重庆酸雨区缙云山典型林分冠层酸雨淋洗特征

选取重庆缙云山的针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、毛竹林、灌木林4种典型林分,观测酸性降水过程中林外雨、穿透雨及干流等林内水分转换分量中的主要离子含量变化,分析林分冠层对雨水化学组成的影响,结果表明:(1)降雨中的离子当量浓度大小依次是SO42-＞Ca2+＞ NH4+＞Mg2+＞K+＞Na+＞NO3-;(2)降雨经过林冠层后pH值降低,干流的酸化程度增加最大;(3)降雨经林冠层后离子浓度明显增加(除灌木林),穿透雨中通量增加最大的阴离子和阳离子分别为SO42-(2.19×103～6.47×103 eq·hm-2)和Ca2+(1.41×103～3.39×103 eq-hm-2),离子来源主要为大气沉降和植物分泌物或淋出;(4)同一离子在不同林分的干流和穿透雨中的通量变化不同,反映出不同林分冠层的离子交换性差异.在针阔混交林中,林下降雨净淋溶量大小顺序为SO42-＞Ca2+＞ NO3-＞K+＞NH4+＞Mg2+＞ Na+;常绿阔叶林为SO42-＞ Ca2+＞ K+＞NO3-＞ NH4+＞ Mg2+ ＞Na+;毛竹林为Ca2+＞ SO42-＞ K+＞NO3-＞ NH4+＞Na+＞Mg2+;灌木林为Ca2+＞ NO3-＞ K+＞ Na+＞Mg2+＞ NH4+＞ SO42-.     

喀斯特森林群落退化对浅层岩溶地下水化学的影响

对贵州中部喀斯特地区植被调查及径流和岩溶水样分析,探讨喀斯特森林群落退化过程中浅层岩溶地下水化学组成的变化.结果表明:喀斯特森林生态系统降雨中离子浓度大小的排序为SO2-4＞K 、Ca2 、HCO3-＞Na 、Mg2 、Cl-＞NO3-、NH4 ＞PO3-4,而径流中离子浓度的大小排序为HCO3-＞SO2-4、Ca2 ＞Mg2 、Cl-＞K 、Na 、NO3-＞NH4 ＞PO34-;岩溶地下水离子组成与径流总体相似,但岩溶地下水中HCO3-、Ca2 和Mg2 的含量及电导率明显增加高于地表径流.随着喀斯特森林群落从阔叶林群落向灌木林群落、灌草群落方向演替,其岩溶地下水中HCO3-和Ca2 比例明显减少,而SO2-4比例明显增加.岩溶地下水的HCO3-、Ca2 含量与森林覆盖率之间存在显著的正相关,而K 、NH4 含量与森林覆盖率之间则存在显著的负相关.HCO3-含量是影响岩溶地下水电导率的最重要因子,其次是Ca2 ,再次是K 、Mg2 ;岩溶地下水电导率可以作为评价喀斯特森林群落退化对生态环境影响的数量指标.     

广州流溪河针阔混交林冠层对穿透水离子浓度的影响

2006年7月～2008年5月,在广州流溪河地区采集了70次空旷地降雨水样(雨量范围0.7～184.2 mm)和对应的马尾松-阔叶树混交林的林内穿透雨水样,用于分析当地的雨水酸化特征和林冠影响穿透水中主要离子浓度的作用规律.结果显示:(1)流溪河的酸雨率为64.29%.(2)林冠的缓冲作用使得穿透雨的pH值升高,但穿透雨的多数离子浓度高于林外降雨,表明有离子从林冠淋出或者淋洗.(3)对多数离子而言,冠层作用随雨水酸度变化存在一个转折点,即pH值<5.0或者(SO42++NO3-)>100 μeq·L-1时,冠层增加离子浓度的作用随雨水酸度增强而增加;而在pH值>5.0或者(SO42-+NO3-)<80 μeq·L-1时,穿透水离子浓度的冠层贡献率随雨水酸度减少而增加.(4)林冠层作用的月波动明显.在雨量较大的4～7月间,雨水中离子含量较小,冠层对穿透水离子浓度增加的贡献率小.(5)在单次降雨过程中,有些离子(尤其是NH4+、PO43-、NO2-、和NO3-)出现负淋溶现象,说明森林对这些离子具有吸附或者吸收作用.(6)混交林的林冠对穿透水中F-、Cl-、NO2-、NO3-、PO43-、SO42-、Org-C、NH4+、Al3+、Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+的浓度增加贡献率年值分别为112%、288%、-8%、46%、28%、66%、222%、-35%、82%、413%、770%、790%和51%.     

黑龙江省东部山地白桦人工林对水质的影响

对黑龙江省东部山地白桦人工林生态系统的大气降水、穿透水、树干茎流和地表径流中的pH值、溶解氧、浊度、总溶解固体、电导率、氧化还原电位、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn和Fe等水质指标进行了测定.结果表明:大气降水经过白桦人工林生态系统后,浊度和总溶解固体值逐渐升高.穿透水除Ca元素外,其他化学元素含量均有不同程度的增加,化学元素含量排序为:K＞ Ca＞ Na＞ Mg＞ Mn＞ Fe ＞Zn＞ Cu.树干茎流中各化学元素含量排序为:K＞Ca＞Mg ＞Na＞Fe ＞Mn ＞Zn ＞Cu.地表径流中各化学元素含量为:K＞ Ca＞ Na＞ Mg＞ Fe＞ Mn＞ Zn＞ Cu.除Na、Ca元素外,大气降水中其他元素的变异系数均较大.穿透水和树干茎流中Cu元素的变异系数大于其他元素,地表径流中Zn元素的变异系数最大.根据淋溶系数的大小排列,穿透水中各化学元素的淋溶序列是:Mn＞K＞Mg＞Fe＞Cu ＞Zn＞ Na＞ Ca.树干茎流中各化学元素的淋溶序列是:K ＞Mn＞ Mg＞ Fe ＞Cu ＞Zn＞ Ca＞ Na.经过淋洗后,穿透水和树干茎流中K和Mg元素增加较多,Ca元素出现负淋溶.     

黔江区大气降水化学特征及主要成分来源分析

为了解黔江区大气降水化学特性及成分来源,采集了黔江区2016年全年降水的样品共81个,并分析了其降水化学特征。结果表明:黔江区2016年降雨总量为1739.5mm,pH值范围为5.68～7.43,年加权平均值为6.42;电导率为5.2～48.4μs/cm,年加权均值为18.64μs/cm;降水离子组分中SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、K+、Na+、F-的年均浓度值分别为4.15、0.48、0.65、1.29、0.13、0.36、0.18、0.17和0.07mg/L,其中,Ca2+和NH4+是中和黔江区降水酸性的主要成分。以Mg2+、NH4+、SO42-、Ca2+、NO3-等因子建立的多元回归模型对黔江区降水的pH有较好的拟合效果,能基本预测黔江区降水pH的变化趋势。阴阳离子三角图表明,阴离子主要来自于人为源;阳离子来源包括地壳源。富集系数分析表明,黔江区降水中Ca2+主要来源于地壳源,占比为95.60%。而Cl-主要来源于海洋源,贡献约98.06%。黔江区降水中有89.06%的SO42-和98.26%的NO3-来源于人为源,地壳源和海洋源贡献很低。研究表明,人为活动对黔江区大气环境产生了重要影响。     

盐胁迫对青钱柳根部离子分布及幼苗生长的影响

在0、1、3和5 g·L-1NaCl处理下,采用X-射线微区分析法对安徽黄山、江西九江及云南昆明3个种源青钱柳的幼苗根部离子分布及幼苗生长变化进行分析.结果表明:在3或5 g·L-1 NaCl胁迫下,根部组织中Na 、Cl-的相对含量增加,K 、Ca2 、Mg2 相对含量降低;随着盐浓度增加,根部表皮和皮层中的Na 含量增加,而Cl-在根部中柱和皮层中的相对含量明显增加.根部组织中的离子失衡,K /Na 和Ca2 /Na 值减小,Na /(K Na Ca2 Mg2 )值增大;根部组织中K /Na 值的减小和Cl-的显著增加导致幼苗存活率降低,幼苗叶面积、苗高、地径及生物量增量减少;供试种源幼苗耐盐能力为黄山>昆明>九江,且青钱柳幼苗的耐盐阈值在1 g·L-1左右.     

沿海防护林主要树种的树干径流特性

比较分析了黑松(Pinus thunbergii)、马尾松(P.massoniana)、湿地松(P.elliottii)、枫香(Liquidambar formosana)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)、白栎(Q.fabri)、浙江楠(Phoebe chekiangensis)、杜英(Elaeocarpus decipiens)、樟(Cinnamomum camphora)9个沿海防护林主要树种的树干径流特性。结果表明:大气降雨的p H值为6.6,各树种的树干径流的p H值都有一定幅度的下降,但黑松、马尾松等针叶树的下降幅度明显更大,而电导率和p H值刚好相反,针叶树树干径流的电导率明显高于阔叶树种和大气降雨;大气降雨中,受海水蒸发形成的盐雾影响较大的Cl-、Na+和Mg2+的浓度较高,而我国酸雨的主要阴离子成分NO3-和SO42-的浓度相对较低;树干径流中,各离子浓度均高于大气降雨,其中Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量主要来源于降雨的淋洗作用,而K+则更多来源于枝叶的淋溶作用;从不同树种看,除K+是阔叶树种高于针叶树种外,其余离子含量都是针叶树种要高于阔叶树种。     

川西亚高山3种森林群落穿透雨和茎流养分特征研究

观测了王朗自然保护区紫果云杉林、岷江冷杉林和白桦林3种森林群落一个观测年的大气降雨量、穿透雨量和茎流量,并对其中的养分元素进行了同步取样分析。结果表明:1)3个森林群落穿透雨的硫(S)及铵态氮(NH4 -N)浓度都低于大气降雨中的浓度,说明S和NH4 -N在经过林冠表面时被吸附,而穿透雨中的硝态氮(NO3-N)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、全碳(C)和全磷(P)等元素浓度都高于大气降雨中的浓度;2)所有样地茎流中的养分元素浓度都明显高于大气降雨和穿透雨中营养元素的浓度;3)C、N(NH4 -N、NO3--N)、P、K、Ca、Mg、S等随大气降雨输入林地的量分别为40.57、6.44、0.40、38.69、39.92、8.27和44.25kg·hm-2a-1;4)测定期间,S(岷江冷杉林和紫果云杉林内)、P(紫果云杉林内)及3种森林群落中的NH4 -N、NO3--N和Ca的林地净输入量都为负值,而K、C、Mg、和P(白桦林和岷江冷杉林内)为正值;5)3种森林群落内穿透雨和茎流中的S和C可能主要来自于林冠淋溶,而NH4 -N、NO3--N、K(白桦林和紫果云杉林内)、Ca、Mg和P等主要来自于林冠截获的大气干沉降,岷江冷杉林内K与林冠淋溶和林冠截获的干沉降都密切相关。降雨持续时间长、降雨量小及较高的林冠截留量可能是造成林地净输入量为负值的原因。     

缙云山自然保护区4种森林类型林土壤的持水特性研究

对缙云山自然保护区的常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、竹林、灌木林林地及农地(对照)土壤的物理性质、土壤水分的入渗性能进行了测定分析,结果表明:其林地(农地)表层土壤容重的顺序为,常绿阔叶林＞针阔混交林＞竹林＞农地＞灌木林;土壤非毛管孔隙度的顺序为,灌木林＞针阔混交林＞竹林＞常绿阔叶林＞农地.灌木林林地土壤的有效水分涵蓄量要明显大于其他的森林类型,其蓄水量是竹林的1.4倍,是农地的2.14倍.4种森林类型林地及农地土壤的水分下渗性能,其层间稳渗率以腐殖质层＞淀积层＞母岩层;在土壤层,以竹林和农地的水分初渗为高.灌木林林地土壤的水分渗透性能极强,其初渗值达到了10.169 mm/min.从土壤水分的入渗性能来看,灌木林涵养水源和理水调洪的功能要远大于其他森林类型,针阔混交林要优于常绿阔叶林,而竹林最差.然而,对于遭遇短历时较高强度的降雨而言,竹林的理水调洪作用可能略好于针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林.     

会同第二代杉木林集水区水质生态效应

对会同第2代杉木林集水区的大气降水、穿透水、树干茎流水、地表水、地下水,集水区旁的小河水、水库水,县城河流水的水质进行了连续5个水文年的定位监测,研究了该集水区水质生态效应.结果表明:集水区地下水、集水区旁小河水、水库水、县城河流水之间的水质无显著性差异;大气降水中各元素含量按高低排列的顺序为K>Zn>Ca>Org-N>NH4-N>NO3-N>Fe>Si>Mg>Mn>P=Cu,穿透水和树干茎流水中,除Zn以外,其余元素的含量均比大气降水中的含量高,地表径流水中K、Ca、Fe、Si元素含量高于穿透水,地下水中NO3-N、P、Mg、Si元素含量高于地表径流水,而NH4-N、Org-N、K、Ca、Fe、Cu、Mn低于地表径流水;大气降水中K、P元素含量变动明显,穿透水和树干茎流水中NH4-N、NO3-N、Org-N、P、K、Cu、、Mn、Si元素含量变动系数均小于大气降水,而Ca、Mg、Zn含量变动系数却大于大气降水;林冠层对大气降水的化学淋溶量按大小依次为Ca>Mg>Fe>K>NH4-N>Mn>NO3-N>P>Cu>Org-N>Zn,Org-N和Zn为负淋溶效应;杉木林生态系统对大气降水中NH4-N、Org-N、K、Cu、Zn、Mn产生有效贮虑效应,其强度依次为Zn>Org-N>NH4-N>Mn>K>Cu>NO3-N,而P、Ca、Mg、Fe元素的贮滤强度为负值.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.