Hematologic changes induced by intravenous administration of diacetoxyscirpenol in pigs, dogs, and calves

Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) was given IV to pigs (0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg of body weight), cattle (0 and 0.5 mg/kg), and dogs (0 and 0.5 mg/kg). Blood was collected and hemograms were done at 0.5-hour intervals for 8 hours. The animals were euthanatized at 8 hours after treatment, and bone marrow samples were taken and examined by light microscopy. Moderate to severe necrosis of bone marrow hematopoietic elements was found in animals given DAS. The sequential increase in the type and number of abnormal cells in the blood suggested a successive destruction of the hematopoietic elements. A marked left shift in the neutrophil population was found in animals given DAS. Metarubricytes and large platelets were found in the blood of animals given DAS. Lymphocytes were replaced with immature cells. Pathologic changes were most severe in the pigs given a dosage of 1.0 mg of DAS/kg. The order of species sensitivity to DAS was pigs greater than dogs much greater than cattle.     

Tissue residues of diacetoxyscirpenol in pigs and calves after intravenous dosing

Pigs (n = 19) were given 0, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg of diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS)/kg of body weight, and heifers (n = 7) were given 0 or 0.5 mg of DAS/kg. Animals were anesthetized and exsanguinated 8 hours after administration of DAS, and liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, mesenteric lymph node, and spleen were analyzed for DAS. Diacetoxyscirpenol was not detected in tissues from animals not given DAS. All tissues from pigs and calves given DAS contained at least traces (less than or equal to 10 ng/g of tissue) of DAS.     

Hemolytic assay for goat (caprine) and swine (porcine) complement

Optimal conditions for assaying hemolytic complement of goat (caprine) and swine (porcine) sera were determined. Effects of the following were tested: pH, ionic strength, calcium and magnesium ion concentrations, time and temperature of incubation, and ethylenediamine tetracetate concentration. Guinea pig erythrocytes sensitized with goat or cattle antibodies were the most sensitive target cells for goat complement. Sheep and cattle erythrocytes sensitized with rabbit hemolysin were the best target cells for swine complement. Barbital buffer, pH 7.3, ionic strength of 90 nmM relative salt concentration, containing 0.5 mM CaCl2 and 1 mM MgCl2 was the best for swine complement assay. Goat complement lysed best in a barbital buffer, pH 8, ionic strength of 90 to 120 mM of relative salt concentration, in presence of 0.5 mM CaCl2 and 1 mM MgCl2. The optimal incubation temperature was 37 degrees C for both complements. The complement dependent lysis required 75 minutes to reach its maximum. Ethylenediamine tetracetate in 4 mM concentration completely inhibited lysis by both species complements. The CH50 for goat sera varied between 18 and 75 per ml, in swine sera between 75 and 210 per ml.     

Seroprevalence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis in humans and animals

The presence of antibodies against Encephalitozoon cuniculi (E. cuniculi) and Encephalitozoon intestinalis (E. intestinalis) was examined in 215 samples from humans and in 488 samples from five different species of domestic and companion animals in Slovakia. The 215 human samples and samples from 90 swine, 123 non-infected cattle (cattle), 24 cattle infected with bovine leukosis virus (BLV-positive cattle), 140 sheep and 111 dogs were examined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples with serum titres 1:200 or higher were considered as positive. Specific anti-E. cuniculi antibodies were found in humans (0.9%), swine (52%), cattle (2%), sheep (9%) and dogs (15%) except for the BLV-positive cattle at the titre of 1:200. The titre of 1:400 was detected only in humans (0.5%). The presence of specific anti-E. intestinalis antibodies at the titre of 1:200 was confirmed in humans (6%), swine (51%), cattle (11%), BLV-positive cattle (13%) and dogs (6%) but not in sheep. The anti-E. intestinalis antibodies reached the 1:400 in humans (1%), swine (4%) and BLV-positive cattle (17%). The presence of specific anti-E. intestinalis antibodies at the titre of 1:600 was observed only in one swine (1%). Significant differences were observed in animals at titres 1:200 and 1:400 (chi-squared test: p < 0.0001) for both pathogens and in humans only for E. cuniculi at the titre of 1:400 (chi-squared test: p < 0.0075).     

Distribution of Arcobacter species among livestock in Japan

A survey was conducted to examine the distribution of Arcobacter species among livestock in Japan. During May 1999 and May 2000, fecal samples from cattle (n=332) and swine (n=250), chicken cloacal swabs (n=234), and vaginal swabs of cattle (n=61) and swine (n=15) were submitted for the isolation of Arcobacter species. Arcobacter species were isolated from 3.6 and 10.0% of the cattle and swine fecal samples, respectively, along with 14.5% of chicken cloacal swabs. No significant seasonal differences were observed. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction assay showed that A. butzleri was the most prevalent species (83.3, 60.0 and 47.1% of the cattle, swine and chicken isolates, respectively), followed by A. cryaerophilus 1B (16.7, 36.0 and 55.9% of the cattle, swine and chicken isolates, respectively). Of the samples from vaginal swabs, 8.1 and 13.3% were positive for Arcobacter in cattle and swine, respectively. This is the first report demonstrating the distribution of Arcobacter species among livestock in Japan.     

Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in food-producing animals. Part I: Cattle and swine

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for chemicals in food animals are a useful tool in estimating chemical tissue residues and withdrawal intervals. Physiological parameters such as organ weights and blood flows are an important component of a PBPK model. The objective of this study was to compile PBPK-related physiological parameter data in food animals, including cattle and swine. Comprehensive literature searches were performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest. Relevant literature was reviewed and tables of relevant parameters such as relative organ weights (% of body weight) and relative blood flows (% of cardiac output) were compiled for different production classes of cattle and swine. The mean and standard deviation of each parameter were calculated to characterize their variability and uncertainty and to allow investigators to conduct population PBPK analysis via Monte Carlo simulations. Regression equations using weight or age were created for parameters having sufficient data. These compiled data provide a comprehensive physiological parameter database for developing PBPK models of chemicals in cattle and swine to support animal-derived food safety assessment. This work also provides a basis to compile data in other food animal species, including goats, sheep, chickens, and turkeys.     

Trace element levels in liver and kidney from cattle, swine and poultry slaughtered in Canada.

Levels of arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury and lead were determined in approximately 650 samples of liver and kidney from cattle, swine and poultry slaughtered in Canada during 1979-81. In addition zinc levels were determined in livers and kidneys from swine, and selenium and zinc levels were determined in the livers and kidneys from cattle. Depending on the element several methods of atomic absorption spectroscopy were used to analyze samples including flame, hydride generation, cold vapour generation and graphite furnace atomization. Analyses were also done by plasma emission spectroscopy. Levels of arsenic over 2.0 micrograms/g were detected in 0.9% of swine livers and 0.3% of swine kidneys. Cadmium levels higher than 1.0 micrograms/g were detected in 0.3% of cattle livers, 10.8% of cattle kidneys, 1.8% of swine kidneys, 0.4% of poultry livers and 0.3% of poultry kidneys. Levels of copper over 150 micrograms/g were detected in 0.4% of cattle and swine livers. Levels of lead over 2.0 micrograms/g were detected in 1.4% of poultry livers and 1.6% of poultry kidneys. The highest level of mercury detected in all species was 0.25 micrograms/g and the highest level of selenium was 1.9 micrograms/g. Zinc levels of over 100 micrograms/g were detected in 1.7% of cattle livers, 0.2% of cattle kidneys and 5.0% of swine livers.     

The effect of estradiol cypionate (ECP) on ovarian follicular development and ovulation in dairy cattle.

The efficacy of estradiol cypionate (ECP) for synchronizing ovarian follicular development was determined in lactating Holstein-Friesian cattle. In Experiment 1, 13 cattle were given simultaneous intramuscular (i.m.) injections of 100 mg progesterone and 0 (control), 0.5 or 1.0 mg ECP on Day 3, after a synchronized ovulation (Day 0). Maximum diameter of the dominant follicle of Wave 1 was significantly larger in control cattle than in those given 0.5 or 1.0 mg ECP (means: 15.7, 13.2, and 12.9 mm, respectively). Mean day of emergence of Wave 2 was significantly later in controls than in those given 1.0 mg ECP, with the 0.5 mg group intermediate (Days 10.2, 8.8 and 9.5, respectively). In Experiment 2, 14 cattle were given a CIDR-B and IM injections of 1 mg ECP and 50 mg progesterone without regard to stage of cycle (treatment = Day 0). On Day 8, the CIDR-B was removed and 500 micrograms cloprostenol injected, IM. Mean days of wave emergence (Day 3.4; range: -2 to 7) and ovulation (Day 12.1; range: 10 to 14) indicated that ECP had limited efficacy for synchronizing follicular development and ovulation in dairy cattle when given at random stages of the estrous cycle.     

Sero-survey on Aino, Akabane, Chuzan, bovine ephemeral fever and Japanese encephalitis virus of cattle and swine in Korea

Vector-borne arboviruses produce mild to severe symptoms in domestic animals. Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF), Akabane, Aino, and Chuzan virus have been primarily attributed to reproductive disorders or febrile diseases in cattle, and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is mainly associated with reproductive failures in swine. We investigated antibody titers from domestic swine against four bovine arboviruses (BEF, Akabane, Aino, and Chuzan virus) and from cattle against JEV in Korea. While the positive rates for Akabane and BEF were 37.4% and 15.7%, the positive incidence of Chuzan and Aino were relatively low, with positive rates of 3.04% and 0.4%, respectively, based on a virus neutralization assay. Antibody titers against more than one virus were also frequently detected in domestic swine. The incidence of JEV was 51.3% among domestic cattle. In addition, one positive case was detected in the thoracic fluids from 35 aborted calves, based on the hemagglutination inhibition test. Our results indicate that swine are susceptible hosts of bovine arboviruses without showing clinical symptoms in a natural environment. Moreover, we confirmed that JEV could be associated with reproductive failure in pregnant cattle, as were other vector-borne bovine arboviruses assessed in this study.     

Application of ultrasound for genetic improvement.

Genetic improvement programs for livestock would be enhanced by the ability to accurately and easily measure body composition of live animals or to make measurements at anatomical reference points that can be used to accurately predict body composition. Advances in ultrasonic technology, such as real-time imagery and portable ultrasound units, have renewed interest among animal scientists working with genetic improvement programs and the livestock industry groups they serve. Ultrasound has been used for more than 30 yr and, for swine, has been demonstrated to improve significantly the accuracy of predicting body composition. However, many studies have shown less success in improving prediction of body composition from the use of ultrasonics to measure live beef cattle and sheep. The swine industry probably will be the first to benefit measurably from use of ultrasound technology in large-scale genetic improvement programs for carcass merit. Considerable research and development is needed before ultrasound technology can be effectively used in similar large-scale programs in the beef cattle and sheep industries.     

重组瘦蛋白对猪蛋白质代谢的影响

利用重组瘦蛋白进行动物饲养试验研究。结果表明:重组瘦蛋白对猪蛋白质代谢指标有不同程度的影响。腹腔注射0.5 mg/kg和1.0 mg/kg体重重组瘦蛋白后,血清总蛋白(TP)和球蛋白(GPs)的含量高于对照组,其中0~3周差异显著(P<0.05),而血清白蛋白(ALB)的含量只在注射后第3周有明显提高;血清天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)有不同程度的提高,在注射后1~3周和5~7周内明显高于对照组(P<0.05);血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)只有在注射0.5 mg/kg体重重组瘦蛋白后0~3周明显提高(P<0.05);注射0.1 mg/kg体重重组瘦蛋白对猪蛋白质代谢指标无明显影响(P>0.05)。     

In vitro binding of Pasteurella multocida cell wall preparations to tracheal mucus of cattle and swine and to a tracheal epithel cell wall preparation of cattle.

Outer membrane preparations of various Pasteurella isolates (Pasteurella multocida and some other Pasteurella species) from cattle and swine were extracted by N-lauryl-sarcosine sodium salt. Capsular extracts were prepared by heat treatment. Both preparations bound to epithel cell wall preparations (ECW) of trachea from cattle and to tracheal mucus of cattle and swine. Binding was demonstrated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Distinct high adherence values were shown by the greater part of membrane preparations of mucoid Pasteurella strains, especially when originating from cattle.     

Pathogenicity for mice and swine of Erysipelothrix isolates from the tonsils of healthy cattle

The pathogenicity of 79 Erysipelothrix isolates from bovine tonsils for mice and swine was determined. Five (6.3%) isolates were lethal for mice. These isolates belonged to serovars 1b (one isolate), 2 (2), 19 (1) and 21 (1). The 50% lethal dose values of the isolates ranged from 0.33 to 5x10(2) CFUs in mice. Twenty Erysipelothrix isolates (25.3%) were weakly virulent inducing only emaciation while 12 (15.2%) inducing emaciation and ruffled hair. In swine, clinical signs of varying severity were observed. Four isolates were virulent, capable of inducing localized or generalized urticarial lesions accompanied with a rise in body temperature after intradermal inoculation. One isolate each of serovars 1b, 2 and 19 was highly virulent, capable of inducing generalized urticarial lesions while another Erysipelothrix isolate of serovar 2 induced only a localized urticarial lesion at the site of inoculation. Another isolate of serovar 1b induced itching and irritation without obvious urticarial lesion at the site of inoculation. On the other hand, one isolate of serovar 21 and two other isolates of serovar 2 could not induce experimentally any clinical sign of erysipelas other than rise in body temperature. There was a rise in growth agglutination (GA) titer of serum in all the inoculated swine. These observations suggest that Erysipelothrix isolates from cattle are pathogenic for mouse and swine, and may also be pathogenic for other animals and humans.     

Pestivirus infections in Norway. Serological investigations in cattle, sheep and pigs.

Serum samples from 1,133 dairy cows (187 herds), 3,712 ewes (103 flocks) and 1,317 adult pigs (877 herds), were tested for neutralizing antibodies against the NADL strain of bovine virus diarrhoea virus. The prevalence rate of seropositive animals was 18.5% in cattle, 4.5% in sheep and 2.2% in pigs, such seroreactors being found in 28% of the cattle herds and 18% of the sheep flocks. In all three species the rate showed considerable herd and geographical variation. In cattle the seroreactor rate was similar in herds with normal reproduction and in 62 herds with problems of repeat breeding. Of 31 pig sera containing antibodies against the NADL strain, 27 were also positive in a neutralization test for antibodies against swine fever virus (Baker strain). However, all sera showed a higher titre of antibodies against the bovine strain than against the swine fever virus. It was concluded that the immune response of the pigs had been induced by ruminant pestivirus, and not by swine fever virus.     

Normal electrocardiographic and echocardiographic (M-mode and two-dimensional) values in Polish Landrace pigs

Background

Swine are recognized animal models of human cardiovascular diseases. Normal values of cardiac morphology and function have been published for swine but for smaller number of pigs and not for swine whose weights ranged up 100 kg. In order to improve the value of results of an investigation on cardiac morphology and function in swine when such data are extrapolated to humans, the aim of this study was to document electrocardiographic and echocardiographic measures of cardiac morphology and function in swine. The study comprised 170 single and repeated measurements that were made in 132 healthy domestic swine (Sus domesticus) whose weights ranged between 20-160 kg and were used as controls in three different experiments. All electrocardiographic and echocardiographic measurements in all swine were done under general anaesthesia.

Results

Statistically significant correlations were found between body weight and heart rate (HR), the duration of the P-wave, the duration of the QRS interval, the duration of the QT interval, and the corrected QT ratio (QTc). Since body weight was positively correlated with age, statistically significant correlations were also found between age and HR, the duration of the P-wave, the duration of the QRS interval, the duration of the QT interval, and the QTc. We found that the thickness of the left ventricular wall and the internal diameter of the left ventricle increased with age and body weight. We also found positive trends between body weight and ejection fraction and body weight and fractional shortening. We also found a positive relationship between age, body weight, and the ratio of the left ventricular internal diameter to its wall thickness, as well as the relative left atrial size.

Conclusion

Many electro- and echocardiographic measures of cardiac morphology and function of healthy swine are related to their body weight. When the electro- and echocardiographic measures of domestic swine and humans are compared, the most comparable electrocardiographic values are those that were determined in swine whose body weights are not greater than 70 kg. In contrast, the most comparable echocardiographic measures are those that were determined in swine with a body weight of 40–110 kg.     

Toxicologic evaluation of a microencapsulated formulation of methyl parathion applied dermally to cattle

Acute toxicity studies in newborn calves and 2- to 3-year-old cattle were conducted with methyl parathion (O,O-dimethyl O-(p-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate) in the form of a 22% microencapsulated slurry used in a manually operated sprayer. Twelve calves and 9 cattle were tested. The minimal toxic dosages were 4 L of a 0.5% concentration for calves and 10 L of a 0.25% concentration for mature cattle. At all toxic dosages, cholinesterase activities were decreased--that of the calves to 0 and that of the cattle to 50% of base line or less. Weight losses 2 weeks after single exposures to the treated cattle ranged from 6.5% to 11.5% of total body weight. Absorption of the formulation in its entirety or its metabolic products resulted in a possible interference with feed utilization.     

Helminth parasitisms among intermingling insular populations of white-tailed deer, feral cattle, and feral swine.

Helminth infections among free-ranging, intermingling populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), cattle (Bos taurus), and swine (Sus scrofa) on an island off the Georgia coast were studied. Of 39 species of helminths collected, 19 were found in deer, 17 in cattle, and 13 in swine. Of 28 species of helminths recovered from ruminants, 8, viz, Capillaria bovis, Cooperia punctata, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Gongylonema pulchrum, G verrucosum, Haemonchus contortus, Moniezia benedeni, and Trichostrongylus axei, occurred in both deer and cattle. Common liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica) infected cattle and swine but not deer. Only 1 helminth, G pulchrum, infected deer, cattle, and swine. The findings suggested that helminths harbored by the host species are distinct, with little exchange occurring.     

Leptospiral antibodies in cattle in alberta and evidence of an emerging serovar

Antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and pomona were present in 8.3% and 0.5% of sera respectively, from adult female cattle in Alberta surveyed in 1984-85. Criterion for a positive serum sample was 50% agglutination at 1/100 dilution in the microscopic agglutination test. A positive herd contained one or more cows with positive serum. Prevalences were calculated on sample sizes that would give 80-95% reliability. Hardjo antibody prevalences and hardjo-positive herd prevalences were 0-53.9% and 0-83.3%, respectively, among 65 municipalities surveyed. Pomona prevalences by comparison were 0-3.4% and 0-11.7% respectively. Hardjo had increased significantly since 1980-82, and antibodies were found throughout the province. Pomona occurred mainly in southeastern Alberta, where it was isolated from cattle, swine and skunks. Hardjo was isolated only from cattle and it was found in many areas. Antibodies to icterohaemorrhagiae were present in 0.4% of sera from parts of Alberta surveyed in 1980; evidence of the presence of leptospires related to this serovar in bovine and porcine urinary tracts was obtained by immunofluorescence.     

Pharmacokinetic study of danofloxacin in cattle and swine.

Pharmacokinetic values of a new quinolone antimicrobial, danofloxacin, were studied in cattle and swine. Plasma concentration was detected within 15 minutes after IM administration, peaked by 1 hour, and subsequently decreased, with half-life of 2.9 and 6.8 hours for cattle and swine, respectively. In swine, danofloxacin was absorbed, whether orally administered by gavage, in feed, or in drinking water. Danofloxacin concentrated in lung tissue at 4 to 7 times the plasma concentration. Lung tissue concentration exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentrations for im90portant respiratory tract pathogens for extended periods after administration of the drug by any of the routes studied. The major routes of excretion were in urine and bile.     

不同动物源性链球菌的耐药性分析

通过形态观察、革兰氏染色及生化试验分离鉴定共获得28株猪源及牛源链球菌。采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定7种抗菌药物对28株链球菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）,其中绝大多数受试菌株呈多重耐药性。研究结果表明,不同动物源性链球菌对抗菌药物的抗菌谱不同,揭示的耐药规律对指导临床用药具有重要意义。