Development of a universal plate-agglutination test for detecting Haemophilus parasuis

Due to the serovar diversity in Haemophilus (H.) parasuis, it is difficult to develop a universal serological method for detection of this pathogen. Here, we report a universal plate-agglutination test for detecting H. parasuis. Diagnostic antisera were prepared by mixing antisera of serovars 4, 5, 12, 13 and 14 in the optimized ratio. The results of the plate-agglutination test showed that the diagnostic antisera could agglutinate with all 15 reference strains of H. parasuis and 74/75 clinical isolates. Further, the specificity of the method was validated with 22 bacterial strains from 12 related species.     

副猪嗜血杆菌病疫苗研究进展

副猪嗜血杆菌病又称猪革拉泽氏病,副猪嗜血杆菌主要引起猪的多发性浆膜炎、纤维素性心包炎、关节炎和脑膜炎。目前预防该病主要是灭活疫苗,但不同血清型之间交叉保护性不强或无交叉保护作用。因此,发展新的广谱疫苗是未来的趋势。文章对副猪嗜血杆菌病的疫苗及其研究现状进行了分析综述。     

Differences in phagocytosis susceptibility in Haemophilus parasuis strains

Haemophilus parasuis is a colonizer of the upper respiratory tract of healthy pigs, but virulent strains can cause a systemic infection characterized by fibrinous polyserositis, commonly known as Glässer’s disease. The variability in virulence that is observed among H. parasuis strains is not completely understood, since the virulence mechanisms of H. parasuis are largely unknown. In the course of infection, H. parasuis has to survive the host pulmonary defences, which include alveolar macrophages, to produce disease. Using strains from different clinical backgrounds, we were able to detect clear differences in susceptibility to phagocytosis. Strains isolated from the nose of healthy animals were efficiently phagocytosed by porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM), while strains isolated from systemic lesions were resistant to this interaction. Phagocytosis of susceptible strains proceeded through mechanisms independent of a specific receptor, which involved actin filaments and microtubules. In all the systemic strains tested in this study, we observed a distinct capsule after interaction with PAM, indicating a role of this surface structure in phagocytosis resistance. However, additional mechanisms of resistance to phagocytosis should be explored, since we detected different effects of microtubule inhibition among systemic strains.     

副猪嗜血杆菌潜在毒力因子的综述

副猪嗜血杆菌是引起猪格氏病的病原,多继发感染引起全身性疾病,其高发病率和死亡率给养殖业造成严重损失。作者主要对其潜在毒力因子,包括外膜蛋白ompP5和ompP2、自转运蛋白vtaA、转铁蛋白、6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶和毒素等的研究作一综述,并对应用于副猪嗜血杆菌的最新研究方法进行概述,从而形成对其毒力相关研究较全面的认识。     

副猪嗜血杆菌弱毒疫苗的研制

根据本教研室分离得到的副猪嗜血杆菌,选择毒力强、生长性能和毒力都稳定的菌株作为原始毒株。通过化学诱导剂诱导原始菌株发生突变,再经过毒力试验,挑选出毒力有明显减弱的菌株。安全性试验发现,这些减毒菌株具有较高的安全性,为弱毒疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

副猪嗜血杆菌抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立与应用

本试验采用121 ℃高压处理副猪嗜血杆菌4型和5型耐热蛋白,混合作为包被抗原,建立了检测副猪嗜血杆菌抗体的间接ELISA方法。通过对试验条件进行筛选优化,确定了最佳反应条件:抗原包被浓度为10 μg/mL,37 ℃包被2 h;封闭液选择含20 g/L脱脂奶粉的PBST,封闭30 min;血清的稀释度为1∶80;抗原抗体反应时间为45 min;酶标二抗稀释度为1∶12000,作用时间为30 min;底物显色时间为15 min。特异性、重复性和敏感性试验及对200份送检血清的检测结果表明,建立的间接ELISA方法特异性和重复性良好,敏感性比间接血凝试验高,对已知阴阳性血清的临床样本检测结果与国外ELISA试剂盒一致,可用于副猪嗜血杆菌的血清抗体检测和血清流行病学调查。     

广西副猪嗜血杆菌病流行病学调查

本研究于2009年5月至2010年11月调查了广西南宁、桂林、玉林、钦州4个市60个猪场发生副猪嗜血杆菌病的情况。采集病猪组织样品共86份进行副猪嗜血杆菌分离;对疑似菌株进行形态学观察、培养特性、生化特性和PCR鉴定;最终分离鉴定到26株副猪嗜血杆菌,分离率为30.2%;对分离菌株进行血清型鉴定、致病性和药敏试验。结果表明26株分离株中血清4型有5株,5型3株,9、11、13、14、15型各1株,有1株与2、9、10、11型血清均有凝集,其余12株未能鉴定出血清型。血清型5、13、14菌株和5个未能定型的菌株能引起小白鼠全部死亡,其他菌株对小白鼠致病性不强。药敏试验结果表明70%以上的菌株除对恩诺沙星和氟苯尼考高度敏感外,对其他药物敏感性不高。本调查结果将对广西副猪嗜血杆菌病的防治提供指导。     

副猪嗜血杆菌病研究进展

近年来,由副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis,Hps)所引起的猪群多发性浆膜炎和关节炎在中国各地屡有发生,对仔猪和青年猪造成严重危害,给养猪业带来了巨大的经济损失,目前,该病已成为全球范围内影响养猪业的典型细菌性疾病。副猪嗜血杆菌血清型复杂,分离培养困难。为了全面认识该病,对其病原学、病理变化、流行病学、致病因子、诊断方法、免疫防治等进行了综述。     

锦州地区副猪嗜血杆菌分离鉴定与药敏试验

从锦州市某猪场7份疑似副猪嗜血杆菌病料中分离到4株革兰氏阴性细小杆菌,进行了细菌培养特性试验、纯化后镜检、V因子需要试验、卫星现象检查、生化试验、PCR鉴定、药物敏感试验、细菌的致病性试验。结果表明,分离的菌株为副猪嗜血杆菌,4株分离菌株对林可霉素、环丙沙星、强力霉素、头孢噻肟、氧氟沙星和恩诺沙星均较敏感;对卡那霉素、复方新诺明、克林霉素、金霉素、四环素均为耐药;对链霉素呈现不同程度的敏感性。     

aroA gene PCR-RFLP diversity patterns in Haemophilus parasuis and Actinobacillus species

The Haemophilus parasuis aroA gene encodes 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase and participates in the aromatic amino acids and the folic acid universal metabolic pathway of bacteria. The application of aroA-based PCR-RFLP methodology yields a significant degree of diversity in H. parasuis and Actinobacillus species. PCR amplification of the aroA gene rendered a 1,067-bp fragment in all 15 H. parasuis serovars, and also in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1-12, Actinobacillus lignieresii, Actinobacillus equuli, Actinobacillus porcinus, Actinobacillus rossii, Actinobacillus suis, Actinobacillus ureae, Actinobacillus minor and Actinobacillus indolicus. Sau3AI and RsaI digestions of the aroA PCR products rendered seven different restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns: group I (H. parasuis serovars 1, 2, 4-6, and 8-15, A. porcinus and A. ureae), group II (H. parasuis serovars 3 and 7, and A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 9, 11 and 12), group III (A. lignieresii), group IV (A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 7), group V (A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 2, 3, 6 and 8, A. equuli, A. rossii, A. minor and A. indolicus), group VI (A. suis) and group VII (A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 10). This is the first report describing the presence of aroA gene in H. parasuis, A. lignieresii, A. porcinus, A. rossii, A. suis, A. ureae, A. minor and A. indolicus and the data presented here demonstrates a significant degree of aroA genetic diversity in H. parasuis and species of the genus Actinobacillus.     

间接血凝方法检测副猪嗜血杆菌抗体

将副猪嗜血杆菌(Hps)4、5、13型分离菌株超声产物致敏经戊二醛和鞣酸处理的绵羊红细胞,建立了检测Hps抗体的间接血凝试验方法。对15种血清型Hps阳性血清进行检测,结果均为阳性,抗体效价达1∶2⁵~1∶2¹⁰,敏感性明显高于琼脂扩散试验。对其它16种病毒和细菌的阳性血清进行检测,结果除胸膜肺炎放线杆菌有凝集外,其余均为阴性。对620份临床血清进行检测,阳性率为67.58%。结果表明,该方法敏感性较高、特异性强,可用于Hps抗体水平的检测和流行病学调查。     

Systemic antibody response in colostrum-deprived pigs experimentally infected with Haemophilus parasuis

The serum antibody response to an experimental infection by Haemophilus parasuis, the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease in pigs, was characterized by ELISA measuring IgM and IgGt levels against whole-cells and outer-membrane-proteins (OMPs) as antigens. Five groups of pigs were studied, four of those were previously immunized with different formulations, and the fifth was maintained as non-immunized control. All groups were challenged with 5 × 10⁹ CFU of H. parasuis. The non-commercial bacterin induced a full protection against disease, the OMP-vaccine and the exposure to a sublethal dose of 10⁵ CFU protected only partially, and the recombinant TbpB-vaccine conferred no protection. The humoral response in the pigs that died after infection (all controls, all those vaccinated with the recombinant TbpB, and two of both those inoculated with OMPs and those exposed to the sublethal dose) could be only measured before it, but it was irrelevant in all cases. However, a specific IgM and IgGt production was observed before challenge in all the surviving pigs, irrespective of the type of immunization received. This antibody response was even greater after H. parasuis infection, especially in those survivors receiving the sublethal dose. These results suggest a role of the antibodies developed after the different immunization protocols in preventing infection and death; therefore, the humoral immunity is protective against experimental Glässer’s disease.     

Blood cellular immune response in pigs immunized and challenged with Haemophilus parasuis

The cellular immune response to an experimental infection by Haemophilus parasuis, the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease in pigs, was characterized studying changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in colostrum-deprived pigs. Five groups were studied, four of those were previously immunized with different formulations and the fifth was maintained as non-immunized control. All groups were challenged with 5 × 10⁹ CFU of H. parasuis serotype 5. The non-commercial bacterin conferred a complete protection, while the OMP-vaccine and the exposure to a subletal dose of 10⁵ CFU of H. parasuis protected only partially, and the recombinant Tbp B-vaccine induced no protection. PBMC were analyzed using monoclonal antibodies against porcine CD45⁺, CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8α⁺, CD25⁺, CD4⁺ naïve, αIgM⁺ and SWC3⁺ cells in single-colour fluorescence, and CD4⁺/CD8α⁺ and CD8α⁺/CD8β⁺ combinations in two-colour fluorescence. The different groups showed no significant changes in PBMC subsets following vaccination, and only minor changes were encountered after challenge, consisting mainly of significant increases (P < 0.05) in the relative proportions of monocytes and granulocytes (SWC3⁺) and B cells (αIgM⁺), as well as a significant reduction in CD3⁺ cells (P < 0.05). These changes were similar for the five groups compared, except for the significant increase of CD25⁺ cells, which was only observed for the bacterin-vaccinated group. These results suggest an increase of trafficking of inflammatory cells and the onset of the adaptive antibody response against H. parasuis infection; in addition, the blood cellular response developed by the different groups was not relevant to protection.     

副猪嗜血杆菌血清型和外膜蛋白P5基因型多样性的研究

副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis,Hps)的血清型及基因型具有复杂多样性。本研究用间接血凝试验对某一猪场分离的Hps进行血清分型鉴定,并对部分菌株的外膜蛋白P5基因进行克隆测序和进化发育分析。试验结果显示,在21头病死猪不同部位共分离了42株Hps,其中 Hps血清5型17株(40.7%)、血清14型12株(28.5%)、血清4型1株(2.3%)和未定型12株(28.5%)。本试验中有5头猪同时感染2种不同血清型的Hps。21株Hps临床分离株分属5个不同基因序列型(STA～STE),其中STA有12株(12/21)为优势基因型;相同血清型的Hps分离株具有不同的STs型,来自同一头猪的Hps血清型和STs型也不相同。以上结果表明,同一猪群感染的Hps血清型和基因型存在明显的多样性,同一头猪感染Hps的血清型和基因型也存在多样性。本研究为进一步揭示猪群感染Hps的复杂性,研究该病的感染与流行机制提供了有价值的参考。     

副猪嗜血杆菌OMP5单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

用副猪嗜血杆菌（HPS）血清5型灭活菌液免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与Sp2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,以HPS外膜蛋白5（OMP5）为抗原,经间接ELISA法筛选阳性融合孔,并用有限稀释法对筛选的阳性孔进行亚克隆,获得2株分泌抗HPS OMP5单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株1E2和8D9;间接ELISA法效价检测,1E2和8D9细胞培养上清抗体效价均为1∶2 560,纯化后腹水抗体效价分别为1∶204 800和1∶51 200;抗体型别鉴定,1E2和8D9分别分泌IgG2b、IgG2a型抗体;特异性检测表明,2株单抗均能特异识别OMP5。将2株杂交瘤细胞反复冻融3次复苏后仍能稳定分泌抗体。2株抗HPS OMP5单克隆抗体的成功制备,将为HPS感染快速检测方法的建立以及检测试剂的研制奠定基础。     

副猪嗜血杆菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

2011年从辽宁省采集以多发性纤维素性浆膜炎为主要特征的病猪肺脏、心包液、血液等病料,通过分离培养、生化试验和PCR检测等方法确认分离到1株副猪嗜血杆菌Hps LN111013,同时应用多种药物对该菌株进行了药物敏感性试验及分析;结果表明该菌株在形态、培养特性和生化试验等方面与国内其他地区所分离到的菌株基本一致,纸片法药敏试验证明本菌对氟苯尼考、头孢噻呋、洛美沙星最为敏感。本研究为进一步确认辽宁省副猪嗜血杆菌流行菌株的血清型和基因型,查明其传染来源和遗传变异情况奠定了基础,为制定辽宁省副猪嗜血杆菌病防控措施提供依据。     

Passive immunisation of post-weaned piglets using hyperimmune serum against experimental Haemophilus parasuis infection

The protective role of hyperimmune serum in the prevention of Haemophilus parasuis infections in post-weaned piglets was assessed by experimental challenge. The hyperimmune serum was obtained from a pig vaccinated with a commercial vaccine against Glässer’s disease. Thirty-eight weaned piglets were divided into four groups: three groups were immunised intramuscularly with 10 ml of hyperimmune serum and one group consisted of unimmunised control animals. All piglets were subsequently infected intraperitoneally with H. parasuis serotype 5 at different times after immunisation. The use of hyperimmune serum provided the piglets with partial protection against experimental infection. The levels of protection indirectly depend on time between serum inoculation and challenge infection. The best protection of piglets against experimental infection was obtained in the group immunised 1 week before inoculation; the same group in which the highest levels of antibodies were detected at the time of challenge.     

华南地区两株副猪嗜血杆菌的生物学特性与致病性研究

本试验旨在对来源于广东省的两株副猪嗜血杆菌的生化特性、血清型、耐药性、生长特性以及毒力和免疫原性进行研究。试验结果表明,两株菌分别为血清4型和5型;两株菌均具有较好的生长能力,培养10 h活菌含量都能达到10⁹以上;其LD₅₀分别是1.52×10⁹ CFU和9.3×10⁸ CFU;分离菌株对喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素有较强的抵抗力;免疫试验结果表明,两株菌具有较好的免疫原性。以上试验结果表明,这两株菌可以作为疫苗的基础候选菌株。     

Identification of novel immunogenic proteins in pathogenic Haemophilus parasuis based on genome sequence analysis

Haemophilus parasuis causes contagious porcine Glässer's disease, which is occurring worldwide and leads to severe losses in the pig industry. To identify novel antigen candidates against this disease, 22 surface-exposed or secreted proteins were selected from the annotated H. parasuis genome by reverse vaccinology strategy. Expression of these proteins in Escherichia coli was attempted. Immunogenicity of the expressed candidates was assessed using Western blot analysis with mouse-derived antiserum prepared with whole bacteria of H. parasuis serovar 4 or 5. Three ABC-type transporters (OppA, YfeA and PlpA) and 1 curli protein assembly (CsgG) were identified as potent immunogenic proteins. The proteins show cross-reactions when tested with sera raised against serovars 4 and 5 of H. parasuis.     

副猪嗜血杆菌外膜蛋白的免疫原性

对来自江西、广东、上海三省市的82个副猪嗜血杆菌野外分离株进行SDS-PAGE分析,采用强毒力野外分离株的多克隆抗血清,通过Western blotting对副猪嗜血杆菌OMP和全细胞蛋白的免疫原性进行研究,寻找具有共同抗原决定簇的免疫原性蛋白.结果表明免疫血清对不同来源的分离株具有良好的交叉免疫反应,患病猪的分离株OMP和全细胞蛋白具有较强的免疫原性,健康猪的分离株OMP免疫原性较全细胞蛋白免疫原性弱.不同菌株的共同免疫原性蛋白为OMP中相对分子质量为37 000～40 000、28 000～30 000的蛋白.