Growth of Glucose-uptake-deficient Mutant of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Rice Leaves

We isolated Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae mutants deficient in the phosphoenolpyruvate : carbohydrate phos-photransferase system, a major glucose transport system in bacteria, using the glucose analogue 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-d-glucose (3FG). Glucose uptake by the mutants was decreased to 15–35% of the parental strain, and growth greatly decreased in synthetic media containing glucose as a sole sugar source. Growth of the mutants in rice leaves was, however, similar to the wild type. These findings suggest that glucose is not necessarily a major carbohydrate source for X. o. pv. oryzae in rice leaves. Received 11 August 2000/ Accepted in revised form 15 December 2000     

Growth Complementation of hrpXo Mutants of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by Virulent Strains in Rice Cultivars Resistant and Susceptible to the Parental Strain

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (X. o. pv. oryzae) T7174 is virulent on rice cultivar IR24 and avirulent on IR-BB2. From recent reports, some virulence and avirulence factors of plant pathogenic bacteria are transferred to plant cells through the hrp-dependent type III secretion system. In this study, we investigated the involvement of hrp genes in the compatible and the incompatible interactions between rice and X. o. pv. oryzae after co-inoculation with hrpXo mutants derived from T7174 and virulent strains. Growth of the mutants, named 74ΔHrpXo and 76ΔHrpXo, was repressed in IR24 when the mutants were applied alone. However, growth of the mutants was complemented by co-inoculation with virulent strains. Growth of bioluminescent hrpXo mutant 76ΔHrpXo in IR24 and its growth in IR-BB2 after co-inoculation with T7133, which is virulent on both cultivars, was equally complemented, as detected by bioluminescence from the mutant. On the other hand, only partial complementation of growth of T7174L76, which is a bioluminescent and pathogenic derivative of T7174, by T7133 was observed in IR-BB2. Thus, growth of the hrpXo mutant of X. o. pv. oryzae was complemented by virulent strains in both susceptible and resistant rice leaves with the parental strain. Received 21 July 2000/ Accepted in revised form 26 October 2000     

水稻白叶枯病菌和细菌性条斑病菌的分子标记筛选及检测

 水稻白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae）和细菌性条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola)是水稻种子产地检疫中最重要的两种检疫对象,且同属于水稻黄单胞杆菌。本研究基于生物信息学技术构建比较基因组学算法对两种病原的全基因组序列比对分析,得到一系列能够区分两种病原的特异性PCR引物。结合简单的PCR技术及全自动DNA分析系统,我们选取了12对引物分别对23株水稻白叶枯病菌和5株水稻细菌性条斑病菌及其它相关菌株进行验证。结果获得了2对显性标记(Xoo-Hpa1和Xoc-ORF2)以及3对共显性分子标记(M568、M897和M1575)可以达到理想的区分检测两种病原的效果。分子标记的检测灵敏度从5×10⁴到5 × 10⁷cfu·mL^-1不等,且从水稻种子浸提液中也能成功地检测水稻白叶枯病菌和细菌性条斑病菌。本研究丰富了检测标记的靶位点,并有效的结合了高通量检测的手段对多位点联合分析,增强了检测的可靠性,有望在今后的植物检疫及病原鉴定中发挥着重要的作用。     

利用多重PCR诊断水稻白叶枯病和细菌性条斑病的复合发生

为准确检测水稻白叶枯病菌、细菌性条斑病菌及这两种病菌的复合发生,利用软件DNAStar分析比较这两种菌的部分核酸序列,设计了检测这两种病菌的特异性引物。引物Xoo F-Xoo R能特异性扩增出水稻白叶枯病菌中一条大小162 bp的条带;引物Xooc F1-Xooc R1和Xooc F2-Xooc R2能够分别特异性扩增出水稻细菌性条斑病菌中690 bp和945 bp的条带。通过优化PCR反应条件,成功建立了多重PCR技术,可以对不同国家的水稻白叶枯病菌和细菌性条斑病菌进行准确检测,对由这两种病菌引起的复合侵染实现了准确诊断。     

木质部次生细胞壁增厚参与疣粒野生稻对黄单胞杆菌水稻变种的抗性

 黄单胞杆菌水稻变种（Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo）引起的水稻白叶枯病是一个世界性的严重病害。疣粒野生稻（Oryzae meyeriana）对Xoo具有高度抗性,但其抗性机制仍不清楚。本文以抗病的疣粒野生稻和感病的水稻品种大粒香为材料,研究了Xoo侵染对叶片病斑、叶绿体超微结构、光合系统活性和木质部超微结构的影响。结果表明,多种Xoo生理小种导致的疣粒野生稻叶片病斑长度都明显短于大粒香叶片的病斑长度。Xoo病菌侵染显著破坏了大粒香的叶绿体结构,明显抑制了其光合活性,而疣粒野生稻中的变化要轻得多。通过电镜切片,发现疣粒野生稻叶片导管内存在大量的Xoo病菌,这表明Xoo能够侵染疣粒野生稻且能够在叶片内增殖。病菌的侵染诱导了疣粒野生稻木质部次生细胞壁的增厚,抑制了病菌通过导管纹孔向邻近细胞的进一步侵染,这种反应可能参与了疣粒野生稻对Xoo的抗性。     

Notes on the Occurrence of Pathogenic Races of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xanthomonas oryzae </Emphasis>pv. <Emphasis Type="Italic">oryzae </Emphasis>Found in Hiroshima Prefecture in 1999

The pathogenic race of 59 cultures of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, a pathogen of bacterial leaf blight of rice, isolated from six locations in the inland mountainous area of Hiroshima Prefecture in 1999, were determined by a set of traditional differentials. Four races—I, II, V and VII—were found across the area; however, we noticed the composition of the races as well as the dominant race in each location different. All races were avirulent on differential cultivar Te-tep. Races V and VII were new to Hiroshima. The rice cultivars infected with bacterial leaf blight in Hiroshima are thought to be grouped into the Kinmaze group, which does not have any resistance genes. Apparently, a variety of races occurred unexpectedly on the cultivars contrary to stabilizing selection theory. Received 25 February 2000/ Accepted in revised form 13 July 2000     

hrp基因关键调控因子HrpG在水稻白叶枯病菌和条斑病菌中的交叉互补性研究

 水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)和条斑病菌(X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, Xoc)在非寄主烟草上产生过敏反应(HR)和在寄主水稻上具有致病性,是由hrp致病岛决定的,其中HrpG为关键调控因子。Xoo和Xoc侵染水稻途径和在水稻上产生病害症状的不同,是否与hrpG基因有关,还不清楚。本研究利用反向遗传学方法获得了Xoo和Xoc的hrpG突变体PΔhrpG和RΔhrpG,并用hrpG_Xoo基因和hrpG_Xoc基因分别互补上述2个突变体,获得了相应的互补菌株。致病性测定结果显示,PΔhrpG和RΔhrpG突变体丧失了在水稻上的致病性和在非寄主烟草上产生HR的能力,而hrpG_Xoo基因和hrpG_Xoc基因可分别互补上述突变体至野生型水平。利用GUS报告基因检测基因启动子活性发现,hrpG_Xoo和hrpG_Xoc的启动子活性没有显著差别;RT-PCR和Western杂交结果显示,hrpG基因交叉互补菌株中HrpG调控的下游基因hrpX、hpaR、hrcT、hpa2和hrpD6的表达没有差异,且III型分泌系统分泌蛋白Hpa2的分泌性没有受到影响。这些结果表明,稻黄单胞菌hrpG基因可在Xoo和Xoc中交叉互置,位于其上游和下游的调控途径可能相似,而决定Xoo和Xoc在水稻上的侵染途径以及所致病害症状差异可能与hrpG基因位点无关。     

云南水稻白叶枯病菌生理小种初析

从云南省 5个地州14个县市的水稻白叶枯病标本中分离水稻白叶枯病菌菌株 ,选择具有区域代表性的菌株 5 1株 ,利用已知抗病基因的近等基因系 ,在孕穗期应用剪叶法接种明确其生理小种。鉴定结果表明 ,云南省水稻白叶枯病菌小种复杂多样 ,共有 14种类型 ,暂定为YN1～YN14 ,优势生理小种为YN3、YN8、YN11,其中YN3分布在红河、德宏等 4个县市 ;YN8小种分布在大理等地区 ,小种的分布可能受地理区域的影响     

云南疣粒野生稻抗白叶枯病鉴定及叶片组织学观察

 本研究采用水稻白叶枯病菌强致病性代表菌株,评价了云南省自然分布的疣粒野生稻代表生态居群18份材料的抗病性,观察叶片组织学结构,初步分析了疣粒野生稻的抗性基因。结果表明,16份材料表现中抗、高抗甚至免疫;9份材料对4个菌株的抗性有一定差异;同时发现云南地方代表菌株X1和CN9404的致病性比C1和BD8438强。叶片组织学结构表明,高抗材料与感病的栽培稻米泉黑芒都无蜡质层,二者的叶肉组织、薄壁细胞和表皮细胞相同,表皮毛、维管束、厚壁组织等的差异也不明显,不足以引起抗病性差异。疣粒野生稻高抗或免疫白叶枯病并非借助其特殊叶片结构的物理作用,而主要是抗病基因的作用。参试疣粒野生稻中没有与Xa1、Xa21同源的基因,加之独立进化,推断其具有新的优异抗白叶枯病基因,值得深入研究和发掘利用。     

中生菌素对水稻白叶枯病的防治机制

对不同白叶枯病抗性水稻品种用200μg/ml中生菌素55℃温汤药液浸种，自然降温，秧田3—4叶期和移栽前5d各用30μg/ml中生菌素处理后，于成株期剪叶接种白叶枯病菌。结果表明中生菌素前期处理，于成株期接种白叶枯病菌时，高抗、中等抗性和感病品种中过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶和多酚氧化酶3种酶活性都有不同程度的提高，且以中等抗性品种酶活提高最多，接种24和48h，3种酶活性较清水对照分别增加26．92％、26．74％、24．06％和7．09％、1．31％、1．60％。盆栽试验表明，中生菌素对中抗品种的防治效果最好，达58．4％。说明中生菌素对水稻防御酶活性的诱激作用是其防治白叶枯病的机制之一。     

水稻细菌性条斑病菌拮抗细菌的筛选、评价与应用研究

从江苏省南京、泰州、扬州和宿迁等地区水稻田采集水稻病叶、健叶、根围土等样品90份,分离纯化得到1173个细菌分离物,对其进行水稻细菌性条斑病菌Xanthomonasoryzaepv．oryzicola皿内抑制试验,共获得12株拮抗能力较强的细菌,其中4株拮抗细菌抑菌圈直径大于27mm。盆栽试验结果表明,12株拮抗能力较强的细菌中有4株对水稻细菌性条斑病菌防效大于50％,其中菌株Lx-1l盆栽防效达62．5％。大面积示范试验结果表明菌株Lx．11田间防效达60．2％,显著高于化学药剂20％叶枯唑的防效（51．2％和45．8％）。形态特征、理化特性和分子鉴定分析确定菌株Lx．11为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillusamyloliquefaciens。     

Type-II secretion pathway structural gene xpsE, xylanase- and cellulase secretion and virulence in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Rice bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is one of the most important diseases in rice-growing areas worldwide. Four virulence-deficient mutants were identified from a transposon mutagenesis library of X. oryzae pv. oryzae . Sequence-analysis revealed that the transposon of the four mutants inserted at different sites in the same ORF, which is homologous to the xpsE gene encoding a component of the type-II secretion system in many bacterial pathogens. Extracellular enzymes, such as xylanase and cellulase, were not secreted to the extracellular space in the mutants. Analysis of the protein profile of the extracellular, periplasmic and intracellular fractions indicated that at least two secreted proteins accumulated in the periplasmic space in the mutants. After genetic complementation of these mutants with a functional xpsE gene, the xpsE gene could express normally and the pathogenicity of the mutants and their secretion of extracellular enzymes were restored. Western blot analysis with an anticellulase antiserum also showed that cellulase was secreted normally in the complemented strains. The results show that the type-II secretion pathway structural gene xpsE is required for xylanase and cellulase secretion and full virulence in X. oryzae pv. oryzae .     

菠萝泛菌与水稻白叶枯病菌双重PCR检测方法的建立与应用

近年来水稻发生了一种由菠萝泛菌Pantoea ananatis引起的新型细菌病害,其发生时期与白叶枯病相近,病症与白叶枯病类似。为了实现该病害与白叶枯病的快速检测,本研究基于泛菌属看家基因acnA,通过序列比对,设计了22对特异性引物,分别与已知的白叶枯病菌检测引物XOO80进行配对并筛选,建立了一种双重PCR检测方法,可从菠萝泛菌和白叶枯病菌中分别扩增出910 bp和162 bp的特异性条带,而其他10种非目标细菌均未有扩增条带,25μL体系中可稳定地从至少1 pg/μL的基因组DNA模板中扩增出特异性条带。本研究建立的菠萝泛菌与水稻白叶枯病菌双重PCR检测方法具有良好的特异性和灵敏度,为水稻细菌病害病原鉴定及防治提供了技术支撑。     

稻白叶枯病菌外泌蛋白激发子的活性测定及其纯化

采用(NH4)2SO4分步沉淀法,从水稻白叶枯病菌的培养液中分离到具有激发子活性的物质。该蛋白处理水稻,可使水稻体内与抗病性相关的苯丙氨酸解氨酶和过氧化物酶活性显著提高;在田间喷洒水稻叶片,可以显著提高水稻对白叶枯病菌的抗性,病斑长度明显降低。经滚动式等电聚焦电泳和离子交换层析分离,生测结果表明第II吸收峰具有生物活性;再经SDS PAGE电泳和考马斯亮蓝染色,第II吸收峰收集物有明显的一条带,相对分子质量为47 9kD。     

中国水稻白叶枯病菌毒性变异研究

 利用13个含已知抗病基因的近等基因系材料,在水稻孕穗期采用剪叶接种法对我国285个水稻白叶枯菌株(其中108个采集于1970~1992年,177个采集于2003~2004年)的致病力变异进行研究。结果表明,病菌的致病力呈现多样性。通过试验系统比较了不同时期病菌的毒性和小种组成变化。在此基础上对病菌群体毒性变化的原因进行了分析。     

Rapd Pcr-based differentiation of Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli and Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscans

A RAPD PCR-based method was used to differentiate between isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli and Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscans. Using random primer OP-G11, a single, high intensity band of 820 bp was amplified from DNAs of all X. c. pv. phaseoli var. fuscans isolates, while multiple amplification products of varying sizes were generated from X. c. pv. phaseoli DNAs. Whereas RAPD PCR differentiation gave an unambiguous result in under 4 h, standard differentiation by recording the production of a brown pigment by X. c. pv. phaseoli var. fuscans isolates took up to 7 days and showed variation both between isolates and between media. The unequivocal nature of the RAPD PCR method was demonstrated when isolate 408, originally classified as X. c. pv. phaseoli var. fuscans, failed to produce the 820 bp band typical of X. c. pv. phaseoli var. fuscans isolates, and after also failing to produce a brown pigment, was re-classified as X. c. pv. phaseoli.     

Baseline sensitivity of natural populations and resistance of mutants of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae to a novel bactericide,zinc thiazole

During 2009–2010, a total of 323 isolates of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae were obtained from rice with symptoms of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) in four provinces (Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui and Hubei) in China. These isolates were tested for baseline sensitivity to zinc thiazole, a novel bactericide with strong antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas. The sampled pathogenic population had similar sensitivity to zinc thiazole (0·1–16·8 mg L^?1) in all four regions and over the whole two‐year study period. The baseline sensitivity was distributed as a unimodal curve with a mean EC₅₀ value of 6·79 ± 1·61 mg L^?1. The risk of mutation to resistance of zinc thiazole in X. oryzae pv. oryzae was further evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Twelve zinc thiazole‐resistant mutants were obtained through ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, culturing on zinc thiazole‐amended nutrient agar (NA) plates, and culturing on zinc thiazole‐treated rice plants. These zinc thiazole‐resistant mutants had resistance factors (RF = EC₅₀ value of a mutant / EC₅₀ value of the wildtype parent of this mutant) of 12·4 to 186·1 with a mean RF value of 44·1. Mutants obtained via UV irradiation, culturing on NA plates and culturing on rice plants had mean RF values of 51·8, 24·5 and 14·4, respectively. All mutants showed decreases in resistance to zinc thiazole after 20 successive transfers on bactericide‐free media or 10 successive inoculation–reisolations on bactericide‐free rice plants. No significant difference was found in bacterial growth and sensitivity to bismerthiazol between zinc thiazole‐resistant mutants and their parents. However, a significant decrease was observed in the pathogenicity of zinc thiazole‐resistant mutants compared with their parents, especially for mutants obtained via UV irradiation.     

云南高原粳稻白叶枯病菌毒素及其与致病性关系

 为了探寻云南高原粳稻白叶枯病菌间毒素的差异及毒素与病菌致病性的关系,本研究选用致病性差异较大的3个云南高原粳稻白叶枯病菌株,采用乙酸乙酯法提取其毒素,用水稻幼苗浸根法和种子发芽抑制法测定毒素粗提物的生物活性,并用TLC法分析毒素组分及组分含量的差异。结果表明3个菌株单细胞产毒素量与菌株的致病性强弱成正相关;供试的3个菌株,无论其致病力强弱,其产生的毒素只要有足够的量,都能抑制水稻种子发芽,也能使水稻幼苗萎蔫,且毒素浓度越高,作用越明显;菌株间毒素组分和组分含量存在差异,一些特异的组分是否与其致病性有关,需要深入研究。     

水稻白叶枯病菌鞭毛基体基因fliExoo缺失突变分析

 为了阐明水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae,简称Xoo)鞭毛基体组分蛋白基因fliExoo的生物学功能,本研究用Gm^R抗性基因标记交换法成功构建了基因缺失突变体△fliExoo。与野生型菌株PXO99^A相比,△fliExoo鞭毛缺失,菌体易沉降,在0.3%半固体培养基上运动能力明显降低;尽管生长速率和胞外纤维素酶活性无明显变化,但胞外多糖产生和生物膜形成能力明显下降;对水稻品种日本晴的致病性和对非寄主烟草的致敏性反应明显减弱。基因互补可以使上述突变表型恢复。因此,鞭毛基因fliExoo突变不仅影响了细菌鞭毛依赖的运动性,而且对病原菌毒性相关的表型也产生了影响。     

我国水稻白叶枯病菌致病力分化研究

综述了我国水稻白叶枯病菌致病力分化及其致病基因和致病机制的研究进展 ,查明稻白叶枯病菌致病力分化状况是进行水稻抗白叶枯病育种及其抗性品种利用的基础。