垄作栽培对冬小麦根系活力和旗叶衰老的影响

为了明确垄作栽培条件下冬小麦根系活力与旗叶衰老的变化规律,采用垄作种植方式与传统平作栽培相比较的方法,研究了2种不同种植方式对2个小麦品种烟农19和济麦19根系活力及旗叶衰老的影响。结果表明,垄作栽培中由于小麦种植在垄顶上,0-60 cm土层根系干重较平作栽培增加12％以上,深层土壤(20-60 cm)根系活力得到极显著提高。在垄作栽培条件下,小麦生育后期旗叶叶绿素含量和光合速率较传统平作均有显著提高。开花15 d后,垄作栽培条件下的SOD、CAT、POD活性及可溶性蛋白质含量等较传统平作栽培均有显著提高,MDA含量显著降低。垄作栽培与传统平作栽培在同等节水条件下有利于提高小麦深层根系活力,延缓旗叶衰老。     

不同种植方式对小麦群体质量和产量结构的影响

为了深入研究小麦垄作栽培的增产机理,采用“大田切片法”研究了小麦不同种植方式（垄作和传统平作）的群体质量和产量结构。结果表明,垄作小麦冠层不同层次（上、中、下层）叶面积系数均高于平作小麦,并且群体透光率在各时期垄作也优于平作;垄作小麦的群体和旗叶光舍速率及干物质积累等指标也大于平作。表明小麦垄作栽培显著改善了群体质量。对小麦群体干物质的调查表明,垄作栽培提高了小麦茎秆基部充实度,因而垄作小麦的抗倒伏能力较强。垄作小麦较平作小麦增产11％左右。     

垄作栽培对小麦生理特性和产量的影响

为明确垄作栽培对小麦生理特性和产量的影响,以豫麦50（弱筋）、郑麦975（中筋）和藁麦8901（强筋）3个小麦品种为材料,分析了2种栽培方式（平作、垄作）下小麦生理特性和产量的差异。结果表明,垄作小麦灌浆后期旗叶生理活性高于平作。藁麦8901和豫麦50及郑麦975在灌浆后期旗叶SPAD值均是垄作高于平作,同时垄作栽培也有助于增强旗叶游离氨基酸含量和NR(硝酸还原酶)的活性,提高旗叶氮素同化能力,促进生育后期旗叶氮素向籽粒的再运转。垄作栽培小麦产量较传统平作有显著提高,增产幅度达9.26%～14.52％。垄作栽培主要通过增加小麦穗粒数或单位面积穗数来提高小麦产量,而对千粒重无显著影响。     

垄作栽培对小麦植株形态和产量性状的影响

为了明确不同栽培方式对小麦生长发育的影响,采用比较研究的方法,研究了传统平作和垄作对小麦植株形态和经济性状的影响。结果表明,与传统平作麦田相比,垄作小麦旗叶和倒二叶变小,而倒四和倒五叶变大,有利于构建“松塔型”的理想株型;灌浆中期垄作小麦各叶位叶片干重高于传统平作小麦的相应叶位叶片,而收获前又低于传统平作小麦的相应叶位叶片;垄作小麦开花期茎秆的干重高于传统平作小麦,而收获前又低于传统平作小麦,表明垄作小麦的茎秆和叶片对籽粒的贡献大于传统平作小麦;垄作栽培使小麦各节间,尤其是基部节间缩短,株高降低,有利于提高小麦的抗倒伏能力;垄作栽培提高了小麦的经济系数和经济产量以及籽粒容重。与传统平作相比,小麦垄作栽培更有利于构建理想株型,更好地发挥群体功能,提高产量。     

垄作栽培对小麦旗叶光合及叶绿素荧光特性的响应

为进一步探索垄作栽培小麦的增产机理,以传统平作为对照,研究了垄作对小麦旗叶光合、SPAD值以及叶绿素荧光特性和产量的影响。结果表明,与传统平作相比,垄作小麦后期光合速率优势明显;开花后垄作小麦旗叶叶绿素含量始终高于传统平作,开花10d后差异达显著水平;垄作和平作小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Fv、Fm在测定时期内均呈现下降趋势,且垄作高于平作;垄作小麦产量、穗粒数和千粒重较平作显著增加。说明小麦垄作栽培有利于优化小麦光合性能及产量构成,从而实现高产。     

氮肥运筹对垄作小麦生育后期光合特性及产量的影响

为给垄作小麦生产提供理论依据与技术支持,采用正交设计的试验方法,研究了氮素运筹对垄作小麦生育后期旗叶光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,适当增加施氮量,能够显著提高垄作小麦生育后期旗叶的光合速率及产量。在施氮量（纯氮）为每公顷250kg左右时,小麦旗叶光合速率最高,产量也最高。在氮肥用量一定的情况下,33％播种前基施,67％拔节期追施,小麦后期光合速率和产量最高。垄作小麦在开花期光合速率略低于平作小麦,但自灌浆开始旗叶光合速率一直高于传统平作小麦,且差异显著。虽然垄作小麦的公顷穗数显著小于平作小麦,但是前者的穗粒数和千粒重却都显著大于后者,因而垄作小麦的产量也显著高于平作小麦。在较高肥力条件下,小麦采用垄作栽培方式,氮肥总用量250kg／ha左右,基追比为1：2时,可以获得较高的籽粒产量。     

不同基因型冬小麦在两种栽培模式下蒸腾速率、光合速率和水分利用效率的比较研究

为寻找提高小麦水分利用效率的途径,以株型扩张品种烟农19、株型紧凑品种泰山23和株型半扩张品种济麦20为材料,比较研究了垄作(小水沟内渗灌)和平作(大水漫灌)两种栽培模式下小麦的水分利用效率.结果表明,不同基因型供试品种的叶片温度、籽粒产量和水分利用效率在两种栽培模式下存在显著差异,产量水平的水分利用效率与光合速率和蒸腾速率呈显著正相关.垄作小麦冠层为波浪状,有利于提高小麦的籽粒产量和水分利用效率.水分高效型品种与水分高效型栽培技术结合能够取得较高的水分利用效率.     

氮肥运筹对垄作小麦生育后期光合特性及产量的影响

为给垄作小麦生产提供理论依据与技术支持,采用正交设计的试验方法,研究了氮素运筹对垄作小麦生育后期旗叶光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明,适当增加施氮量,能够显著提高垄作小麦生育后期旗叶的光合速率及产量.在施氮量(纯氮)为每公顷250 kg左右时,小麦旗叶光合速率最高,产量也最高.在氮肥用量一定的情况下,33%播种前基施,67%拔节期追施,小麦后期光合速率和产量最高.垄作小麦在开花期光合速率略低于平作小麦,但自灌浆开始旗叶光合速率一直高于传统平作小麦,且差异显著.虽然垄作小麦的公顷穗数显著小于平作小麦,但是前者的穗粒数和千粒重却都显著大于后者,因而垄作小麦的产量也显著高于平作小麦.在较高肥力条件下,小麦采用垄作栽培方式,氮肥总用量250 kg/ha左右,基追比为1∶2时,可以获得较高的籽粒产量.     

垄作栽培条件下小麦群体特征的研究

为给小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)高产高效栽培提供依据,充分发挥当前主栽品种的增产潜力,在大田生产条件下,利用山东省主栽小麦品种济麦20、烟农19、济麦19和泰山23,研究了垄作(Raised bedplanting,RBP)和传统平作(Conventional flat planting,CFP)两种种植方式对小麦群体特征的影响.结果表明,垄作种植方式能够明显抑制春季无效分蘖的发生,培育壮蘖,提高分蘖成穗率;垄作种植方式使小麦冠层由传统平作的水平状改为波浪状,显著改善了植株下部叶片的可受光量,提高了倒四叶对产量的贡献率;垄作种植方式能够使小麦群体获得较高水平的叶面积系数,显著增加地上部干物质积累量;株型扩张型小麦品种更适合垄作种植.2年重复试验表明,垄作种植方式能够培育健壮小麦群体,发挥小麦优良品种的增产潜力,提高小麦产量.     

垄作栽培条件下作物生理特性研究进展

为了从生理角度分析垄作栽培对作物的影响,综述了垄作栽培技术对作物生长的田间小气候环境影响,比较了垄作栽培和传统平作条件下作物光合作用的强弱和作物生理酶活性的高低,分析了垄作栽培下作物增产效应和成因。     

Bed planting of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)improves nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield compared to flat planting

Conventional flat planting is commonly used for growing wheat in Pakistan and the crop is irrigated by flood irrigation, but it leads to ineffective use of applied nitrogen owing to poor aeration and leaching and volatilization losses. The practice also results in greater crop lodging, lower water use efficiency, and crusting of the soil surface. In contrast, bed planting of wheat not only saves water but improves fertilizer use efficiency and grain yield. Three years of pooled data from the present study showed that wheat planting on beds and nitrogen application at 120 kg ha-1produced 15.06% higher grain yield than flat planting at the same nitrogen rate. Similarly, 25.04%, 15.02%, 14.59%, and 29.83% higher nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use, and agronomic and recovery efficiencies, respectively, were recorded for bed compared to flat planting. Wheat planting on beds with a nitrogen application of80 kg ha-1gave a yield similar to that of flat planting with 120 kg ha-1nitrogen. However,the economic return was 29% higher in bed planting as compared to flat planting, when nitrogen was applied at 120 kg ha-1.     

不同栽培方式下小麦灌浆期群体素质的研究

为进一步明确小麦垄作栽培的增产机理,以济麦20号为供试品种,于灌浆中期对垄作小麦和平作小麦分别进行大田层切,研究了垄作栽培对小麦灌浆中期群体素质的影响.结果表明,与传统平作栽培相比,垄作栽培条件下,小麦灌浆中期群体从底部到顶部各层次相对光强增加,以40～50 cm增加幅度最大,群体内光分布得到优化;各层次单位面积功能叶片(绿色叶片)、功能叶鞘(绿色叶鞘)和茎秆干重增加,枯叶片干重减少,尤以中、下部较为明显;穗层上部穗干重大幅度增加,下落穗减少,穗层整齐.这些群体指标的改善,证明垄作栽培麦田群体素质较高,有利于高产低耗目标的实现.     

绿洲灌区垄作沟灌栽培对春小麦生长和产量的影响

针对绿洲灌区水资源供需矛盾突出的问题,采用春小麦垄作沟灌的方法,研究了垄作沟灌栽培对春小麦生长和产量的影响。结果表明,垄作沟灌栽培促进了春小麦根系的发育和地上部的生长。与平作相比,0～20、20～50和50～100cm土层内根长分别增加39.21%～40.60%、26.99%～27.58%和39.43%～59.49%,叶面积系数增加0.22～1.16,地上部分干物质积累量增加9.56%～42.68%,株高降低6.41cm。在相同灌溉定额下,垄作春小麦增产7.18%～34.97%,平均穗粒数和千粒重分别增加10.35%和5.05%,水分利用效率提高0.31～0.16kg·mm-1,说明垄作栽培具有明显的节水增产效果。     

Wheat cropping systems and technologies in China

Chinese wheat (Triticum aestivum) production has developed rapidly during the last 57 years, largely due to improved crop management technologies and new varieties. The history of wheat planting technologies in China was reviewed, and the physiological mechanisms that allow wheat to attain high yield under these planting systems were analyzed. The use of leaf number and stage of development to indicate the optimum timing for applications of fertilizers and irrigation water, and uniform seeding at reduced seeding rates to control lodging contributed significantly to the substantial progress in wheat productivity. However, flood irrigation and tillage-based practices also resulted in serious problems, including a decline in soil fertility and quality, environmental pollution, and inefficient use of water resources. The major future challenges facing wheat production are to improve water and nutrient use efficiency. Conservation agriculture-based resource conservation technologies such as zero or reduced tillage, flat or raised bed-planting systems, and rational management of crop residues to eliminate burning in the field are among the strategies we strongly recommend for improving agricultural environments and stabilizing/increasing wheat production in China.     

吉林半干旱区不同灌溉方式对土壤水分变化及玉米产量的影响

通过对常规垄灌溉、固定隔沟灌溉和交替隔沟灌溉的试验对比,交替隔沟灌溉水量仅为常规沟灌的1/2,有一半左右的地表面处于相对干燥状态,水分渗入率较大,提高了土壤对灌溉水和自然降雨的储存与利用,有利于对有限的水资源进行合理分配和充分利用。运用交替隔沟灌溉技术能提高作物对垄两侧土壤中养料、水分等的利用效率,作物根系进行干湿交替锻炼后,刺激根系生长,提高根系活力,一定程度增强植株抵御干旱的能力,更利于作物健康生长,交替隔沟灌溉是具有较强实用性的大田节水灌溉方法。     

Responses of rainwater conservation, precipitation-use efficiency and grain yield of summer maize to a furrow-planting and straw-mulching system in northern China

In the rain-fed areas of northern China, maize (Zea mays L.) is a main field crop, as it is well adapted to high temperatures and bright sunshine. However, low and variable rainfall and high evapotranspiration rates are common in water-limited environments during the growing season, and often mismatched rainfall events with the critical growth stages, making yield unstable. In this study, the performance of a furrow-planting and straw-mulching system was compared with the conventional flat-planting system in a double-crop culture of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize for two consecutive years (2005-2006 and 2006-2007). The four tested treatments were: conventional flat planting (F), furrow planting between ridges (B), flat planting with wheat straw-mulching (FS), and furrow planting between ridges with wheat-straw mulch (BS). Soil water content and leaf area index (LAI) were measured throughout the growing season each year, and grain yield and precipitation-use efficiency (PUE_Y) were determined.On average, ridge tillage combined with furrow planting increased maize yield by 430 kg ha⁻¹ (7.3%) and PUE_Y by 10.7% (1.5 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹), compared with the conventional flat planting; furrow planting coupled with straw mulching increased yield by an additional 16.9% and PUE_Y by 19.4%, respectively. From jointing to maturity, LAI values of BS were significantly higher than those of F-system (55.6% vs. 26.1% in 2006 and 81.4% vs. 21.7% in 2007). Our data suggest that maize production adopted by furrow planting with straw-covered ridges performed best under seasonal average rainfall below 480 mm, which was associated with better synchronization of seasonal soil water supply and crop needs, leading to improved maize yield and PUE_Y.     

垄作栽培对夏玉米根系和叶片生长发育及产量性状的影响研究

研究了不同栽培方式对夏玉米根系及叶片生长发育和主要产量性状的影响。结果表明：垄作栽培夏玉米与传统平作栽培相比,根系发达,0～50 cm土层各层次根系干重均增加;各叶位叶片宽度增加,长度基部1～5叶位缩短、中上部增加;各期叶面积系数都较大。垄作栽培比传统平作增产12.1%。     

绿洲灌区垄作沟灌啤酒大麦的产量及节水效应研究

为了提高绿洲灌区的水资源利用效率,研究了啤酒大麦垄作沟灌栽培的产量效应及节水效果。结果表明,垄作栽培方式有较好的增产、节水、增温效应,与平作栽培相比,4、5月份5cm土层的温度分别提高1.27℃和1.39℃,垄作沟灌栽培啤酒大麦田间长势优于平作栽培,对土壤水分的消耗相对增大,水分对产量的贡献率提高,增产节水效果显著。在相同的灌溉定额下,垄作沟灌较平作栽培啤酒大麦千粒重增加2.10～5.37g,穗粒数增加0.7～7.2粒,产量增加480.5～1 983.6kg.hm-2,增幅6.86%～55.05%,水分利用效率提高5.18%～35.40%,节水1 500m3.hm-2,节水增产效果显著。     

风沙半干旱区旱地玉米提高降水生产效率的栽培技术研究

研究垄膜沟种微集雨和全地面平铺覆膜栽培技术对提高旱地玉米天然降水利用率的影响。结果表明,田间沟垄微集雨结合覆盖有效地利用了垄膜的集雨和沟覆盖的蓄水保墒功能,改变了降雨的时空分布,使降雨集中在沟内,明显提高了降雨的利用率,特别是5 mm左右微小降雨的利用率。全地面平铺覆盖栽培最大限度降低了土壤水分的无效蒸发,达到保墒的目的。田间沟垄微集雨技术和全地面平铺覆盖栽培技术能增加玉米产量,提高降水利用率。