。该方法简单快捷、定量准确，可满足多种蔬菜中7种磺胺的残留检测要求。     

在线凝胶色谱-气相色谱质谱测定菠菜中55种农药残留

运用在线凝胶色谱-气相色谱质谱联用(GPC-GC/MS)技术,建立一种快速、准确测定菠菜样品中55种农药残留的方法。样品用乙腈提取,经盐析、PSA净化后,使用GPC-GC/MS进行检测。结果表明：各组分分离良好,在0.025、0.05及0.10 mg/kg 3个添加水平,55种农药的回收率在81.3%～106.2%,相对标准偏差均低于10.3%;在0.01～0.5 μg/mL浓度范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.995 3;55种农药的检出限为0.005～0.5 μg/kg。该方法准确、灵敏、快速,可满足对菠菜中55种农药残留的检测需要。     

QuEChERS_GPC_GC_MS快速测定蔬菜中24种农药残留

采用QuEChERS前处理方法和在线凝胶渗透色谱-气相色谱质谱联用仪(gel permeation chromatography-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry,GPC-GC/MS)快速测定蔬菜中24种多农药残留。样品经乙腈提取,净化采用分散固相萃取的方式,加标浓度为0.1 mg/kg,油麦菜样品中的24种农药回收率大部分在70%～120%,24种农药的检出限范围在0.000 2～0.009 mg/kg,线性范围0.025～0.30 mg/L,相对标准偏差在1.41%～10.05%,满足农药多残留的分析要求。实验表明,QuEChERS方法提取和净化使样品前处理更为简单、方便、快速,GPC-GC/MS系统中的GPC柱弥补了QuEChERS方法去除干扰物不彻底的问题,能更准确地检测出蔬菜中多农药残留,检测灵敏度高,重现性好。     

测定茶叶中22种有机磷农药残留的气相色谱法

建立了气相色谱法同时测定茶叶中22种有机磷农药残留的方法。样品用正己烷-乙酸乙酯(1:1,v/v)混合溶剂提取,经固相萃取小柱净化,采用CP-Sil 24 CB色谱柱分离,18MIN内在气相色谱上实现22种有机磷农药残留分析。采用外标法定量分析,在0.02～0.2μg/ml范围内线性关系良好,检出限为0.005～0.02 mg/kg,回收率为78%～120%,相对标准偏差为2.3%～7.7%。该方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好、灵敏度高,适用于实际检测。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).