用2,4-D处理获得可育甘薯组种间杂种

用50mg/L 2,4-D处理杂交不亲和组合甘薯(Ipomoea batatas (L.)Lam.)品种徐薯18(2n＝6x＝90)×L.lacunosa(2n＝2x＝30)以及I.trifida(2n＝4x＝60)×L triloba(2n＝2x＝30)的母本花器,获得了可育种间杂种植株,并对种间杂种进行了过氧化物酶同工酶分析和细胞学观察.特别是徐薯18×I.lacunosa的杂种后代具有明显的结薯性,这是首次报道获得具有结薯性的甘薯品种和第Ⅱ群近缘野生种种间杂种.     

2,4-D丁酯的水解与光解特性研究

通过室内模拟试验,研究2,4-D丁酯在不同pH值和温度下的水解动态和在有机溶剂中的光解特性。结果表明,2,4-D丁酯的水解与光解均符合一级动力学方程。在pH7以下的缓冲溶液中,2,4-D丁酯的水解反应十分缓慢,但在碱性溶液中其水解速率加快。25℃下2,4-D丁酯在pH5、7和9的缓冲溶液中的水解半衰期分别为23.5、5.8d和10.7min。2,4-D丁酯的水解速率随温度升高而增加,在温度为15、25℃和35℃的pH7缓冲溶液中的水解半衰期分别为21.5、5.8、3.9d,平均温度效应系数为2.57。2,4-D丁酯水解反应的活化能与温度之间无明显相关性,而活化熵与温度呈显著相关性。2,4-D丁酯的水解主要由活化熵所驱动。采用GC-MS技术对2,4-D丁酯水解产物进行鉴定,确定水解产物主要是2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸和2,4-二氯苯酚。2,4-D丁酯在正己烷中光解速率比在甲醇中快,在丙酮中几乎不发生光解,其光解速率随浓度的升高而减慢。     

苯磺隆和2,4-D胁迫对土壤微生物影响的研究

以盆栽试验研究了除草剂苯磺隆、2,4-D对石灰性褐土中土壤微生物群落的影响。结果表明,在供试浓度下,土壤微生物对两种除草剂的感应存在一定的差异性。苯磺隆高浓度处理在最初3d极显著地抑制细菌生长,之后对土壤细菌具有刺激作用,特别是培养结束时激活率还高达917.6%,低浓度处理呈极显著的刺激作用;苯磺隆对土壤放线菌具有显著的刺激作用,对土壤真菌有强烈的抑制作用,最高抑制率达100%,到培养结束时(60d)真菌数量还未恢复到对照水平。2,4-D处理对土壤放线菌具有明显的抑制、激活的波动性,对土壤细菌、真菌有强烈的抑制作用。     

微生物菌剂对小麦秸秆和尿素静态堆腐过程的影响(简报)

为了探讨微生物菌剂对小麦秸秆和尿素静态堆腐过程的影响机制,研究了在静态通气条件下,微生物菌剂对堆腐过程温度和水解酶活性的影响。结果表明,G+J（添加葡萄糖活化的微生物菌剂）、J（微生物菌剂）和CK（不加微生物菌剂）处理的最高温度分别为66 .0℃、67.1℃和59.5℃,整个堆腐过程温度高于50 ℃的时间为：G+J（240 h）＞J（120 h）＞CK（96 h）。G+J处理的纤维素酶活性峰值出现在第9 d,达到 334.37 mg/(g·d),J和CK酶活性峰值较G+J滞后3 d和6 d出现,酶活性峰值分别为271.59 mg/(g·d)和236.67 mg/(g·d);G+J处理蔗糖酶活性峰值是CK处理的2.53倍,J处理蔗糖酶活性是CK处理的2.33倍;随着堆腐时间的延长,23 d后各处理脲酶活性均小于 20.00 mg/(g·d)。相关性分析表明,3个处理的纤维素酶活性与温度负相关,但是不显著(P＞0.05);G+J处理的蔗糖酶活性与温度呈极显著负相关,J处理的蔗糖酶活性与温度呈显著性负相关;3个处理的脲酶活性与温度均达到显著或极显著负相关（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）。可见,复合微生物菌剂可以改变腐解过程中温度与水解酶活性。     

添加剂对猪粪秸秆堆肥的氮素损失控制效果

为减少堆肥过程中的氨气挥发和氮素损失,该文以新鲜猪粪和玉米秸秆为原料,采用强制通风静态垛堆肥装置进行35 d的好氧堆肥试验,研究2种固氮添加剂(过磷酸钙+氢氧化镁、磷酸+氢氧化镁)对猪粪秸秆堆肥过程中的氮素损失控制效果。结果表明:添加适量的固氮剂均可降低堆肥化过程中氨气的排放率。过磷酸钙+氢氧化镁处理相比较对照和磷酸+氢氧化镁处理,氮素固定率较高,固氮效果较好。与对照处理相比,该处理在整个堆肥过程中的累积氨气挥发量和总氮损失分别降低了41.78%和13.27%;在堆肥结束时,铵态氮和硝态氮含量分别提高了60.00%和24.66%。最终堆肥产品的种子发芽率指数为97.22%~115.86%,表明所有处理在堆置35 d后均达到腐熟。X射线衍射分析证实了添加固定剂处理的堆肥产品中均有鸟粪石(Mg NH_4PO_4·6H_2O)的存在,说明通过添加过磷酸钙+氢氧化镁、磷酸+氢氧化镁2种固定剂可以改变堆肥的理化性质,促进堆肥的降解和腐熟。     

2,4-D 对铜在乌栅土胶体和红壤胶体上吸附的影响

应用批平衡法研究了农药2,4-D对Cu在乌栅土胶体和红壤胶体上吸附的影响。结果表明,Cu在两种土壤胶体上的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir方程,Cu在乌栅土胶体上的吸附量较其在红壤胶体上的吸附量要高;在pH3.0～6.7范围内,两种土壤胶体对Cu的吸附量均随溶液pH的升高而升高。2,4-D增加了Cu在土壤胶体上的吸附,2,4-D的浓度越高,Cu的吸附量越大,这主要是由于2,4-D的存在显著增加了平衡液的pH,从而增加了土壤胶体表面所带负电荷量。     

纳米Fe3O4/微生物联合体系对2,4-D和阿特拉津降解的研究

采用纳米Fe3O4/微生物联合体系降解溶液中2,4-D和阿特拉津,考察了不同2,4-D和阿特拉津初始浓度、微生物接种量、纳米Fe3O4投加量、溶液ｐＨ值等对降解效果的影响。结果表明,纳米Fe3O4/微生物联合体系对2,4-D和阿特拉津的降解率显著高于纳米Fe3O4和微生物单一体系;2,4-D和阿特拉津初始浓度在0～10 mg·L^-1、微生物接种量在0～12 mg·L^-1、纳米Fe3O4的投加量在0～200 mg·L^-1范围内,2,4-D和阿特拉津的降解率随其初始浓度、微生物接种量和纳米Fe3O4 投加量的增大而增加。溶液pH3．0左右、2,4-D和阿特拉津初始浓度10 mg·L^-1、微生物接种量12 mg·L^-1、纳米Fe3O4投加量200 mg·L^-1,是反应的最佳条件,此实验条件下反应7 d,2,4-D和阿特拉津的残留率分别降低至35．7％和54．0％。     

氢氧化镁和磷酸混合添加剂在模拟堆肥中的保氮效果研究及其经济效益分析(简报)

通过模拟堆肥试验,研究了3种配比的氢氧化镁、磷酸和水的混合物在不同添加量时的氨氮固定效果和效益.结果表明,试验所有配比氢氧化镁与磷酸混合物都适合作为堆肥化过程中的氮素损失原位固定剂,氮素固定效果随混合物中的磷酸含量和混合物投加量的增加而增加.固定率最低达73.1%,最高可达97%以上;固定剂的养分提升效应和经济效益分析表明,质量比为Mg(OH)2:H3PO4:H2O=2.6:17.7:79.7的添加剂可以产生较好的养分提升效应,但只有在添加量小的情况下可产生正的经济效益;Mg(OH)2:H3PO4:H2O=2.7:9.2:88.1的添加剂养分增加量最小,但每种添加量都可以产生正的经济效益;质量比为Mg(OH)2:H3PO4:H20=2.7:13.85:83.8的添加剂的效果居于前两者之间.综上分析,该研究筛选出的几种固定剂效果较好,在实际应用时,应根据堆肥化不同阶段的氮素变化规律选用不同的固定剂会产生更佳的效果.     

膨松剂对厨余垃圾堆肥CH4、N2O和NH3排放的影响

厨余垃圾有别于混合生活垃圾,具有高有机质含量和高含水率等特点,单独堆肥会产生大量CH4、N2O、NH3和渗滤液,为减少厨余垃圾堆肥过程污染物的排放,该文以居民小区产生的经大类粗分后的厨余垃圾为研究对象,以菌糠为膨松剂,设置15%、25%、35% 3个添加质量比（湿基）的堆肥处理,以纯厨余垃圾单独堆肥为对照处理,研究菌糠作为膨松剂对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中CH4、N2O、NH3和渗滤液排放的影响及其最佳添加比例。结果表明,堆肥过程中,添加菌糠可以完全避免厨余垃圾堆肥过程中渗滤液的产生;堆肥结束时,添加15%和25%菌糠的处理堆肥达到腐熟标准,但添加35%的菌糠使堆肥高温期缩短,不利于有机质分解;与对照处理相比,添加15%、25%和35%比例的菌糠均可以减少堆肥过程中CH4和NH3的累计排放量,且减排量与添加比例正相关,但只有添加15%菌糠的堆肥处理明显降低了N2O的排放量;添加质量比为15%和25%菌糠的堆肥处理,CH4和N2O排放总量比厨余垃圾单独堆肥分别减少45.8%、19.6%,而添加质量比为35%的菌糠使CH4和N2O排放总量为厨余垃圾单独堆肥的1.14倍（每t物料,干基）。综上,菌糠作为食用菌种植废弃物,可用作厨余垃圾堆肥膨松剂,在适宜的添加比例条件下,能够在避免堆肥过程中渗滤液产生的同时,减少CH4、N2O和NH3的排放量。研究结果可为厨余垃圾堆肥过程温室气体减排、氮素损失控制和工艺改进提供理论依据和试验基础。     

过磷酸钙添加剂对猪粪堆肥温室气体和氨气减排的作用

为研究不同比例过磷酸钙添加剂对畜禽粪便高温堆肥氨挥发和温室气体减排的作用,该文以猪粪和玉米秸秆为试验材料,以市售过磷酸钙肥料作为添加剂,在发酵仓中(单仓体积1.2m3)进行56d的好氧堆肥试验,监测堆肥过程中的温室气体和氨排放速率及堆体碳、氮损失率。结果表明:在初始物料中添加干质量3.3%～13.2%的过磷酸钙添加剂对减少堆体碳、氮损失,降低温室气体排放均有明显效果,但超过初始物料干质量的9.9%的过磷酸钙添加剂会对堆肥腐熟进程产生显著抑制作用;该试验中添加初始物料干质量3.3%～6.6%分别使堆肥56d的NH3、N2O和CH4排放量减少了24.1%～43.4%、22.2%～27.7%和22.4%～62.9%,总温室气体排放当量减少30%。猪粪和玉米秸秆堆肥中较适宜的过磷酸钙添加量是初始物料干质量的3.3%～6.6%。该文为过磷酸钙添加剂应用于实际堆肥工程提供理论依据。     

喷施2，4－D及环扎对沙田柚座果率的影响

在粤东山区梅县，沙田柚树盛花期，正值低温阴雨季节，日照时数少，影响座果率．本试验采用从春梢转绿期到挂果初期，对３，４年和１３年果树进行环扎和喷施５～８ｍｇ／Ｌ２，４－Ｄ，结果表明：可减轻低温阴雨的影响，提高沙田柚座果率１２．３４％～８２．５０％．     

Evolution and qualitative modifications of humin-like matter during high rate composting of pig faeces amended with wheat straw

During a 4-week period of composting of wheat straw-amended pig faeces, humin (HU)- and core-HU-like matter were isolated by NaOH-Na₄P₂O₇ treatment of the compost bed, respectively, without and with previous extraction by organic solvent and by H₂SO₄. The changes in the content and elemental composition of both fractions in the compost bed were monitored. Evidence of the compositional changes was also obtained by NMR spectroscopy and by pyrolysis-GC / MS studies. The results indicated that core-HU-like matter was mainly aromatic, while HU contained both core-HU-like and other types of easily degradable organic matter. Correlation of the data found in this study with data from previous studies on humic acid (HA)- and core-HA-like matter in the same composting process indicated that in the time range from 2 to 4 weeks, the weight loss of the core-HU-like matter amounted to 788 g, whereas the weight of total core-HA-like matter increased by 87 g. In spite of the high weight loss, the NMR and pyrolysis-GC / MS spectra failed to reveal significant changes in the chemical nature of the core-HU-like residue. However, the chemical composition of the core-HA-like matter changed significantly and tended to become similar to that of the core-HU-like matter when the composting time increased. The data suggest that, during composting, core-HU-like matter undergoes both conversion to new core-HA-like soluble matter and biodegradation to volatile products.     

Qualitative modifications of humic acid-like and core-humic acid-like during high-rate composting of pig faeces amended with wheat straw

Humic acid-like (HA-like) and core-humic acid-like (core-HA-like) were characterized during the high-rate composting process by CP-MAS ¹³C NMR, pyrolysis-gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS), and elemental analysis. Results obtained indicated that humification proceeded through a relative concentration of aromatic fractions due to the faster degradation of the O-alkyl and alkyl fractions. Core-HA-like, after purification of the parent material, showed a large reduction of the O-alkyl fraction in terms of HA-like. We concluded that HA-like consisted of refractory organic molecules, such as lignin and biopolymers, which formed a stable structure (core-HA-like) coated with degradable material associated with the core by weak physical association, ether or ester bounds.     

Effect of nitrite accumulation on nitrous oxide emission and total nitrogen loss during swine manure composting

The present study investigated the nitrogen balance in swine manure composting to evaluate the effect of nitrite (     ) accumulation, which induces nitrogenous emissions, such as N₂O, during compost maturation. During active composting, most N losses result from NH₃ emission, which was 9.5% of the initial total nitrogen (TN_initial), after which,     began to accumulate as only ammonia-oxidizing bacteria proliferated. After active composting, the addition of mature swine compost (MSC), including nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), could prevent     accumulation and reduce N₂O emission by 70% compared with the control in which     accumulated as a result of delayed growth of indigenous NOB. Total N₂O emissions in the control and in the treatment of MSC addition (MA) were 9.3% and 3.0% of TN_initial, respectively, whereas N losses as the sum total of NH₃ and N₂O over the whole period were 19.0% (control) and 12.8% (MA) of TN_initial, respectively. However, the difference in total N losses was markedly greater than that measured as NH₃ and N₂O, which were 27.8% (control) and 13.3% (MA) of TN_initial, respectively. These results demonstrated that the magnitude of nitrogen losses induced by     accumulation is too large to ignore in the composting of swine manure.     

Effect of nitrite accumulation on nitrous oxide emission and total nitrogen loss during swine manure composting

Abstract

The present study investigated the nitrogen balance in swine manure composting to evaluate the effect of nitrite (NO^? ₂) accumulation, which induces nitrogenous emissions, such as N₂O, during compost maturation. During active composting, most N losses result from NH₃ emission, which was 9.5% of the initial total nitrogen (TN_initial), after which, NO^? ₂ began to accumulate as only ammonia-oxidizing bacteria proliferated. After active composting, the addition of mature swine compost (MSC), including nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), could prevent NO^? ₂ accumulation and reduce N₂O emission by 70% compared with the control in which NO^? ₂ accumulated as a result of delayed growth of indigenous NOB. Total N₂O emissions in the control and in the treatment of MSC addition (MA) were 9.3% and 3.0% of TN_initial, respectively, whereas N losses as the sum total of NH₃ and N₂O over the whole period were 19.0% (control) and 12.8% (MA) of TN_initial, respectively. However, the difference in total N losses was markedly greater than that measured as NH₃ and N₂O, which were 27.8% (control) and 13.3% (MA) of TN_initial, respectively. These results demonstrated that the magnitude of nitrogen losses induced by NO^? ₂ accumulation is too large to ignore in the composting of swine manure.     

Change in T4-type bacteriophage communities during the composting process of rice straw: Estimation from the major capsid gene (g23) sequences

The present study examined T4-type phage communities in rice straw (RS) under the composting process by analyzing the composition of the major capsid gene ( g23 ) of T4-type bacteriophages. The g23 clones were obtained from RS throughout the composting process from RS materials to composting RS in the curing stage (for 124 days). Most of the g23 clones were phylogenetically closely related to those in rice field soils and rice field floodwaters, and Paddy Groups II and III appeared to characterize the g23 genes in the composting RS. The diversity of g23 genes in the composting RS was highest in the RS material (day 0 after the onset of composting) and in the early thermophilic stage (day 7), and decreased markedly in the middle and curing stages. This change was in contrast to that of the bacterial community, which showed higher diversity in the middle and curing stages. There was no specific clone that characterized any stage during the composting process. These findings indicate that the phage community is not the major controlling agent in determining eubacterial succession and that the thermophilic stage in the composting process efficiently annihilated T4-type phages in the composting pile.     

Change in T4-type bacteriophage communities during the composting process of rice straw: Estimation from the major capsid gene (g23) sequences

Abstract

The present study examined T4-type phage communities in rice straw (RS) under the composting process by analyzing the composition of the major capsid gene (g23) of T4-type bacteriophages. The g23 clones were obtained from RS throughout the composting process from RS materials to composting RS in the curing stage (for 124?days). Most of the g23 clones were phylogenetically closely related to those in rice field soils and rice field floodwaters, and Paddy Groups II and III appeared to characterize the g23 genes in the composting RS. The diversity of g23 genes in the composting RS was highest in the RS material (day 0 after the onset of composting) and in the early thermophilic stage (day 7), and decreased markedly in the middle and curing stages. This change was in contrast to that of the bacterial community, which showed higher diversity in the middle and curing stages. There was no specific clone that characterized any stage during the composting process. These findings indicate that the phage community is not the major controlling agent in determining eubacterial succession and that the thermophilic stage in the composting process efficiently annihilated T4-type phages in the composting pile.     

冬季秸秆还田对冬灌田水稻生长期CH4产生、氧化和排放的影响

有机肥施用和土壤水分管理是影响稻田CH4排放最重要的2个因素。本文通过室内培养和田间试验研究了冬季秸秆还田对冬灌田水稻生长期CH4的产生、氧化和排放的影响。结果表明:淹水混施处理CH4产生潜力在水稻移栽后35和51天显著大于淹水不施肥处理(p0.05),其余时间则无显著差异(p0.05);冬季秸秆还田对CH4氧化潜力无显著影响(p0.05),水稻生长期土温和稻田施用氮肥可能是较其更重要的影响因素;淹水混施处理CH4平均排放通量(CH426.7mg/(m2·h))显著大于淹水不施处理(CH420.3mg/(m2·h))(p0.05)。