银川平原植被空间分异研究

土壤盐渍化是制约银川平原内部植被生长最主要的生态环境地质问题,根本的影响因素则是土壤中的水盐运移与水盐平衡,而地形及微地貌条件对于土壤中的水盐运移过程具有控制作用,从而影响植被的生长和发育。文中以银川平原为研究对象,借助遥感数据中的植被指数方法定量地描述该地区植被的生长状况和空间分布,通过与数字高程模型的空间叠加与复合分析,合理地揭示了银川平原由于土壤盐渍化在不同地貌中的发育特点而产生的植被空间分异规律。     

基于HYDRUS模型的盐碱地土壤水盐运移模拟

为了解陕西卤泊滩盐碱地的水盐运移情况,基于当地2009—2013年田间水盐监测资料,应用饱和-非饱和土壤水分及溶质运移理论,利用HYDRUS-1D数值模型对当地土壤水分、盐分运移规律进行数值模拟,分析了盐碱地的水盐变化状况,确定合理的田间灌水定额。结果表明:在玉米整个生育期内,不同灌溉处理的土壤含水量变化趋势基本一致,从节水控盐的综合标准衡量,农田灌水定额为500 m3·hm-2时有利于控制土壤盐分的累积。采用HYDRUS-1D模型对盐碱地农田土壤水盐运移的模拟结果与田间试验实测结果基本吻合,该研究结果可为类似盐碱化地区农田水盐管理提供科学依据。     

干旱区稳定蒸发条件下土壤盐溶质迁移的动态预测

<正> 1.导言土壤盐碱化是世界干旱区共同性的问题,也是人类遇到的最古老的环境问题。近30年来,迫于人口压力和食物需求,许多容易开发的土地均已得到利用,人们正在将注意力转向干旱区。由于干旱区自身的特征,土地开发和盐渍化防治,在强烈蒸发条件下土壤盐溶质浓度目标C(Z,t)及迁移预测已成为近代土壤—水环境研究热点之一,成为中国北     

农田土壤中水盐运移理论与模型的研究进展

农田土壤水盐模型是了解农田土壤水盐动态变化规律 ,进行农田水盐模拟和预报的最有效的方法之一。围绕国内外土壤学者在农田土壤水盐运移方面的研究成果 ,综述了农田土壤中水盐运移的基本理论及其发展过程 ,就农田土壤中常用的几种数学模型的研究现状进行了概述。对水盐运移模型的数值解法进行了探讨 ,以期消除数值波动现象 ,减小计算中的数值弥散。最后就农田土壤水盐运移模型研究方面存在的问题进行了分析 ,对其发展趋势和今后研究重点进行了展望 ,希望为进一步的研究工作提供帮助。     

玛纳斯河流域绿洲农田土壤盐分反演及空间分布特征

土壤盐分的准确监测是干旱、半干旱地区农业可持续发展的前提,气候变化、不合理灌溉等因素使土壤盐渍化问题逐渐显现.文中以新疆玛纳斯河流域为例,采用多光谱遥感影像和野外实测土壤盐分数据相结合的方法,选取对土壤盐渍化影响较大的归一化差异水体指数及其它具有代表性的多光谱遥感指数与土壤盐分构建反演模型,探讨研究区内土壤盐渍化的空间...     

一种溶质运移数学模型的应用研究

土壤中溶质运移的过程、规律和机理是土壤溶质运移研究的主要内容。本文的目的是对模拟非饱和介质中水分和溶质迁移的二维数值模型SWMS－2D进行研究和验证。以硝酸盐形式存在的溶解氮是地下水中最常见的污染物，将硝态氮视为土壤溶质，考虑其根系吸收、生物固持、吸附、解吸、硝化和反硝化等作用，土壤表面即上边界条件用大气边界条件描述，下边界条件定为第一类边界条件，在田间条件下对模型作了检验。     

土壤水与地下水溶质运移联合模型

土壤水溶质运移模型着重解决入渗与蒸发条件下盐份在非饱和含水层中的垂向运移问题 ,地下水溶质运移模型着重解决盐份在饱和含水层中的横向运移问题 ,它们都不能全面描述区域盐份迁移的规律。分别建立地下水、土壤水的溶质运移模型子系统 ,耦合集成并进行联合运行是理想的解决方案。     

人类胁迫对松嫩平原土壤盐渍化的灰色关联分析

在广泛搜集资料和实地土壤采样调查的基础上,系统分析人为干扰下松嫩平原水盐运动规律及土壤盐渍化过程。利用灰色关联分析方法对该区50年的资料进行定量分析,探讨人为因素引起的松嫩平原水土环境的空间结构变化与土壤盐渍化的耦合关系。研究结果表明植被退化和流域内流化是松嫩平原盐渍化形成与演化的直接原因;短时期内人为因素对土壤盐渍化面积变化影响显著,其贡献率大于气候因子变化对盐渍化面积的影响。     

基于MSAVI-SI特征空间的玛纳斯河流域灌区土壤盐渍化研究

玛纳斯河灌区是新疆重要的农业绿洲之一,其发展受土壤盐渍化制约,土壤盐渍化信息获取成为首要问题。以Landsat-OLI卫星影像和野外调查数据为基础,对修改型土壤调整植被指数(MSAVI)和盐分指数(SI)之间的关系进行了综合分析,并提出了MSAVI-SI特征空间概念,进而构建了盐渍化遥感信息提取指数模型(MSI)。结果表明:1不同程度盐渍化类型MSI平均值差异特征明显,其差值在0.35~0.43,因此,MSI指数可以作为盐渍化信息快速提取的指标。2灌区土壤受盐渍化侵扰严重,尤其从下游农业生产区到古尔班通古特沙漠过渡的生态脆弱区,受地下水影响明显的中段,土壤盐渍化仍是土地退化的重要原因。本研究对土壤盐渍化遥感监测和管理,以及区域环境保护具有重要意义。     

人工控制潜水位下苏打盐渍土水盐动态分析

土壤盐渍化是松嫩平原的主要生态环境问题之一。潜水埋深及矿化度对盐渍化的发生和盐渍土的水盐运移有着重要的影响。本文通过在"中国大安碱地生态试验站"进行野外定位实验,研究了人工控制潜水位下的土壤水盐动态,进一步探讨了不同潜水位下的苏打盐渍土水盐运移规律。通过对人工控制不同潜水位(1.0m、1.4m、1.8m、2.2m、2.5m)下苏打盐渍土土壤含水量和盐分在剖面深度和试验期间内的变化进行分析,发现:试验期间的土壤盐碱化程度较重;基本上地下水埋深越浅,土壤体积含水量在剖面中的变化越小;受降水和蒸发等因素的影响,深度80cm以上土壤体积含水量随深度变化幅度较大,深度40cm以上土壤含水量在整个试验期间(7月~10月)变化比较明显;土壤盐分和主要离子含量(Na+、HCO3-)在深度60或100cm处表现为最大值;且在降水和蒸发的共同作用下,试验期间(7、8、9月)土壤盐分和主要离子含量表现出高-低-高的变化趋势。     

Solute transport characteristics of a deep soil profile in the Loess Plateau,China

Understanding solute transport behaviors of deep soil profile in the Loess Plateau is helpful for ecological construction and agricultural production improvement. In this study, solute transport processes of a deep soil profile were measured by a conservative tracer experiment using 25 undisturbed soil cores(20 cm long and 7 cm diameter for each) continuously sampled from the surface downward to the depth of 500 cm in the Loess Plateau of China. The solute transport breakthrough curves(BTCs) were analyzed in terms of the convection-dispersion equation(CDE) and the mobile-immobile model(MIM). Average pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient(or effective dispersion coefficient) were calculated using the CDE and MIM. Basic soil properties and water infiltration parameters were also determined to explore their influence on the solute transport parameters. Both pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient(or effective dispersion coefficient) generally decreased with increasing depth, and the dispersivity fluctuated along the soil profile. There was a good linear correlation between log-transformed pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient, with a slope of about 1.0 and an average dispersivity of 0.25 for the entire soil profile. Generally speaking, the soil was more homogeneous along the soil profile. Our results also show that hydrodynamic dispersion is the dominant mechanism of solute transport of loess soils in the study area.     

土壤水动力学模型在SPAC系统中应用研究进展

从土壤水动力学典型的裸地蒸发模型、蒸发蒸腾量模型、土壤水分入渗模型出发,综述了SPAC系统下国内外现行的植物根系吸水模型、溶质运移模型、农业生态系统模型等研究进展,归纳和讨论了目前土壤水动力学模型在SPAC系统建模中存在的问题与不足。并对该领域的研究方向和应用前景进行了展望：建立准确的数值模型来解决实际问题是蒸发蒸腾量模型未来研究的趋势;入渗模型从点至区域的动态扩展,并结合土壤侵蚀、污染物运移等因素的农业倾向性研究为潜在的重要分支方向;根系吸水模型应更多被用于监测土壤水分动态、设计合理的灌溉制度及干旱预警等体系;利用计算机、遥感等技术手段建立农业生态系统物能循环的机理性模型将为模型的实用性和精度提供有力支撑。     

宝鸡地区典型农田土壤中微塑料赋存特征及其环境效应研究

地膜覆盖被普遍应用于农业生产中,形成大量的微塑料,对农田土壤环境产生重要的影响.本文通过野外调查取样与室内实验分析相结合的方法,研究了宝鸡地区辣椒地、玉米地和猕猴桃地三种典型农田土壤中微塑料赋存特征及其对土壤环境的影响.研究结果显示:不同农田土壤中微塑料41％～48％为＜1mm粒径,其次为1-2mm和2-5mm粒径.其...     

Evaluating the soil evaporation loss rate in a gravel-sand mulching environment based on stable isotopes data

In order to cope with drought and water shortages, the working people in the arid areas of Northwest China have developed a drought-resistant planting method, namely, gravel-sand mulching, after long-term agricultural practices. To understand the effects of gravel-sand mulching on soil water evaporation, we selected Baifeng peach (Amygdalus persica L.) orchards in Northwest China as the experimental field in 2021. Based on continuously collected soil water stable isotopes data, we evaluated the soil evaporation loss rate in a gravel-sand mulching environment using the line-conditioned excess (lc-excess) coupled Rayleigh fractionation model and Craig-Gordon model. The results show that the average soil water content in the plots with gravel-sand mulching is 1.86% higher than that without gravel-sand mulching. The monthly variation of the soil water content is smaller in the plots with gravel-sand mulching than that without gravel-sand mulching. Moreover, the average lc-excess value in the plots without gravel-sand mulching is smaller. In addition, the soil evaporation loss rate in the plots with gravel-sand mulching is lower than that in the plots without gravel-sand mulching. The lc-excess value was negative for both the plots with and without gravel-sand mulching, and it has good correlation with relative humidity, average temperature, input water content, and soil water content. The effect of gravel-sand mulching on soil evaporation is most prominent in August. Compared with the evaporation data of similar environments in the literature, the lc-excess coupled Rayleigh fractionation model is better. Stable isotopes evidence shows that gravel-sand mulching can effectively reduce soil water evaporation, which provides a theoretical basis for agricultural water management and optimization of water-saving methods in arid areas.     

层状土壤水盐动态研究与分析

针对我国西北地区土壤剖面多呈层状结构和土壤的盐渍化面积逐年增加的实际情况,概述了国内外入渗和蒸发条件下非均质层状土壤水盐运移的研究动态,总结了其主要研究成果,明晰了成果之间的相互关系及其实际应用价值,探讨了研究中目前存在的主要问题,为灌溉和排水等措施的拟定以及进一步的研究提供参考信息。     

Dielectric properties of saline soil based on a modified Dobson dielectric model

Soil salinization is a major concern for agricultural development in arid areas. In this paper, a modified Dobson dielectric model was applied to simulate the dielectric constant of saline soil in the Ugan-Kuqa river delta oasis of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, northwestern China. The model performance was examined through analyzing the influences of its parameters on the soil dielectric constant and the relationship between radar backscattering coefficient and the dielectric constant of saline soil. The results of the study indicate that:(1) The real part of the soil dielectric constant is affected by soil water content at low radar frequencies; the imaginary part is closely related with both the soil water content and soil salt content.(2) The soil water and salt contents are related with the coefficient of dialectical loss, which is consistent with the natural conditions of saline soil in arid areas and provides valuable references for the study of soil dielectric properties.(3) The changes of soil water content and soil salt content have instant influences on the dielectric constant of saline soil. Subsequently, the radar backscattering coefficient is affected to respond to the dielectric constant of saline soil. The radar backscattering coefficient is most responsible to the radar's cross polarization pattern with a correlation coefficient of R2=0.75. This study provides a potential method to monitor soil salinization and soil water content by using a soil dielectric model and radar techniques.     

Transport of [14C]benazolin and bromide in large zero-tension outdoor lysimeters and the undisturbed field in a sandy soil

In order to investigate the transferability of lysimeter results to the actual field situation, a leaching study with [¹⁴C]benazolin and bromide was carried out in a sandy soil. A suction base system, where soil water and solute fluxes through a lateral cross-sectional sampling area could be measured in an undisturbed field environment, was developed as reference system. Using that measuring instrument, possible artefacts of the lysimeter system could be excluded. The outflow of soil water and leaching of benazolin and bromide showed no system-related differences between the lysimeters and the undisturbed field represented by the suction base station. Higher outflow of leachate and bromide in the lysimeters could be attributable to different meteorological conditions at the lysimeter and the field station. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Contents of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in water-stable aggregates in abandoned agricultural lands in an arid ecosystem of Northwest China

Soil organic matter content in water-stable aggregates(WSA) in the arid ecosystems(abandoned agricultural lands especially) of China is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the WSA sizes and stability, and soil organic carbon(OC) and nitrogen(N) contents in agricultural lands with abandonment ages of 0, 3, 12, 20, 30 and 40 years, respectively, in the Minqin Oasis of Northwest China. The total soil OC and N contents at depths of 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm in abandoned agricultural lands were compared to those in cultivated land(the control). Agricultural land abandonment significantly(P0.05) influenced the distribution of MWD(mean weight diameter), and OC and N contents. There were significant increases in MWD and the proportion of macroaggregates(sizes 0.25 mm) as the age of agricultural land abandonment increased. The effect of abandonment ages of agricultural lands on MWD was determined by the changes of OC and N accumulation in WSA sizes 2 mm. The total OC and N contents presented a stratification phenomenon across soil depths in this arid ecosystem. That is, both of them decreased significantly at depths of 0–20 and 40–60 cm while increased at the depth of 20–40 cm. The WSA sizes 0.053 mm had the highest soil OC and N contents(accounting for 51.41%–55.59% and 42.61%–48.94% of their total, respectively). Soil OC and N contents in microaggregates(sizes 0.053–0.25 mm) were the dominant factors that influenced the variations of total OC and N contents in abandoned agricultural lands. The results of this study suggested that agricultural land abandonment may result in the recovery of WSA stability and the shifting of soil organic matter from the silt+clay(0.053 mm) and microaggregate fractions to the macroaggregate fractions. However, agricultural land abandonment did not increase total soil OC and N contents in the short-term.