银杏叶生产饲料复合酶的固态发酵条件及产物分析

研究了以银杏叶为原料,黑曲霉为菌种生产饲料复合酶的固态发酵条件,分析了发酵产物中主要营养成分和活性成分的变化.结果表明,适宜的工艺参数为:浅盘发酵的料层厚度 4 cm,初始含水率为64.3 %,培养基初始pH值5.0,接种量 2.5 %,培养温度28～30 ℃.银杏叶通过生物转化后营养丰富,生物活性增强.其中,粗蛋白、总氨基酸、必需氨基酸分别提高106.09 %、69.26 % 和 79.17 %;总黄酮提取率提高 5.77 %;纤维素酶和半纤维素酶的活力分别达到11.83和 122.17 U/g.同时,产品中还富含高活力的风味酶(β-葡萄糖苷酶),其活力为 36.11 U/g,该酶使产品的生物活性及香味得到了明显的改善.     

β-聚糖酶的诱导合成(Ⅰ)--碳源、氮源及碳氮比的影响

以绿色木霉Trichoderma viride LH-0ll为产酶菌株,利用自制复合碳源,就碳源浓度、氮源种类及碳氮比等因素对β-聚糖酶的诱导合成的影响进行了研究.结果表明:以15 g/L预处理玉米芯Ⅰ为碳源,利用复合氮源((NNH4)2SO4 尿素 蛋白胨).控制C/N为6.4,调节初始pH值4.8,温度为28～30℃,150 r/min摇瓶培养72 h,纤维素酶活力和木聚糖酶活力分别达到了3.34 U/mL和13.2 U/mL.     

混菌固态发酵生产纤维素酶的研究

采用固态发酵试验,以羧甲基纤维素酶(CMC)酶活力和滤纸酶(FPA)酶活力为指标,筛选组建二元混菌体系;并通过正交试验,对混菌体系纤维素酶固态发酵条件进行了研究。结果表明,二元混菌体系黑曲霉和绿色木霉混合发酵时纤维素酶活力较单菌发酵大幅度提高,最佳产酶条件:颗粒度为0.246,底物配比为1∶4,培养基起始pH为5,混合菌种配比为1∶1,FPA酶产酶高峰出现在5d,CMC酶产酶高峰在7d,较单菌绿色木霉发酵分别提高了48.9%和43.4%。     

搅拌转速和通风量对里氏木霉发酵β-甘露聚糖酶的影响

发酵液中溶解氧浓度是好氧发酵过程中反映氧传质效率的综合指标,维持发酵液适宜的溶解氧浓度是实现好氧发酵成功的关键所在,搅拌转速和通风量是影响发酵液溶解氧浓度的重要参数。笔者研究了在3 L发酵罐中搅拌转速和通风量对里氏木霉发酵合成β-甘露聚糖酶的影响。试验结果表明,里氏木霉发酵β-甘露聚糖酶时搅拌转速对氧传质效率的影响大于通风量。以质量浓度为1 g/L的葡萄糖和21.95 g/L的微晶纤维素为碳源发酵合成β-甘露聚糖酶,当搅拌转速450 r/min、通风量0.3 m~3/(m~3·min)时,发酵过程中溶解氧浓度保持在20%以上,发酵120 h,β-甘露聚糖酶活力、β-甘露糖苷酶活力和菌体质量浓度达到最大值3.92 U/m L,0.033U/m L和6.56 g/L。因此,发酵过程中溶解氧浓度维持在20%以上可获得较高的β-甘露聚糖酶活力。     

黑曲霉发酵豆渣产酸性β-葡萄糖苷酶及其水解京尼平苷的性质

利用单因素、正交试验考察了黑曲霉L菌株发酵豆渣产β-葡萄糖苷酶的条件和酶解京尼平苷的特性。结果表明:2%豆渣适宜作为实验菌株液体发酵产酶培养基,当培养基中接种孢子浓度大于每毫升2×105个时,菌株产酶受发酵温度、装液量的影响显著,而不受接种量、摇床转速的影响,培养基初始pH值1.5时,菌株仍能正常产酶;优化的产酶培养基组成为豆渣1%、米糠1%和Tween 800.1%,初始pH值5.5;菌株在发酵温度28℃、装液量50 mL(250 mL摇瓶)、摇床转速150 r/min的发酵条件下发酵120 h,发酵液酶活为(200±10)U/mL。所产β-葡萄糖苷酶水解京尼平苷的最适温度为55℃、最适pH值2.5、最佳水解时间15 min;在该条件下酶的表观米氏常数(Km)为1.35 g/L,最大水解速率(Vmax)为26.45 g/(L.min.mg),酶活半衰期为15 min,50℃时大于60 min;酶的水解活性受Na+、Ca2+的显著激活,受Mg2+、Ba2+、Cu2+、Fe2+、Hg+、Zn2+、Mn2+等离子(10 mmol/L)和葡萄糖、乙醇的抑制。     

施氮对油松幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

通过分析不同施氮量对油松幼苗生长及生理指标变化的影响规律,以筛选出油松育苗中适宜的氮肥施用量处理,为其育苗中科学施肥提供理论参考。试验在田间条件下,设置4个处理,氮肥施用量分别为0 g/株(对照,YS1)、6 g/株(YS2)、12 g/株(YS3)、18 g/株(YS4),小区试验设计,重复3次。结果表明:施用氮肥促进了油松株高增加,YS3与对照相比提高了20. 68%;叶绿素含量YS4最高,YS3与YS4之间无显著差异;根系活力YS3,YS4显著高于对照和YS2处理,YS3与YS4之间无显著差异; 5—9月,YS3可溶性蛋白含量分别高于对照40. 20%,70. 80%,72. 03%,75. 27%,87. 60%;可溶性糖含量YS4与YS3之间无显著差异,6—9月YS3均显著高于对照和YS2处理。综合分析认为,3年生油松苗适宜的氮肥施用量为12 g/株。     

亚硫酸盐蔗渣浆酶解工艺及外源物辅助作用的研究

以亚硫酸盐蔗渣浆为研究对象,研究了底物浓度、外源添加物种类和浓度对纤维素酶解工艺的影响以及PEG6000强化酶解效率的作用机理。研究结果表明,纤维素酶用量15 FPIU/g(以绝干纤维素计,下同)、β-葡萄糖苷酶用量30 CBU/g,纤维素质量浓度80 g/L条件下水解48 h,葡萄糖质量浓度达72.51 g/L,葡萄糖得率、纤维素酶解得率和总糖得率达81.58%、86.79%和84.23%。PEG6000可有效强化酶解,添加量为2 g/L时,水解48 h葡萄糖质量浓度可升至78.54 g/L,葡萄糖得率、纤维素酶解得率和总糖得率达88.36%、95.02%和92.54%。添加2 g/L的PEG6000使纤维素酶Celluclast1.5 L滤纸酶活力提高到原酶活力的117.33%;同时50℃,pH值4.8,保温48 h,残余酶活力同比增加38.99%。     

不同菌种对油橄榄叶发酵饲料的影响

以黑曲霉、白地霉、米曲霉、绿色木霉、产朊假丝酵母和热带假丝酵母为固态发酵菌种,考察单菌及混合菌种对油橄榄叶发酵饲料中纤维素酶活(β-葡萄糖苷酶活、羧甲基纤维素酶活及滤纸酶活),蛋白质及总单宁含量的影响。结果表明,单菌发酵效率最高的菌种为黑曲霉,发酵3天时纤维素酶活最高,β-葡萄糖苷酶活10.53 U/m L、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)酶活10.61 U/m L、滤纸(FPA)酶活4.02U/m L,发酵5天时蛋白质最高达14.61%,发酵7天总单宁降解率最高达84.14%;混菌发酵效率最高的为黑曲霉与产朊假丝酵母的组合,其最佳比例为1∶1(体积比),发酵时间5天,纤维素酶活最高,β-葡萄糖苷酶活12.45 U/m L、CMC酶活12.59 U/m L及FPA酶活5.51 U/m L,发酵7天时蛋白质最高可达18.63%,总单宁降解率最高为86.49%。     

里氏木霉Rut—30产纤维素酶发酵条件的优化

采用单因素试验、正交试验设计对产纤维素酶的里氏木霉RutC—30菌株进行了液体摇瓶发酵条件优化实验。结果表明,在pH为4.8、每50 mL发酵液接种2.5 mL菌种时,里氏木霉RutC—30菌株产酶发酵最优培养条件是:工业纤维素30 g/L、(NH4)2SO412 g/L、Mandels营养盐浓缩液125 mL/L。在此条件下,发酵产生的纤维素酶滤纸酶活达到4.845 U.m L-1,相对于微晶纤维素碳源提高了49.6%。同时,在本实验中还发现里氏木霉RutC—30菌株的生长与产酶存在着偶联性。通过优化实验,里氏木霉RutC—30菌株达到了比较高的产纤维素酶能力,为纤维素酶进一步工业化生产奠定了一定基础。     

云南龙竹试管无性系的建立及快繁研究

用云南龙竹成年竹新生枝条的幼嫩茎段为外植体进行培养,获得该竹种的试管无性系,并对其试管种苗的组织培养快速繁殖的各阶段进行研究。结果表明,(1)用0.1%升汞溶液或用10%Ca(ClO)_2对幼嫩茎段分别处理6min或3min的消毒灭菌方法效果最好,成活率分别达到85.0%和75.0%,死亡率和污染率也较低;(2)丛芽诱导培养适宜的培养基配方为:MS+6-BA 2.0mg/L+KT 0.5mg/L+琼脂5g/L+蔗糖30g/L+椰乳100mL/L(pH值5.8),丛芽诱导率可达到65.0%;(3)试管苗壮苗生根培养适宜的激素和浓度组合为6-BA 0.5mg/L+NAA 1.0mg/L,在此条件下培养,试管苗丛的平均生根数和根长可分别达到9.5条和3.56cm。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.