Use of insecticides to control screw-worm fly strike by Chrysomya bezziana in cattle

Some insecticides to control and prevent screw-worm fly strike by Chrysomya bezziana in calves and adult cattle were tested in field trials on cattle in Sabah, East Malaysia. Ivermectin injected subcutaneously in newborn calves at 200 mu/kg provided 10 days protection from screw-worm fly strike, which allowed navels to dry. Ivermectin, 1% dichlofenthion plus gentian violet and 3% lindane plus pine oil smear were all effective in preventing re-strike of treated wounds in adult cattle. A single subcutaneous injection of ivermectin at 200 mu/kg was effective, whereas it was necessary to re-apply the dichlofenthion and lindane smear preparations every 48h.     

Cytological analysis of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Part 2: Comparison of smear and cytocentrifuged preparations

The aim of this study was to develop a diagnostically useful smear method for preparation of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) for use by practitioners. A smear method for equine BALF preparation which included the addition of serum was developed, and cell morphology, differential cell counts (DCC) and repeatability of counting DCC compared with those of cytocentrifuged BALF preparations. BALF samples (n = 21) were collected from 5 control horses and 5 heaves-susceptible horses. Smear preparations of BALF produced smaller, darker, staining cells, making cytological identification more difficult than on cytocentrifuged preparations. There was a significantly higher (P<0.01) macrophage DCC and lower lymphocyte DCC on cytocentrifuged compared to smear preparations. Mast cell and eosinophil DCC were significantly higher (P<0.05) on cytocentrifuged compared to smear preparations of BALF. Smear preparations were shown to be reliable for the cytological diagnosis of equine neutrophilic pulmonary disease and offer practitioners an alternative to sending equine BALF to a laboratory for processing and cytological analysis.     

Evaluation of rapid staining techniques for cytologic diagnosis of intracranial lesions

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate 4 rapid supravital stains and 3 preparation techniques for use in the intraoperative diagnosis of intracranial lesions. ANIMALS: 10 dogs and 1 cat euthanatized for intracranial lesions. PROCEDURE: Specimens were taken from lesions and slides prepared, using 3 techniques: touch impression, medium-pressure impression, or smear preparation. Preparations were then stained with 4 stains: modified Wright stain, May-Grünwald-Giemsa, toluidine blue, and zynostain and examined in a blinded randomized fashion. Cytologic diagnosis was compared with histopathologic diagnosis and classified on the basis of identification of the pathologic process and specific diagnosis into the following categories: complete correlation, partial correlation, or no correlation. RESULTS: An overall diagnostic accuracy of 81% (107/132) was achieved on the basis of a combination of partial and complete correlation. Of the stains examined, modified Wright stain appeared to be most accurate, with complete correlation in 17 of 33 (52%) specimens and partial correlation in 12 of 33 (36%) specimens. Of the preparation methods, touch preparation and smear preparation provided the most accurate results, with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 82% (36/44) for both methods. However, smear preparations appeared to be of greater diagnostic value, with fewer nondiagnostic specimens, compared with touch preparations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cytologic preparations provide a useful diagnostic tool for the intraoperative diagnosis of intracranial lesions. All stains examined yielded promising results, the most accurate of which appeared to be the modified Wright stain. The smear preparation appeared to be the preparation method of greatest diagnostic value.     

微生态制剂对肉鸡生长性能、免疫功能、肠道菌群及血清生化指标的影响

为研究微生态制剂对肉鸡生长性能、免疫功能、肠道菌群及血清生化指标的影响,试验选用1日龄AA肉仔鸡800只,随机分为5组,每组8个重复,每个重复20只。对照组肉鸡饲喂基础日粮,微生态制剂组在基础日粮中依次添加剂量0.1%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%的微生态制剂,试验期42 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,日粮中添加0.2%、0.4%和0.6%的微生态制剂显著提高肉仔鸡末重(P<0.05),微生态制剂组肉鸡的平均日增重均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),日粮中添加0.2%、0.4%和0.6%的微生态制剂显著降低料重比(P<0.05);日粮中添加微生态制剂可以提高肉鸡血清IgG水平,且0.4%微生态制剂组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,日粮中添加0.2%、0.4%和0.6%的微生态制剂可显著降低肉鸡肠道中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量(P<0.05),且0.4%添加量组的效果显著优于其他添加量组(P<0.05);日粮中添加0.2%、0.4%和0.6%的微生态制剂可显著增加肉鸡肠道找那个乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量(P<0.05);日粮中添加0.2%、0.4%和0.6%的微生态制剂可显著提高肉鸡血清总蛋白含量,降低血糖含量(P<0.05)。研究表明,在肉鸡日粮中添加微生态制剂能够提高肉鸡的生长性能,提高机体免疫力,改善肠道菌群结构,最适添加量为0.4%。     

Responses of non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes on digestibility and performance of growing pigs fed a diet based on corn, soya bean meal and Chinese double-low rapeseed meal

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of two distinct enzyme preparations on nutrients' digestibility and growth performance of growing pigs fed diets based on corn, soya bean meal and Chinese double-low rapeseed meal (DLRM). The two enzyme preparations were Enzyme R, a preparation extracted from fermentation of a non-GMO fungus Penicillum funiculosum, developed for multi-grain and multi-animal species; and Enzyme P, a xylanase preparation from Trichoderma longibrachiatum, for pigs fed corn-based diets only. Both enzymes were tested at 0, 0.25 and 0.50 g/kg feed using 70 crossbred male pigs (Large Yorkshire x Landrace) in five dietary treatments and seven replicates in each treatment, for growth period from 27 to 68 kg live weight in 49 days. Results showed that the supplementation of both enzymes (1) increased total-tract digestibility of dietary energy from 77.5% (control) to 81.4% (Enzyme R, p < 0.05) and 81.9% (Enzyme P, p < 0.05); of neutral detergent fibre from 41.0% (control) to 57.8% (Enzyme R, p < 0.05) and 60.0% (Enzyme P, p < 0.05); (2) improved average daily gain from 786 g (control) to 829 g (Enzyme R, p < 0.05) and 846 g (Enzyme P, p < 0.05); and numerical increases in feed intake from 1.96 kg/pig/day (control) to 2.01 (Enzyme R) and 2.00 (p > 0.05) and feed conversion ratio from 2.50 (control) to 2.42 (Enzyme R) and 2.36 (Enzyme P, p < 0.05); (3) there was a dose response but no significant differences were observed in enzyme efficacy between the two enzyme preparations. The present study demonstrated beneficial effects of applying xylanase-based enzymes to improve feeding values of pig diets based on corn, soya bean meal and DLRM.     

Comparison of antipseudomonad activity of chlorine dioxide/chlorous acid-containing gel with commercially available antiseptics

A chlorine dioxide-containing gel was compared with 3 commercially available antimicrobials and 1 antibiotic intended for topical use. This gel was tested at 0.5 X and 4 X and was found to be more effective as a 4 X gel in treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected excised wounds on mice. To further compare this gel with other antiseptics, a murine bioassay was developed. This wound model consisted of an excised cutaneous wound on the dorsum of mice which were irradiated (800 rad) and inoculated with P aeruginosa at 10-fold dilutions, from 10(-2) to 10(-10). The wounds were observed for latency of infection or mice survival time as a function of concentration of viable organisms remaining after treatment. The advantage of this model was demonstrated where a standard curve based on latency did not consume as many test subjects and yet provided an estimate of viable organisms in each wound. In this model, the chlorine dioxide-containing gel was more active than were preparations of providone-iodine, chlorhexidene, or silver sulfadiazine and was similar to polymyxin-bacitracin-neomycin ointment as a topical antiseptic. The effectiveness of the tested gel was reduced if delays in treatment were longer than 1 hour.     

A method for preparation of IgA from bovine mammary secretions.

A method for preparing purified IgA from bovine mammary secretions is described. Whey was initially fractionated by gel filtration and fractions containing IgA were pooled, concentrated and digested with pepsin. The digest was rechromatographed on the same type of gel twice and the resulting IgA preparation tested for purity by an enzyme immunoassay procedure. Five different preparations tested were found to contain no measureable IgM or IgG2 and 0.8% to 1.1% IgG1 on a weight basis. If colostral whey was digested with pepsin prior to chromatography, the IgA preparations contained 1.1% to 2% IgG1 and no measureable IgM and IgG2. The procedure provides a reasonably easy method of eliminating most of the contaminating IgG1 (dimeric) and allows preparation of quantities of IgA for immunochemical studies and standardization of serological techniques.     

Specificity of an immunochromatographic test for anthrax

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the specificity of an immunochromatographic test (ICT) for anthrax in cattle. DESIGN: A comparison of an ICT with blood smear and culture in uninfected cattle. PROCEDURE: Two hundred and forty blood samples were collected from dead cattle at two knackeries within Victoria and tested on-site with an ICT for the detection of protective antigen (PA) of Bacillus anthracis. Blood smears were prepared on-site and blood samples transported to the laboratory for aerobic and anaerobic culture. The results of the ICT were compared with blood smear and culture. Animals were regarded as not infected with B anthracis if the organism was not detected in a stained blood smear or on culture. Ten healthy yearling cattle were vaccinated with live spore anthrax vaccine and blood samples collected on days 0 to 7 and day 15 were tested in the ICT for the presence of PA. RESULTS: All blood samples from the 240 knackery cattle were ICT, smear and culture negative. All blood samples from the 10 vaccinated cattle were ICT negative. CONCLUSION: The ICT is a test with high specificity in cattle (98.5 to 100%; 95% CI) and recent vaccination of cattle does not give rise to positive reactions.     

P-2 Evaluation of the influence of sex, diet and time on skin pH and surface lipids of cats

Liquorice, a derivative of the root of Glycyrrhizia glabra, has been proposed as a treatment for gastric ulcers. Here, a preparation of liquorice combined with sesame oil was evaluated in experimental wound healing. The study was carried out in two female 10-month-old Holstein calves. An area of 10 × 10 cm on each side of the thorax of the animals was surgically prepared and infiltrated with local anaesthetic. Eight uniform skin wounds were created in two rows with an 8-mm biopsy punch on each prepared area. Each side of an animal was used to evaluate one treatment (Groups 1–4). To make the mixture, powdered and sieved liquorice (16 g) was mixed with sesame oil (36 g) to make a suspension. The wounds were treated for 7 days. The wounds of Groups 1–3 were rinsed daily with normal saline, after which the mixture of liquorice and sesame oil (Group 1) or only the sesame oil (Group 2) was applied to the wounds. In Group 4, no treatment was applied. All wounds were left open. On day 8, skin biopsies were taken from the wounds for histopathologic study. In Group 1, seven wounds (87%) showed moderate granulation tissue, mild scab formation, and complete re-epithelialization. In Group 2, there was massive scab formation with no granulation tissue and minimal re-epithelialization. In Groups 3 and 4, mild granulation tissue, severe scab formation and very limited re-epithelialization were observed. We conclude that a preparation of liquorice and sesame oil can be an effective remedy for wound healing.
Funding: Self-funded.     

不同处理凤仙花对瘤胃微生物体外产甲烷及发酵特性的影响

本研究旨在分析不同处理凤仙花(Impatiens balsamina)对瘤胃微生物体外产甲烷( CH4)及发酵特性的影响.试验采集装有永久性瘤胃瘘管牛瘤胃液,以稻草粉、玉米粉和黄豆粉为人工饲料,通过体外培养法研究了凤仙花水浸提液、乙醇浸提液和固体粉剂3种处理方式不同添加量(0.5％、1.0％和2.5％)对气体产生以及瘤胃发酵参数pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)和微生物蛋白质(MCP)的影响.结果表明,凤仙花固体粉剂累积产气量最高,平均比对照提高了56.8％,乙醇浸提液和水浸提液分别平均比对照提高了24.7％和14.1％;凤仙花明显提高CO2含量,降低CH4和pH,且添加量越大,效果越明显,2.5％固体粉剂完全抑制CH4生成.凤仙花明显提高MCP含量,降低NH3-N含量,其中固体粉剂效果最显著,水浸提液效果最差.固体粉剂3个添加量使MCP含量分别比对照提高了84.9％、139.7％和199.7％ (P ＜0.05),NH3-N含量分别比对照降低了41.1％、52.2％和55.4％ (P＜0.05).结果提示,体外培养条件下,凤仙花明显降低CH4生成、提高CO2生成,并促进NH3-N向MCP转化,且固体粉剂处理效果最好.     

SEMEN COLLECTION AND EVALUATION IN THE RAM: The Preparation of Spermatozoa for Morphological Examination

Tail and mid-piece morphology of ram spermatozoa were compared using wet preparations of semen diluted in buffered formal saline at temperatures of 10 degrees C and 65 degrees C. The temperature of the diluent did not affect the occurrence of abnormalities. Tail and mid-piece morphology were also examined in semen smears stained by a modified Williams' stain using glass slides at temperatures of 10 degrees C, 38 degrees C and 65 degrees C. The occurrence of the abnormalities was not affected by the slide temperature. The occurrence of tail and mid-piece abnormalities was compared using the 2 methods of preparation. Only the occurrence of distal cytoplasmic droplets was affected by the method of preparation. In the stained smear preparations, most of the distal cytoplasmic droplets were lost. However, only a few of the proximal droplets were lost when this method was used.     

The digestibility of milk substitutes with various soybean products in young calves

Digestibility trials were performed to study the suitability of mixtures made up of treated soybean and whey powder for replacing skim milk powder. Three different milk replacers were used, the replacers T-18/II and T-18/III containing Plyllac preparations manufactured by different technologies. When using the T-18 preparation with 18% fat content it was found that the protein source may contain 25% Plyllac preparation and 11% sweet whey powder. In two cases, at the age of 5 and 7 weeks, the digestibility of the crude protein in the T-18/II preparation was found to deteriorate significantly. For this reason, the authors suggest this milk replacer to be used from the 5th week of life. Trials were performed with 3 milk replacers (lactine preparations) containing Plyllac preparations of different manufacturing technology (35%), treated soybean (10%) and sweet whey powder (10%). It was found that the use of Plyllac preparations, i.e. of treated soybean in larger amounts causes the nutrient digestibility, mainly that of crude protein, to be significantly lower at the age of 3 and 5 weeks than that at the age of 7 to 9 weeks. No significant differences were found in the digestibility of the various Plyllac preparations manufactured by different technologies. The milk replacer lactine is recommended for use from the 5th week of life on.     

检测实验动物弓形虫感染的两种PCR方法的建立和比较

为了建立敏感、稳定、特异的PCR检测体系，用于实验动物弓形虫感染的检测。采用B1基因设计引物，建立常规PCR，用P30基因设计引物，建立巢式PCR；用两种PCR方法检测实验感染弓形虫小鼠血液和腹腔波中的DNA动态变化；用巢式PCR检测自然状态下的普通级豚鼠、教学和科研用兔的弓形虫感染率，并和常规PCR检到结果比较。结果，巢式PCR可检测到1fgDNA含量，比常规PCR敏感lOO倍；对其他微生物DNA无交叉现象，特异性强；对同一样品重复检测3次，阴、阳性结果一致，稳定性好。小鼠感染弓形虫2d后，巢式PCR对小民腹腔液的阳性检出率为83．3％，对血液的阳性检出率为33．3％；感染3d后，腹腔液阳性检出率为100％；而常规PCR在小鼠感染3d和4d后才能在腹腔液和血液中检测到，检出率各为16．7％。受检普通级豚鼠没有感染弓形虫，教学和科研用兔的弓形虫总感染率为14．3％。结论认为，巢式PCR方法可用于实验动物弓形虫早期感染的检测，具有敏感性高、特务性强、稳定性好的特点。     

FC‐61 The role of a liquorice preparation in healing of experimental wounds in calves: a histopathologic study

Liquorice, a derivative of the root of Glycyrrhizia glabra, has been proposed as a treatment for gastric ulcers. Here, a preparation of liquorice combined with sesame oil was evaluated in experimental wound healing. The study was carried out in two female 10‐month‐old Holstein calves. An area of 10 × 10 cm on each side of the thorax of the animals was surgically prepared and infiltrated with local anaesthetic. Eight uniform skin wounds were created in two rows with an 8‐mm biopsy punch on each prepared area. Each side of an animal was used to evaluate one treatment (Groups 1–4). To make the mixture, powdered and sieved liquorice (16 g) was mixed with sesame oil (36 g) to make a suspension. The wounds were treated for 7 days. The wounds of Groups 1–3 were rinsed daily with normal saline, after which the mixture of liquorice and sesame oil (Group 1) or only the sesame oil (Group 2) was applied to the wounds. In Group 4, no treatment was applied. All wounds were left open. On day 8, skin biopsies were taken from the wounds for histopathologic study. In Group 1, seven wounds (87%) showed moderate granulation tissue, mild scab formation, and complete re‐epithelialization. In Group 2, there was massive scab formation with no granulation tissue and minimal re‐epithelialization. In Groups 3 and 4, mild granulation tissue, severe scab formation and very limited re‐epithelialization were observed. We conclude that a preparation of liquorice and sesame oil can be an effective remedy for wound healing. Funding: Self‐funded.     

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS

Lesions of suspected bovine tuberculosis were examined by culture, histopathology and auramine-O (AO) stained smears and the findings correlated with field aspects of the disease. Of 642 lesions considered to be tuberculous, 62.0% yielded M. bovis and 4.5% other mycobacteria (OM). M. bovis and OM were recovered also from 0.6% and 3.6% respectively of 165 cattle which gave tuberculin reactions but had no visible lesions at slaughter. Of 262 lesions in which a histopathological diagnosis other than tuberculosis was made, 1.5% and 3.0% yielded M. bovis and OM respectively. All OM isolates tested belonged to the Mycobacterium-avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum (MAIS) complex with a predominance of serotype 2. A good relationship was found between the recovery of mycobacteria and histopathology but examination of smears revealed 22.0% apparent false negatives. Apparent false negative culture results were also reported for 35.8% of lesions positive on histopathology and smear examination. The majority of herds yielding M. bovis contained reactors to the tuberculin test and many of these had lesions of tuberculosis. In contrast, herds yielding OM seldom contained reactors to the tuberculin test and rarely reactors with tuberculous lesions. The thoracic cavity was the main site of lesions from infections by M. bovis and OM.     

Inhibitory effects of organic acids and salts on selected micromycetes]

Inhibitory effects of two fungistatic preparations (A and B) and of propionic acid were tested in a complete feed mixture for broiler chickens (starter mixture). The water content of this mixture was 25.4%, environmental temperature was 24 degrees C and relative air humidity 90%. Propionic acid, which has a high fungistatic effect, served as a standard. The composition of the preparation A was as follows: propionic acid, acetic acid, sorbic acid, citric acid and calcium propionate. The preparation B contained: sorbic acid, citric acid and calcium propionate. Examinations were performed in a naturally contaminated and subsequently sterilized (25 kGy) feed mixture; it was then infected with Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, A. parasiticus and Penicillium purpurogenum from the Collection of Animal Pathogenic Microorganisms, Brno. A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. glaucus, Penicillium sp., Absidia corymbifera, Mucor sp., Rhizomucor pusillus were detected in the naturally contaminated feed mixture. The mycoflora which was found in the native substrate was resistant to both tested fungistatic preparations; and this resulted in mycelium growth from 7th day of incubation. The efficiency of the preparations A,B and of propionic acid in the feed mixture was identical at concentrations of 4 mg/kg, 7 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg, respectively, and their inhibitory effects were lowest at these concentrations (Fig. 2). A high water content in the nutrient substrate resulted in the rapid growth of fungi of the Mucorales species. The relative humidity of the environment (90%) and water content of tested samples affected markedly micromycetes growth in this experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Cross-reactions of bovine herpesvirus 1 antigens with those of other cattle herpesviruses

Bovine embryonic kidney cells were infected with bovine herpesviruses (BHV1, 2, or 3), suid herpesvirus 1 (SHV1), or were sham-inoculated. When cytopathic effect was apparent, the cells were solubilized using Triton X-100 detergent. Resulting antigen preparations were tested by 2-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis using bovine fetal serum and antisera directed against BHV1, BHV2, BHV3, SHV1 or a restricted spectrum of BHV1 antigens. Interaction of BHV1 antiserum with BHV1 antigen preparations resulted in 11 precipitation arcs. The same antiserum produced 3 arcs with BHV2, none with BHV3, and 5 with SHV1. The interaction of BHV1 antigen preparations with BHV2, BHV3, or SHV1 antisera failed to produce demonstrable arcs. However, when heterologous antigen or antibody preparations were added to BHV1 homologous 2-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis tests, all 11 BVH1 arcs were modified by BHV1, 2 by BHV2, 4 by BHV3 and 4 by SHV1 preparations. Two antigens were common to the 4 herpesviruses. Antigen preparations were tested for their ability to inhibit virus neutralization by BHV1 antiserum; only the BHV1 preparation was active. Sera were tested for BHV1 neutralizing activity; only BHV1 antiserum and a serum specific for a restricted spectrum of BHV1 antigens were active. A glycoprotein antigen associated with BHV1 neutralization was identified which may be important in the protection of animals against disease.     

草坪喷播专用粘着剂及其配料的研究

课题研制的两个剂型草坪喷播专用粘着剂，能明显提高土壤中水稳性团粒结构的含量，在相同粘度下土壤中1－5mm粒级的水稳性团粒结构的含量比使用进口FIN500粉剂处理高16．6－23．4个百分点，能有效地防止斜坡的浅层滑坡及径流。在粘接性上乳液粘着剂优于进口粉剂，自产粉剂与进口粉剂基本上相同。试验及大面积应用结构表明，草坪喷播专用粘着剂及其它配料，粘接性好、无毒、无害，促进草坪草生长，可代替国外同类产品。     

A field trial, of preshipment vaccination, with intranasal infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-parainfluenza-3 vaccines.

A total of 849 calves, 278 controls, 335 vaccinated intranasally with IBR-PI3/TS and 236 vaccinated intranasally with IBR-PI3/PTC were studied in a field trial of preimmunization. All calves were vaccinated in Saskatchewan at least three weeks prior to shipment to feedlots. Four hundred and twenty six calves were not sold within eight weeks of vaccination; however, seven of these died within four weeks of vaccination. Treatment rates varied from 1.0% to 5.2%. There was no significant effect of vaccination on treatment rates. Similarly, there was no significant effect of vaccination in the 74 calves sold to feedlots in Saskatchewan. Three hundred and forty nine calves were sold to feedlots in Ontario. Two of these died from fibrinous pneumonia. Treatment rates varied from 1.7% to 33.3% in different feedlots, but there was no significant effect of vaccination on treatment rates. Therefore, preimmunization is unlikely to significantly reduce the overall treatment rate in calves entering feedlots.     

Modulary effects of temperature on antibody response and specific resistance to challenge of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, immunized against Edwardsiella ictaluri

The effects of various temperature treatments on the level of the humoral antibody response in channel catfish immunized with formalin killed Edwardsiella ictaluri was determined in laboratory controlled experiments. Immunized fish that were held at 25 degrees C for 30 days and 12 degrees C for an additional 30 days had higher antibody titers, and were more protected upon challenge, than immunized fish held at 25 degrees C for 60 days. Also immunized catfish held at 25 degrees C for 5 or 10 days followed by 12 degrees C water had higher antibody titers than immunized fish held at 12 degrees C or 25 degrees C for 60 days. In a field experiment carried out during winter and spring (February-May) fingerling channel catfish were vaccinated with E. ictaluri using intraperitoneal injection or immersion with either sonicated or whole cell preparations. Following challenge, the fish vaccinated by immersion in the sonicated preparation had 11.8% mortality whereas the groups immersed in whole cell bacterin, injected with the whole cell bacterin in adjuvant, or injected with sonicate showed 24.6, 57.9 and 41.7% mortality, respectively. Although the fish vaccinated by immersion with the sonicated bacteria had lower antibody titers than those vaccinated by the other methods the immersion vaccinates were more protected against challenge with the pathogen.