应力波法应用于结构用单板层积材抗弯性能预测的可行性研究

采用应力波无损检测方法测试结构用单板层积材的动态弹性模量,分析动态弹性模量与抗弯强度的相关性。研究结果表明,动态弹性模量与静态弹性模量之间存在线性相关性,动态弹性模量与抗弯强度之间无显著的线性相关性。     

增强型杨木单板层积材力学性能分析

采用玻璃纤维布与碳纤维布复合材料及分步热压法增强杨木单板层积材,研究了玻璃纤维布与碳纤维布复合材料的铺设位置及分步热压法对杨木单板层积材力学性能的影响.结果表明:两种增强方式对杨木单板层积材静曲强度(MOR)和弹性模量(MOE)的增强效果均较明显;采用对称铺设相同的增强材料时,铺设位置靠近杨木单板层积材表层时对MOR和MOE等力学性能的增强效果较铺设在靠近芯层时的增强效果明显;采用分步热压法可以明显改善单板层积材水平剪切强度.     

几种人工林树种单板层积材的生产试验及力学性能研究

主要介绍了我国单板层积材的发展状况,几种人工林木材单板层积材的研制工艺和生产技术。通过不同树种制得的单板层积材的静曲强度和弹性模量的对比,发现无论垂直或平行加载,静曲强度和弹性模量与树种及材性关系甚大,桉树等高密度树种呈现较高的静曲强度和弹性模量,而用杨树制得的单板层积材具有较小的静曲强度和弹性模量。而水平剪切强度无论是垂直还是平行加载对树种差别不大。     

单板厚度对小径柚木单板层积材力学性能的影响

采用3.00、4.50、6.00mm厚度小径柚木单板制备单板层积材(LVL),研究单板厚度对单板层积材力学性能的影响。结果表明:单板厚度对于层积材静曲强度和弹性模量有显著影响,随着单板厚度增加,静曲强度与弹性模量减小;强度均达到GB/T20241—2006《单板层积材》中不同等级要求。生产相同厚度单板层积材时应根据耗胶量与所需力学强度选择合适单板厚度,寻求成本与质量的平衡。     

密实型杨木单板层积材制造技术

介绍了单板层积材、密实型单板层积材在国内外的研究和利用概况.探讨了采用低分子量酚醛树脂浸渍处理杨木单板的方法制备杨木单板层积材的生产技术.结果表明:施胶量相当时,浸渍方式与涂胶方式生产的单板层积材相比,密度相当,吸水厚度膨胀(24hTS)降低了24%,胶合强度提高了:16%,弹性模量(MOE)和静曲强度(MOR)分别提高了20.17%和44.76%.采用浸渍树脂方式生产的密实型强化杨木单板层积材随着吸药量的增多,密度增大;24hTS减小;胶合强度随着吸药量的增加先增大而后趋于平稳;MOE和MOR先增大后减小.当吸药量为168%时,MOE、MOR达到最大,分别为15.34GPa和135.31 MPa.密实型强化单板层积材能够满足建筑和木结构等结构材要求,具有良好的发展空间.     

基于纵向共振法测试杨树原木应力波波速及弹性模量的研究

在介绍纵向共振法检测木材应力波波速及弹性模量的方法原理的基础上,利用应力波测试仪DirectorHM-200TM对杨树原木的应力波波速及弹性模量进行了测试.检测发现杨树原木的动态弹性模量与三点弯曲法测试的烘干后杨树锯材的静态弹性模量间具有较好相关性;当将杨树原木的密度视为常数时,其应力波波速的平方与烘干后杨树锯材静态弹性模量间仍具有很好的相关性,从而增加了进一步利用该应力波测试仪对木材进行应力分等的可行性,并为下一步自行研制基于该原理的测试仪器提供了依据.     

单板接头方式对层积材力学性能的影响

由于受木段长度、旋切机等因素的限制,为了使单板层积材满足实际使用的要求,单板必须纵向接长。本文研究了对接、斜接两种单板接头形式及其分布形态对单板层积材静曲强度(MOR_F)和静曲弹性模量(MOE_F)的影响。     

人工林杨木材性对单板层积材强度的贡献率

本文提出了衡量单板层积材强度中实木材性所占份额的贡献率概念,以揭示实木材性对单板层积材强度的贡献程度.以人工林杨木为对象,研究了实木材性对单板层积材强度的贡献率.结果表明,实木材性好或单板层积材中的单板较厚时,贡献率较高.材性较优的69杨和材性居中的72杨、材性较差的63杨3个无性系杨木的平均贡献率分别为74.34%、67.48%、64.72%,厚度为3.565mm、2.614mm、1.545mm单板组配的单板层积材中的平均贡献率分别为74.00%、67.48%和58.06%.研究的6项强度性能中,杨木实木材性对抗剪强度、弹性模量和冲击韧性的贡献率较高,约为80%.     

水性环氧树脂制备桉木单板层积材及性能研究北大核心

选用双组分水性环氧树脂为胶黏剂,速生桉木单板为基材,热压制备结构用桉木单板层积材。采用单因素试验法研究了施胶量、热压温度、热压时间、热压压力对水性环氧树脂单板层积材弹性模量、静曲强度、水平剪切强度、含水率和浸渍剥离率等物理力学性能的影响。结果表明:水性环氧树脂以水为分散剂,在木质单板表面延展性良好。当施胶量为230 g/m^(2),热压温度为120℃,热压时间为1.0 min/mm,热压压力为2 MPa时,单板层积材各项性能较优,符合GB/T20241—2006《单板层积材》要求。提出的以水性环氧树脂为胶黏剂的层积材制备工艺适合工业化生产,产品力学性能优良且无醛/低醛释放,绿色环保,具有积极的推广意义。     

低成本API胶黏剂在LVL生产中的应用

LVL(Laminated Veneer Lumber单板层积材)由多层单板按顺纹组坯胶合而成,按用途分为非结构单板层积材和结构单板层积材.LVL可利用小径木、弯曲木等生产;单板可纵向接长,长度不受限制.LVL在生产中可剔除单板上的节子、腐朽等缺陷,生产出的LVL具有强度均匀,尺寸稳定性好,易于进行防虫、防火处理等优点.LVL在美国、日本等的生产和应用较为普遍.     

扭叶松实木板材三种动态弹性模量和静态弹性模量比较研究(英文)

采用Pundit、Metriguard、FFT等三种无损检测方法和常规弯曲法对加拿大扭叶松(lodgepole pine)蓝变与非蓝变实木板材的动态及静态弹性模量进行检测和比较研究。结果表明,蓝变材三种动态弹性模量及静态弹性模量均高于非蓝变材;对比分析表明,蓝变材和非蓝变材的动态及静态弹性模量存在差异,其中动态弹性模量差异均达到0.01显著性水平,静态弹性模量差异达到0.05显著性水平,并且心、边材及密度值不同是导致以上差异的主要原因。相关性分析表明,动态与静态弹性模量间相关性达到0.01显著性水平;尽管三种无损检测方法测量结果存在差异,但它们之间仍存在密切相关性,FFT 技术测量的准确性高于Pundit和Metriguard;板材中结子数影响木材动态和静态弹性模量,随着板材结子数增加弹性模量相应地降低。     

四种方法测木质材料动弹性模量的对比研究

为寻找比较准确的估计木质材料静弹性模量的方法,以色木方材为例,采用纵向应力波、超声波、纵向共振和弯曲共振等4种方法检测41个无瑕疵试件的动弹性模量,采用静态载荷法测量其静弹性模量,并分析二者的相关性,采用配对t检验比较不同方法的差异。研究结果表明：四种方法测得的木质材料动弹性模量均高于其静弹性模量,但静、动弹性模量之间均呈显著的线性相关性,R2都大于0.7,因而四种方法都可以用来估计其静弹性模量。其中,弯曲共振法得到的样本试件动弹性模量与静弹性模量的差值均值最小,且相关性最高,因而运用弯曲共振法对木质材料静弹性模量进行估计最为准确,检测值也最接近静弹性模量值。     

Comparative study on three dynamic modulus of elasticity and static modulus of elasticity for Lodgepole pine lumber

The dynamic and static modulus of elasticity （MOE） between bluestained and non-bluestained lumber of Lodgepole pine were tested and analyzed by using three methods of Non-destructive testing （NDT）, Portable Ultrasonic Non-destructive Digital Indicating Testing （Pundit）, Metriguard and Fast Fourier Transform （FFT） and the normal bending method. Results showed that the dynamic and static MOE of bluestained wood were higher than those of non-bluestained wood. The significant differences in dynamic MOE and static MOE were found between bulestained and non-bluestained wood, of which, the difference in each of three dynamic MOE （Ep. the ultrasonic wave modulus of elasticity, Ems, the stress wave modulus of elasticity and El, the longitudinal wave modulus of elasticity） between bulestained and non-bluestained wood arrived at the 0.01 significance level, whereas that in the static MOE at the 0.05 significance level. The differences in MOE between bulestained and non-bluestained wood were induced by the variation between sapwood and heartwood and the different densities of bulestained and non-bluestained wood. The correlation between dynamic MOE and static MOE was statistically significant at the 0.01 significance level. Although the dynamic MOE values of Ep, Em, Er were significantly different, there exists a close relationship between them （arriving at the 0.01 correlation level）. Comparative analysis among the three techniques indicated that the accurateness of FFT was higher than that of Pundit and Metriguard. Effect of tree knots on MOE was also investigated. Result showed that the dynamic and static MOE gradually decreased with the increase of knot number, indicating that knot number had significant effect on MOE value.     

Evaluation of Strength Performance of Finger-jointed Lumbers Using Three Kinds of Nondestructive Techniques

Resonance flexural vibration（Fast Fourier Transform, FFT）, ultrasonic wave（Pundit） and stress wave（Metriguard） techniques were examined as means of evaluating the static modulus of elasticity （MOE） and predicting the modulus of rupture （MOR） of finger-jointed lumber specimens made with four kinds of Eucalyptus （Eucalyptus. citriodora, E. exserta, E. grandis x E. urophylla and E. grandis）. Dynamic MOE was calculated from frequency and time obtained from forced vibrations and sounds induced in the four species of finger-jointed specimens. It was found that correlation coefficients between density and static MOE and dynamic MOE were statistically significant at the 0.01 level. And it was also found that the three nondestructive techniques can provide rapid and accurate means to determine the MOE, and the dynamic MOE was more accurate to predict static MOE than density. But the correlation coefficient between dynamic MOE, static MOE and MOR were lower than results reported by other researchers for solid wood, and were not statistically significant. It can be concluded that the three nondestructive techniques are useful for evaluating the MOE, but not suitable for predicting the MOR of finger-jointed.     

Study on the estimation of the strength properties of structural glued laminated timber I: determination of optimum MOE as input variable

There have been many attempts to predict the performance of glulam beams. Several approaches have been taken, from early empirical techniques to more sophisticated stochastic methods. In recent years, more emphasis has been placed on the modeling of material properties. Generally, the modulus of elasticity (MOE) has been used as a criterion of laminar strength for the prediction of glulam performance in the traditional models. Most of the current models are based on MOE that was measured using the long span test; that is, they account only for variability between pieces of lumber. Therefore, these models do not account for the variation of material properties within a given piece of lumber. Five methods were considered to choose the appropriate one that could effectively predict the performance of glulam in this study. Prediction of glulam performance was done by the transformed section method. MOEs measured with the five methods were applied to a strength prediction program to compare the actual test results and the predicted results. MOEs used as input variables are as follows: long span MOE of the static bending test, localized MOE of the static bending test, long span MOE of the stress wave test, localized MOE of the stress wave test, and MOE of the machine stress rating (MSR) test. Results of the localized test showed excellent signification compared to those of the long span test. The MSR method, when used as input variable, obtained the most approximate result, so it is considered adequate for predicting the strength of glulam.An outline of this paper was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Shizuoka, April 1998     

Stress wave sorting of red maple logs for structural quality

Existing log grading procedures in the United States make only visual assessments of log quality. These procedures do not incorporate estimates of the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of logs. It is questionable whether the visual grading procedures currently used for logs adequately assess the potential quality of structural products manufactured from them, especially those for which MOE is of primary concern. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of stress wave nondestructive evaluation techniques to sort red maple logs for the potential quality of lumber obtained from them. Ninety-five red maple logs were nondestructively evaluated using longitudinal stress wave techniques and sorted into four stress wave grades. The logs were then sawn into cants and lumber. The same procedure was used to obtain stress wave times in the cants and lumber. The lumber specimens were then dried and graded using a transverse vibration technique. The results of this study showed that good relationships existed between stress wave times measured in logs, cants, and the lumber produced from the logs. It was found that log stress wave grades have positive relationships with the lumber grades. Logs with high stress wave grades produced high-grade lumber. These findings indicate that the longitudinal stress wave technique has potential in sorting logs and cants for the production of high MOE products.The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and it is therefore in the public domain and not subject to copyright.     

Application of modal analysis by transfer function to nondestructive testing of wood II: modulus of elasticity evaluation of sections of differing quality in a wooden beam by the curvature of the flexural vibration wave

 The shape of the flexural vibration wave of wooden beams at the first mode was detected using the transfer function. The dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE) of beam sections of differing quality was estimated from the ratio of the curvature of the wave shape in this section to that of a clear beam. The results were as follows: (1) If a section with a lower dynamic MOE was introduced into a clear wooden beam, the curvature of the wave shape in that section became higher. (2) The ratio of the MOE and the reciprocal of the curvature ratio were highly correlated. (3) The MOE of a defect could be estimated, and the position of the defect could be determined accurately by examining the curvature of the flexural vibration wave shapes. Received: March 22, 2002 / Accepted: May 15, 2002 Part of this report was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000. This article is translated from the Japanese version, which was published in Mokuzai Gakkaishi 47(5), 2001 Correspondence to:Y. Ishimaru     

落叶松规格材机械应力分等方法的研究

对东北人工林落叶松规格材机械分等方法及其特征值进行了研究.结果表明,抗弯弹性模量与抗弯强度相关性较好,纵向振动法可作为落叶松规格材机械分等的有效方法.按照我国GB 50005-2003<木结构设计规范>的规定,落叶松规格材可归类为M14～M35之间的等级;通过机械分等,大大提高了落叶松规格材的强度设计值.     

人造板弹性模量检测方法及其研究现状

弹性模量是人造板重要的力学性能指标之一,它是表征人造板刚度性能的重要指标,与其他的力学指标也有密切的关系,直接影响人造板的使用.对国内外人造板弹性模量的检测方法及其研究现状进行了归纳总结,指出振动、应力波、机械应力等无损检测方法是今后发展方向之一.     

Mechanical properties assessment of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation wood with three acoustic-based nondestructive methods

The objectives of this study were to establish the method of evaluating wood mechanical properties by acoustic nondestructive testing at standing trees and at logs of a Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) plantation, and to compare three acoustic nondestructive methods for evaluating the static bending modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and compressive strength parallel-to-grain (σ_c) of plantation wood as well. Fifteen Chinese fir plantation trees at 36 years of age were selected. Each tree was cut into four logs, for which three values of dynamic modulus of elasticity, i.e., E _sw, of the north and south face based on stress waves to assume the measuring state of the standing tree, E _fr, longitudinal vibration, and E _us, ultrasonic wave, were measured in the green condition. After log measurements, small specimens were cut and air-dried to 12% moisture content (MC). Static bending tests were then performed to determine the bending MOE and MOR, and compressive tests parallel-to-grain were made to determine σ_c. The bending MOE of small clear specimens was about 7.1% and 15.4% less than E _sw and E _us, respectively, and 11.3% greater than E _fr. The differences between the bending MOE and dynamic MOE of logs as determined by the three acoustic methods were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Good correlation (R = 0.77, 0.57, and 0.45) between E _sw, E _fr, and E _us and static MOE, respectively, were obtained (P < 0.001). It can be concluded that longitudinal vibration may be the most precise and reliable technique to evaluate the mechanical properties of logs among these three acoustic nondestructive methods. Moreover, the results indicate that stress wave technology would be effective to evaluate wood mechanical properties both from logs and from the standing tree.