蒙9449大豆新品种选育及配套栽培技术

蒙9449是安徽省农科院作物所选育的大豆新品种,蛋白质含量39.78%,脂肪含量22.66%,生育期106 d.2004-2005年参加安徽省大豆品种区域试验,两年平均产量2 686.8 kg/hm2,比CK中豆20增产8.64%.2005年同时参加安徽省大豆品种生产试验,平均产量2 541.3 kg/hm2,比CK中豆20增产11.92%.     

大豆新品种濉科928

濉科928是濉溪县科技开发中心以巨丰×豫豆21通过有性杂交系谱法选育的高产、高蛋白夏大豆新品种.2003-2004年参加安徽省夏大豆品种区域试验,2年平均产量2 490.0 kg/hm2,比中豆20(CK)增产6.51%;2005年参加安徽省大豆品种生产试验,平均产量2 551.2 kg/hm2,比中豆20(CK)增产12.36%.产量具有一致的平均稳定性.籽粒蛋白质含量44.93%,蛋脂合计62.39%.蛋白质产量1 001.9～1 253.9 kg/hm2,比对照中豆20增产15.41%～23.39%.在多年多点试验示范中表现出增产潜力大、品质优、生育期适中、综合抗好,适于黄淮南部地区作中熟夏大豆种植.     

甘蓝型油菜隐性上位互作核不育双低杂交种皖油14的选育

皖油14（原C022）是利用隐性上位互作核不育育成的甘蓝型油菜杂交种，具有丰产，稳产，优质（高含油、低芥酸、低硫甙），抗（耐）病等特性，安徽省区试平均产量2661kg/hm^2，比对照秦油2号增产7．2％，比对照中汪821增产22．9％，全国（长江下游区）区试平均产量2149kg/hm^2，比对照中油821增产12．6％，抗（耐）病性优于秦油2号和中油821，芥酸含量为0．36％，硫甙含量为31．2umol/g，含油量达44．3％。     

杂交大豆杂优豆1号选育

杂优豆1号(皖豆25号)是安徽省农科院作物所1997年以M型质核互作雄性不育系W931A与恢复系WR016组配的杂交大豆新组合,这是世界上第二个通过正式审定、可进行产业化开发的大豆杂交种.2002-2003年参加安徽省夏大豆品种区域试验,两年平均产量191.16 kg/667m2,比CK中豆20增产15.37%,均达极显著水平.2003年参加安徽省夏大豆品种生产试验,平均产量177.28 kg/667m2,比CK中豆20增产19.14%.在多年多点试验示范中表现抗病、高抗倒伏、高产稳产的优点,蛋白质含量43.56%,脂肪含量18.96%,生育期111 d,商品性好,适于安徽省淮北及江淮地区作中熟品种种植.     

抗病优质高产水稻新品种绥粳8号选育及栽培技术

绥粳8号是黑龙江省农科院绥化农科所利用系谱法经过多年选择培育而成的水稻新品种,2007年2月经黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员审定通过。具有抗病、优质、高产等特点,预备试验平均产量8214．7kg／hm^2,比对照垦稻10号平均增产11．5％,区域试验平均产量8016．1kg／hm^2,平均比对照增产12．4％,生产试验平均产量8160．2kg／hm^2,平均比对照龙稻3号增产12．0％。     

双低甘蓝型油菜新品种苏油1号的选育

双低甘蓝型油菜新品种苏油1号种子含油率41．37％,芥酸含量0．30％,硫甙含量27．4μmol／g,,苏州市油菜区域试验平均产量2814．15kg／hm^2,比对照荣选和汇油50分别增产10．87％与13．63％。江苏省油菜区域试验平均产量2418．15kg／hm^2,比对照荣选和秦油2号分别增产19．40％与10．62％。江苏省油菜生产试验平均产量2383．20kg／hm^2,比对照荣选增产7．24％。全国油菜区域试验平均产量2008．95kg／hm^2,比对照中油821增产7．84％。苏油1号适于我国长江下游冬油菜区种植。     

大豆新品种垦农18号的选育及栽培要点

“垦农18号”大豆为中早熟品种，茎秆强壮，抗倒伏能力强，百粒重18—20g，蛋白质含量35．32％，脂肪含量23．17%，为高油优质大豆。异地鉴定试验，平均产量3116．6kg／hm^2，比对照增产12．5％。全省区域试验，平均产量2425．3kg/hm^2，比对照增产9.9％。全省生产试验，平均产量2528．6kg／hm^2，比对照增产12．0％。该品种适宜在黑龙江省第三、第四积温带种植。     

大豆新品种濉科928选育报告

濉科928是濉溪县农技推广中心和科技开发中心以巨丰×豫豆21(♀)通过有性杂交系谱法选育的高产、高蛋白夏大豆新品种。2003-2004年参加安徽省夏大豆品种区域试验,2年平均产量2400kg/hm2,比中豆20(CK)增产6.51%;2005年参加安徽省大豆品种生产试验,平均产量2551.2kg/hm2,比中豆20(CK)增产12.36%。产量具有一致的平均稳定性。籽粒蛋白质含量44.93%,蛋脂合计62.39%。在多年多点试验示范中表现出增产潜力大、品质优、生育期适中、综合抗性好,适于黄淮南部地区作中熟夏大豆种植。     

低芥酸杂交油菜渝杂18的选育

低芥酸杂交油菜渝杂18由西南农业大学采用化学杀雄方法育成，品比试验产量1950－2715kg/hm^2；重庆市区域试验平均产量1946kg/hm^2，比对照品种中油821增产2．21％，生产试验平均产量2139kg/hm^2；比对照中油821增产22．3％。渝杂18商品种子含油量39．97％，芥酸含量0．62％。1998年通过重庆市农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

双低三系杂交油菜秦优8号选育

秦优8号为甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育三系中早熟杂交种。陕西省区试平均产量为3036．5kg／hm^2,生产试验平均产量为2845．7kg／hm^2,比对照秦油2号增产4．20％。2002年参加黄淮区油菜区试平均产量2542．0kg／hm^2,比对照秦油2号增产3．02％。品质优良,芥酸含量0．27％～0．44％,硫甙含量21．41～24．64μmol／g,含油率39．9％～40．9％。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.