Jupiter's Clouds: Equatorial Plumes and Other Cloud Forms in the Pioneer 10 Images

Pioneer 10 images of Jupiter show bright nuclei in the equatorial zone that appear to be thermally driven sources of cloud plume formations.     

Anthropogenic CO Emissions: Implications for the Atmospheric CO-OH-CH4 Cycle

Present anthropogenic emissions of CO are apparently large enough to perturb the natural CO-OH-CH(4) cycle, which plays a crucial role in the self-cleansing processes in the troposphere. A significant increase in global concentrations of CO, CH(4) CH(3)Cl, and other trace gases may result from a decrease in the OH concentration caused by continued CO emissions. Even if the CO emissions were maintained at the present rate, increases in CO and CH(4) by the year 2025 might be as large as 50 and 25 percent, respectively. The time constants associated with the perturbations of the CO-OH-CH(4) cycle are of the order of a few decades. Perturbation of this cycle may also indirectly affect stratospheric chemistry.     

Jupiter's Ionosphere: Prospects for Pioneer 10

Model Jovian ionospheres are constructed for comparison with Pioneer 10 results. Electron density maxima are predicted at a level approximately 220 kilometers above an assumed reference height where the hydrogen density is 10(16) molecules per cubic centimeter. It may be possible to use observations of the electron density to locate the turbopause. Attention is drawn to a possible strong source of ionized sodium from lo which might lead to large electron densities at low altitudes.     

Earth's Core-Mantle Boundary: Results of Experiments at High Pressures and Temperatures

Laboratory experiments document that liquid iron reacts chemically with silicates at high pressures (>/=2.4 x 10(10) Pascals) and temperatures. In particular, (Mg,Fe)SiO(3) perovskite, the most abundant mineral of Earth's lower mantle, is expected to react with liquid iron to produce metallic alloys (FeO and FeSi) and nonmetallic silicates (SiO(2) stishovite and MgSiO(3) perovskite) at the pressures of the core-mantle boundary, 14 x 10(10) Pascals. The experimental observations, in conjunction with seismological data, suggest that the lowermost 200 to 300 kilometers of Earth's mantle, the D" layer, may be an extremely heterogeneous region as a result of chemical reactions between the silicate mantle and the liquid iron alloy of Earth's core. The combined thermal-chemical-electrical boundary layer resulting from such reactions offers a plausible explanation for the complex behavior of seismic waves near the core-mantle boundary and could influence Earth's magnetic field observed at the surface.     

Magnetic Collapse in Transition Metal Oxides at High Pressure: Implications for the Earth

Magnetic collapse in transition metal ions is predicted from first-principles computations at pressures reached in the Earth's lower mantle and core. Magnetic collapse would lead to marked changes in geophysically important properties, such as elasticity and conductivity, and also to different geochemical behavior, such as element partitioning, than estimated by extrapolating low-pressure data, and thus change the understanding of Earth's structure and evolution. Magnetic collapse results from band widening rather than from changes in crystal field splitting under pressure. Seismic anomalies in the outer core and the lowermost mantle may be due to magnetic collapse of ferrous iron, dissolved in iron liquid in the outer core, and in solution in magnesiowustite in the lowermost mantle.     

Crystal Chemistry of Silicon--Oxygen Bonds at High Pressure: Implications for the Earth's Mantle Mineralogy

Transformations involving a change from tetrahedrally coordinated to octahedrally coordinated silicon ((IV)Si --> (VI)Si) are observed to occur at high pressure when the mean (IV)Si-O bond compresses to approximately 1.59 angstroms based on known room-pressure crystal structures, Si-O bond compressibilities, and pressures of (IV)Si --> (VI)Si transformations. The lower two-thirds of the mantle transition zone of high-density gradient (500 to 900 kilometers) corresponds to the predicted range of (IV)Si --> (VI)Si transformations. The 10 percent density increase of this zone at zero pressure is attributed primarily to the density increase associated with the change in silicon coordination. Below 900 kilometers all silicon is predicted to be in octahedral or greater coordination. The concept of cation polyhedral stability fields is defined.     

Azurin: X-ray Data for Crystals from Pseudomonas denitrificans

Azurin, a blue-colored copper protein, from a soil bacteria, Pseudomonas denitrificans, has been crystallized and its molecular weight of 16,000 Was confirmed by means of x-ray difraction.     

The 25-km Discontinuity: Implications for Lunar History

The lunar velocity profile and laboratory data on terrestrial and lunar rocks are constraints on models of lunar history. They show that shock-induced microcracks are absent from the rocks present in the moon today at depths of 25 to 60 kilometers. All possible causes of this observation are examined, and the most likely explanations are that either the rocks at depths of 25 to 60 kilometers formed after the major impacts ceased or the microcracks have annealed at temperatures of about 600 degrees C over geologically long times.     

An Improved Procedure for EI Nino Forecasting: Implications for Predictability

A coupled ocean-atmosphere data assimilation procedure yields improved forecasts of El Ni?o for the 1980s compared with previous forecasting procedures. As in earlier forecasts with the same model, no oceanic data were used, and only wind information was assimilated. The improvement is attributed to the explicit consideration of air-sea interaction in the initialization. These results suggest that EI Ni?o is more predictable than previously estimated, but that predictability may vary on decadal or longer time scales. This procedure also eliminates the well-known spring barrier to EI Ni?o prediction, which implies that it may not be intrinsic to the real climate system.     

低温和高温对仓储绿豆象的防治效果

【目的】确定绿豆象最耐受低温或高温的发育阶段,得到不同温度下完全防控该虫所需时间,为防治仓储绿豆象提供理论基础。【方法】在-5和40℃下,分别对绿豆象卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫进行处理,确定最耐受低温或者高温的虫态。在此基础上,对低温（-5、-10、-20℃）以及高温（40、45、50℃）下最耐受虫态做进一步的生物测定,从而得到完全防控绿豆象的时间。【结果】绿豆象幼虫和蛹耐寒能力较强,卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫在-5℃的LT50分别是12.57、24.93、30.54和15.76 h。绿豆象蛹耐热能力较强,卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫在40℃时的LT50分别是4.29、17.76、22.33和14.50 h。绿豆象的蛹在低温-5、-10和-20℃下的LT50 分别是30.54、6.50和0.96 h,LT99分别是189.70、33.81和2.90 h。在高温40、45和50℃下的LT50 分别是22.33、3.64和0.85 h,LT99分别是169.43、17.77和3.71 h。【结论】绿豆象各虫态耐低温和耐高温的能力均为蛹较强,据此得到处于不同温度下完全控制绿豆象危害所需时间。因此,利用低温或高温防控仓储绿豆象是可行的。     

Recalibrated Mariner 10 Color Mosaics: Implications for Mercurian Volcanism

Recalibration of Mariner 10 color image data allows the identification of distinct color units on the mercurian surface. We analyze these data in terms of opaque mineral abundance, iron content, and soil maturity and find color units consistent with the presence of volcanic deposits on Mercury's surface. Additionally, materials associated with some impact craters have been excavated from a layer interpreted to be deficient in opaque minerals within the crust, possibly analogous to the lunar anorthosite crust. These observations suggest that Mercury has undergone complex differentiation like the other terrestrial planets and the Earth's moon.     

X-ray standing waves: a molecular yardstick for biological membranes

Structural information on an atomic scale has been obtained for a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) trilayer system by means of long-period x-ray standing waves. The LB trilayer of zinc and cadmium arachidate was deposited on a layered synthetic microstructure (LSM) consisting of 200 tungsten/silicon layer pairs with a 25 A period. A 30 A thermally induced inward collapse of the zinc atom layer that was initially located in the LB trilayer at 53 A above the LSM surface has been observed. The mean position and width of the zinc atom layer was determined with a precision of +/- 0.3 A.     

Scatterers in Triton's Atmosphere: Implications for the Seasonal Volatile Cycle

Nitrogen and methane ices on the surface of Triton, Neptune's largest satellite, are exchanged between the summer and winter hemispheres on a seasonal time scale. Images of the satellite's sky obtained by the Voyager 2 spacecraft show the presence of several types of scattering materials that provide insights into this seasonal cycle of volatiles. Discrete clouds, probably composed of N(2) ice particles, arise in regions of active sublimation. They are found chiefly poleward of 30 degrees S in the southern, summer hemisphere. Haze particles, probably made of hydrocarbon ices, are present above most, but not all places. Recent snowfall may have occurred at low southern latitudes in places where they are absent. The latent heat released in the formation of the discrete clouds may have a major impact on the thermal balance of the lower atmosphere. Triton may have been less red at the time of the Voyager flyby than 12 years earlier due to recent N(2) snowfall at a wide range of latitudes.     

Diffuse Extreme-Ultraviolet Emission from the Coma Cluster: Evidence for Rapidly Cooling Gases at Submegakelvin Temperatures

The central region of the Coma cluster of galaxies was observed in the energy band from 0.065 to 0.245 kiloelectron volts by the Deep Survey telescope aboard the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer. A diffuse emission halo of angular diameter approximately 30 arc minutes was detected. The extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) emission level exceeds that expected from the x-ray temperature gas in Coma. This halo suggests the presence of two more phases in the emitting gas, one at a temperature of approximately 2 x 10(6) kelvin and the other at approximately 8 x 10(5) kelvin. The latter phase cools rapidly and, in steady state, would have produced cold matter with a mass of approximately 10(14) solar masses within the EUV halo. Although a similar EUV enhancement was discovered in the Virgo cluster, this detection in Coma applies to a noncooling flow system.     

Temporal and spatial dimensions of knowledge: Implications for sustainable agriculture

Scholars have recognized the importance of local and indigenousknowledge in less industrialized countries. Few studies havebeen done on the diversity of knowledge communities in moreindustrialized countries, however, because of researcherassumptions about the spatial and temporal dimensions of localand scientific knowledge. A distinguishing feature of knowledgecommunities is the way that time and space are perceived. Thesedifferences are reflected in farmers' decision-making.Depending on farmers' knowledge orientations, they may utilizequite different criteria to determine the reliability andapplicability of new information. Advocates of sustainableagriculture, and proponents of on-farm research will benefit byrecognizing the diverse ways that farmers know and understandtheir farming systems in both less and more industrializedcountries.