Research on some characters in black currant progenies

Populations derived from selfs and crosses of a small number of black currant varieties with the variety Consort were analysed for various characters, viz. vigour, number of flowers, flowering time, ripening time, fruit-set, strig-length and berry size. Flowering began in the third growing year. In the next year the bushes could be assessed to best advantage. The results of the evaluations are:

1. 1.
   The vigour of the selfed progenies showed, with the exception of Consort, a clear inbreeding depression as compared with the hybrid populations.     
   
   

Analysis of parental effects on mean vine maturity and chip colour of 4x.2x potato progenies

Summary The parental effects on progenies from potato 4x.2x(FDR) crosses were analyzed to determine anether and to what extent selection criteria used for selecting tetraploid breeding lines have to be adjusted when selecting diploid breeding lines. For vine maturity and chip colour multiple regression analysis of progeny means on means of diploid and tetraploid parents revealed high coefficients of determination (R²) for both characters, indicating good predicting power of the performance of both diploid and tetraploid parents on the performance of their 4x.2x progenies. For vine maturity the multiple regression slope for the tetraploid perents was significantly larger than for the diploid parents, and progeny means were towards the tetraploid parents. This indicates that selection criteria for vine maturity may be less stringent at the diploid level. However, diploids may be earlier maturing than tetraploids and therefore selection criteria can better be similar at both ploidy levels. For chip colour, multiple regression slopes for diploid and tetraploid parents were similar and progeny means were towards the darkest coloured parent irrespective of its ploidy level. This indicates that selection of breeding lines for chip colour can be conducted similarly at both ploidy levels.     

Genetic linkage of QTLs for late blight resistance and foliage maturity type in six related potato progenies

A set of test crosses of diploid potatoes was used to identify QTLs for foliage resistance against Phytophthora infestans and QTLs for foliage maturity type, and to assess their genetic relationship. The most important locus for both traits was found on chromosome 5 near marker GP21: the allele of marker GP21 that is associated with resistance to late blight is also associated with late foliage maturity. An additional QTL with a small effect on foliage maturity type was identified on chromosome 3, and additional QTLs for late blight resistance were found on chromosomes 3 and 10. Another QTL was detected on chromosome 7 when resistance was adjusted for the effect of foliage maturity type. The additional QTLs for resistance against P. infestans on chromosomes 3 and 10 seem to be independent of foliage maturity type and are not affected by epistatic effects of the locus on chromosome 5. The effects of the additional QTLs for resistance are small, but early maturing genotypes that necessarily have the allele for susceptibility for late blight on chromosome 5 may benefit from the resistance that is provided by these QTLs on chromosomes 3 and 10.     

Associations of some characters with seed yield in chickpea collections

Summary Three thousand two hundred and sixty-seven kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) germplasm accessions were grown during the spring season of 1980 at Tel Hadya, the main research station of ICARDA, Syria to determine the components of seed yield. Observations were recorded on seed yield and 14 other characters. Correlation and path coefficient analyses were done to find out associations among characters and to assess the direct and indirect contribution of each character to seed yield.Large variation was observed for all the characters studied except days to flowering, days to maturity and protein content. Correlation and path coefficient analyses showed that biological yield and harvest index were the major direct contributors to seed yield. The 100-seed weight, plant height, days to flowering and maturity, canopy width, and protein content contributed to seed yield mainly through indirect effect via biological yield and harvest index. The 100-seed weight and seed yield were major contributors to biological yield. Major contributor to protein content was days to maturity. Results indicated that selection for high biological yield and harvest index would lead to high seed yield; and selection for large seed size would lead to high biological yield. Therefore, these characters should receive the highest priority in selecting high yielding plants in chickpea breeding.     

春马铃薯种薯大小对其植株性状及产量的影响研究

该文选用过翻秋的小整薯作种进行春播试验，探讨了不同大小种薯对植株性状和产量的影响及其经济效益。结果表明，从植株性状和产量上看，每窝种薯数在１－４范围内，随着种薯数的增加，每窝基本茎数增加，出苗后第３０天冠层覆盖度增加，株高降低，茎粗变细，结薯数增加，埠茎产量变化不大，单个块茎重减少，大中薯数变化不多，大中薯重下降，大中薯数率和大中薯重率降低，其中每窝和薯数与基本茎数，出苗后第３０天的冠覆盖，株高，     

Sunflower seed yield as influenced by some agronomic and seed characters

Summary An investigation was made to the interrelationships of agronomic and seed characters and their effect upon seed yield. Twenty genotypes of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) from diverse origin were studied in spring and autumn season, 1989.Most of the studied characters exhibited different relationships in spring and autumn seasons. The correlations between plant height and oil content, 100-achene weight and number of achenes per head and plant height and head diameter were, however, consistent in both seasons and across the seasons. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified six relevant characters on which path analysis was done.Path analysis indicated that yield components like head diameter, number of achenes per head and 100-achene weight had comparatively smaller direct effects on seed yield (0.22, 0.15 and 0.23, respectively). Days to physiological maturity, plant height and oil content had relatively stronger direct effects on seed yield (0.33, 0.38 and 0.29, respectively). Days to physiological maturity, plant height and head diameter had considerable indirect effects. Head diameter, 100-achene weight and number of achenes per head were indentified as selection criteria for yield improvement.     

An assessment of the fertiliser response and other characters of three dihaploid potatoes and the characteristics of their tetraploid progenies

Summary Three dihaploids, two tetraploid cultivars and an unnamed tetraploid potato were subjected to three fertiliser treatments in a glasshouse. One dihaploid (PDH135), as well as being high yielding, responded to fertiliser dosage in a similar way to the cultivars by increasing tuber yield with each increase in fertiliser. The other two dihaploids increased shoot growth rather than tuber yield.An evaluation of tetraploid offspring obtained from dihaploid × tetraploid crosses, showed that PDH135 had the highest-yielding progenies in field trials. Other characters of the dihaploids were efficiently transferred into their tetraploid offspring. The use of dihaploids and unreduced gametes in breeding cultivars with useful quantitative characters is discussed.     

N、P、K单一施入对克新19号单株产量及单薯重的影响

以马铃薯克新19号为试验材料,在N、P、K3种肥料单一施入的条件下,就N、P、K施入量对克新19号单株产量及单薯重进行分析,结果表明:随氮肥用量的增加,克新19号单株产量明显增加,当施用量为3.2g时单薯重量达最大值59.0g,而后随着施用量的增加单薯重量下降,当肥量到达一定量后,单薯重趋于稳定;随磷肥用量的增加克新19号单株产量略有增加,当肥量为4.8g时,单株产量达最大值;钾肥施用量对单株产量的影响不明显。在3种肥料的单一作用中,氮肥对单株产量的影响最大,磷肥次之,钾肥最小。     

高产栽培条件下夏玉米穗部性状研究

本文采用灰色关联分析理论,对16个玉米杂交种穗部性状与产量的关系进行研究。结果表明,在高产栽培条件下,玉米产量与穗部性状的关联度排序为：粒数/m2＞千粒重＞穗粒数＞出籽率＞穗行数＞行粒数＞穗粗＞穗数/hm2＞穗长＞秃尖长。进一步分析表明与高产栽培条件相适应的杂交种是单位面积粒数较多、穗粒数和千粒重较高的中大穗耐密型玉米杂交种,出籽率较高;从玉米的形态性状来看,穗行数和穗粗对产量的影响大于行粒数和穗长对产量的影响。     

The effect of seed tuber weight on characters in the first and the second clonal generation of potato populations

Summary Fifty-five populations from crosses of three Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum cultivars and seven selected S. tuberosum ssp. andigena clones adapted to the northern temperate zone have been studied in the seedling and the first and second clonal generation. This paper only deals with the effect of seed tuber weight on various important agronomic characters which are selected for in early clonal generations, independently of the type of crosses.The results showed that a distinction has to be made between the effects of differences in seed tuber weight within and between seedlings, i.e. genotypes. The effects on the first clonal generation of differences in weight of the tubers within seedlings and those of the first heaviest tubers between seedlings were similar and comparable to seed tuber weight effects within cultivars. In contrast to the within seedlings effects the between seedlings effects proved to be heritable. This is concluded from the fact that, on average, independent of seed tuber weight seedlings with larger first heaviest tubers performed better in the second clonal generation than those with smaller ones. Notably plant height, general impression, date of maturity and particularly tuber yield and mean tuber weight in the second clonal generation were related to the weight of the first heaviest tubers of the seedlings. The potentialities of these findings for an early generation selection are discussed.     

Optimising potato breeding. I. The genotypic,environmental and genotype-environment coefficients of variation for tuber yield and other traits in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under different experimental conditions

Summary Coefficients of variation for genotypic differences, genotype-location, genotype-year and genotype-location-year interaction were computed from reported data of potato trials in order to use them in a decision support system. The obtained coefficients of variation not only varied considerably between traits, but also between trials within traits. It is argued that only parameter values representative for the pertaining breeding situation should be used for optimising a selection programme.     

陇中半干旱地区马铃薯丰产栽培技术研究

研究了陇中半干旱地区垄沟栽培、垄作栽培、平作栽培以及施肥量和种植密度对马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明：垄沟栽培较平作栽培增产72．0％，每hm^2纯收入增加1050元；垄作栽培较平作播种栽培增产36．0％；三元复合肥施用量以每hm^2 675kg为宜；种植密度以4．8万株/hm^2为宜。     

Interrelations among vegetative,yield and bunch quality traits in short-tem oil palm progenies

Summary Breeders usually obtain information on a large number of traits in their breeding and selection programmes. However, since some or many of these traits could be related, it is desirable to reduce the number being handled to the barest minimum without sacrificing efficiency. Breeders often use correlations, stepwise multiple regressions and path coefficient analyses to determine the nature of relationships among such characteristics. The objective of this study was to use these statistical methods to determine traits that could be useful in predicting number of bunches (NB), fresh fruit bunch yield (FFB) and mean bunch weight (MBW) for 13 backcross progenies of oil palm (Elaeis sp.) grown in four replications with 12 palms per replication. Data were collected over a period of 3 or 11 years, depending on the trait. Progeny means and individual palm data, averaged across replications and years, were used for each of these analyses.Results showed that correlations involving individual palm data were similar to the progeny mean correlations. Five to seven traits accounted for about 70–90% of the variations in the dependent variables. Traits that showed the highest correlations with the dependent variables always accounted for the largest proportion of the variation (r²) in multiple regression models, but did not always have the highest direct effect (i.e. path coefficients) in path analysis of the dependent trait. Number of leaves per palm had the highest correlation (r=0.729) with, and accounted for 53.2% of the variation in NB. Path analysis however showed that percentage fruit per bunch (% F/B) was the most important determinant of NB. It exerted the highest direct effect of 0.537. The highest correlation with FFB involved number of leaves (r=0.660), which, in multiple regression models also accounted for the largest proportion (44.0%) of the variation in FFB. Path analysis showed that percentage mesocarp per fruit gave the highest direct effect (p=–0.974) for this trait. It was concluded that various combinations of number of leaves per palm, sex-ratio, percentage fruit per bunch and percentage mesocarp per fruit would be effective as indirect selection criteria for NB, FFB and MBW in this set of material.     

Physiological and yield responses of soybean under water deficit

Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology - Water deficit during grain filling is a key factor on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) production, but plant response to different water stress levels...     

A genetic study of growth characters and yield characters of oilseed rape

Summary Analysis of single plants in parental, F₁ and F₂ populations of three crosses of oilseed rape indicated cytoplasmic effects in F₁ or F₂ generations for most of the observed characters. There was evidence of dominance for early flowering and early maturity. Heterosis was exhibited for yield and yield components. The heritabilities for the characters under study were generally very low.     

甘薯与小麦套作对甘薯农艺性状及产量的影响

以10个不同类型的甘薯品种为试验材料,采用随机区组设计,以纯作为对照,研究小麦与甘薯行数比在3∶1和2∶1套作模式下甘薯地上部农艺性状和2种作物鲜产的变化。结果表明:参试甘薯最长蔓长比纯作减小;分枝数和茎粗因品种差异变化不尽一致;漯薯14号在3∶1模式种植时较纯作增产18.77%,漯薯15号在2∶1套作模式下较纯作增产3.99%,其余甘薯品种及小麦鲜产均不同程度下降;套作兼用型(漯薯11号和漯薯15号)甘薯品种产量更高;麦薯3∶1比2∶1套作模式更具优势。     

Tuber yield and quality of 4x-2x (FDR) potato progenies derived from the wild diploid species Solanum berthaultii and Solanum tarijense

Field experiments were carried out in order to evaluate 4x‐2x families derived from crosses between elite 4x potato cultivars and 2x Tuberosum‐Solanum tarijense and 2x Tuberosum‐Solanum berthaultii clones. Three traits were assessed: total tuber yield (TTY), haulm maturity (HM) and general tuber appearance (GTA). The degree of heterosis of these hybrid families was evaluated by comparison with the respective 2x and 4x parents as well as with seven 4x cultivars. The parental haploid species hybrids derived from S. berthaultii and S. tarijense combined two or more positive horticultural characteristics. Expressed as yield percentage of the 4x parents, the TTY of the families ranged from 53% to 246%. For TTY, the best 4x‐2x hybrid family ranked better than seven out of nine elite 4x cultivars. Some families had GTA scores in the range of the highly selected 4x cultivars. The families, however, were generally later maturing than the 4x parent group. Specific combining ability for TTY and GTA were the only two significant sources of variation observed in this genetic material. Parent‐offspring correlation coefficients were low for all traits, and indicated that parental performance would not be informative at either ploidy level. These results parallel previous investigations with distinct haploid species hybrids where a 4x‐2x breeding scheme was found to be an effective strategy for increasing progeny TTY over the 4x parents. However, the high degree of heterosis for TTY along with good GTA scores observed in certain cross combinations derived from these unadapted 2x species was a somewhat surprising result. Thus far, the importance of these two South American wild potato species, from the potato‐breeding standpoint, has been limited to the fact that they are natural reservoirs of major genes controlling resistance against important diseases and insects. However, the level of performance of some 4x‐2x families in comparative assays with elite cultivars suggests the unanticipated possibility of introgressing genetic factors from S. berthaultii and S. tarijense with positive effects on quantitative traits of horticultural importance along with these major resistance genes.     

四种因素对“龙薯3号”秋薯产量及产量构成的影响

对秋薯“龙薯3号”进行了栽插密度、施氮量、施钾量及氮肥施用法四因素正交高产试验,结果表明,组合3（A1B3C3D3）,即每666.7m2插植3000株,施氮12kg,施钾18kg,氮肥施法采用前多后少为最优组合,小区平均产量最高达68.4kg;其次为组合7（A3B1C3D2）,即每666.7m2插植4000株,施氮8kg,施钾18kg,氮肥施法采用等量分施,小区平均产量达65.2kg。施钾量对产量的影响最大,其次是栽插密度和施氮量,氮肥施用法的影响最小。另外就不同种植密度对产量结构的影响作了简要分析。     

A study of the colour and other characters of the seed of some varieties of oil seed poppy

Among oil seed poppy varieties differences exist in colour and shade of the seed.The best insight into the nature of a variety with respect to the colour and shade of the seed is obtained by examining seed of individual plants. Some varieties (Emmabloem, Nobel) produce seed of one colour; others (Noordster, Eckendorf selections) are composed of plants which differ in seed colour.In a plant by plant analysis, each colour always appears in a series of shades. Important differences exist in the shade-variation curve of the different varieties. The development of the shades is influenced by environmental conditions.In some varieties (Emmabloem, Nobel) selection for shade did not result in a shift of the range of shades in the offspring. In other varieties (Noordster, Eckendorf selections) a shift did occur.Selection for colour always had a clear positive effect.The shade of poppy seed shows a high correlation with the calcium oxalate content of the outer layer of the seed coat.The height of the ridges on the seedcoat affects the quality of the outward appearance of the seed. High ridges make the seed rough to the touch and create the impression of bulky kernels. Within varieties, however, the height of the ridges is negetatively correlated with kernel weight. In the varieties Emmabloem and Nobel only high ridges are found on the seedcoat. Other varieties (Noordster and Eckendorf selections) are variable with respect to this character. In these varieties nearly smooth seeds occur.

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Samenvatting Tussen de onderzochte rassen van blauwmaanzaad bestaan verschillen in kleur en tint van het zaad.Het beste inzicht aangaande de aard van een ras met betrekking tot de kleur en de tint van het zaad wordt verkregen door het zaad van afzonderlijke planten te beoordelen. Sommige rassen (Emmabloem, Nobel) leveren éénkleurig zaad; andere (Noordster, selekties van Eckendorf) zijn samengesteld uit planten, die in zaadkleur verschillen. Bij een analyse plant voor plant blijkt iedere kleur steeds op te treden in een reeks van tinten. Er bestaan belangrijke verschillen in de tint-variatiekromme van de onderscheidene rassen. De ontwikkeling van de tinten wordt beïnvloed door milieuomstandigheden.Selektie naar tint resulteerde bij sommige rassen (Emmabloem, Nobel) niet in een verschuiving van het variatietrajekt van de tinten in de nakomelingschap; bij andere rassen (Noordster, selekties van Eckendorf) was dat wel het geval.Selektie op kleur gaf steeds een duidelijk positief effekt.De tint van het zaad van blauwmaanzaad vertoont een grote correlatie met het gehalte aan calciumoxalaat in de buitenste laag van de zaadhuid.De hoogte van de richels op de zaadhuid is van invloed op de uiterlijke kwaliteit van het zaad. Hoge richels maken dat het zaad wreed aanvoelt en wekken het effekt van grofzadigheid. Tussen de hoogte van de richels en het korrelgewicht bestaat echter binnen het ras een negatieve relatie. Bij de rassen Emmabloem en Nobel treft men uitsluitend hoge richels op de zaadhuid aan. Andere rassen (Noordster en de selekties van Eckendorf) zijn in dit opzicht variabel. Er komen nagenoeg gladde zaden in voor.

     

花后干旱和低氮胁迫下外源葡萄糖对小麦产量性状的影响

为了解葡萄糖对干旱和低氮胁迫下小麦产量的调节作用,在温室盆栽条件下,研究花后干旱和缺氮胁迫下外源葡萄糖对冬小麦籽粒产量和品质性状的影响。结果表明：花后干旱×低氮互作显著影响小麦的结实率和籽粒的灌浆,明显减少可育小穗数、穗粒数、粒重和籽粒充实度,而且缺氮处理显著降低了籽粒的蛋白质和淀粉产量。在花后干旱×低氮互作下外源喷施葡萄糖处理,明显增加了单穗结实率和籽粒干物质的积累,提高了灌浆中后期旗叶的叶绿素含量,延长了旗叶的光合功能期和灌浆持续期,明显促进了小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累,提高了小麦经济产量。试验结果表明,外源喷施葡萄糖处理有利于减轻干旱和低氮胁迫对籽粒发育和灌浆的不利影响。