不同水氮水平对全立架露地栽培伽师瓜光合特性与水分利用效率的影响

探讨不同水氮水平对全立架露地栽培伽师瓜膨果初期挂果叶片光合特性及水分利用效率日变化的影响,以期为全立架露地栽培伽师瓜的合理水氮管理提供依据。田间试验于2012年在新疆全立架栽培伽师瓜主产县岳普湖县进行,灌水定额3个水平为:5250、6750、8250m3·hm-2;施氮量3个水平为:0、225、375kg·hm-2;灌溉方式为沟灌。结果表明:全立架露地栽培伽师瓜膨果初期挂果叶片净光合速率日变化及气孔导度日变化均呈双峰曲线型,不同水氮水平下净光合速率的峰值分别出现在11:00-13:00和17:00左右,光合"午休"出现在15:00左右。6750、8250m3·hm-2的灌水量提高叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率的效果明显,且具有较低的气孔限制值,但8250m3·hm-2高灌水量的瞬时水分利用效率低于6750m3·hm-2灌水量6.7%;适宜的灌水量下,225、375kg·hm-2的施氮量可提高叶片的净光合速率和瞬时水分利用效率,且程度相近。适宜喀什地区全立架露地栽培伽师瓜膨果初期挂果叶片进行光合作用的水氮组合为施氮素225kg·hm-2、灌水6750m3·hm-2,其在获得较高净光合速率的同时,也有助于水分利用效率的保持。     

高灌蓝莓光合作用对若干环境因子的响应

研究了4个高灌蓝莓品种( ‘泽西’、‘日出’、‘乔治亚吉姆’和‘里维尔’) 的光合作用启动过程, 及其光合作用对环境因子的响应。结果表明: 4个品种的光合启动时间均较长(46～75 min) , 其中‘里维尔’的光合启动最快, ‘日出’最慢。这4种蓝莓的CO₂补偿点均较高(89～121 μmol·mol^-1 ) , 是典型的C3 植物。相对南高灌蓝莓品种, 北高灌品种‘日出’和‘泽西’具有较高的光合能力、羧化效率、PSⅡ最大光化学效率和饱和光强, ‘日出’的光补偿点最低(18.22 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 ) , 具备耐阴生树种的特征。北高灌品种的光合最适温度较低, 范围也较窄(23～25℃) , 不适宜在南方高温地区种植; 相比之下, 南高灌品种‘里维尔’具有较高和较宽的光合最适温范围(23～35℃) , 适宜引种的区域范围较宽。     

Response of four olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars to six B concentrations: Growth performance,nutrient status and gas exchange parameters

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of boron (B) on growth, nutrient status, B distribution and gas exchange parameters of olive plants (Olea europaea L.). One-year-old own-rooted olive plants of the Greek cultivars Megaritiki, Chondrolia Chalkidikis, Amfissis and Kalamon were grown in a sand–perlite medium and irrigated with nutrient solutions containing: 0.27, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg L⁻¹ B (0.27 and 10 mg L⁻¹ were considered as control and excess B treatment, respectively). After culturing for 185 days, leaves and stems (from basal and apical part of the shoots) and roots were separately sampled. Our results showed that the final number of leaves per plant was negatively correlated with B concentration in the nutrient solution. Furthermore, in B10.0 treatment, ‘Megaritiki’ had decreased length and number of lateral stems, ‘Chondrolia Chalkidikis’ and ‘Amfissis’ showed decreased length of lateral stems and ‘Kalamon’ decreased length of lateral stems and plant height. In general, dry weight of stems and leaves was not significantly correlated with B concentration in the nutrient solution. B concentration in leaves and stems was linearly correlated with B supply. A linear correlation existed between B concentration of the nutrient solution and that of leaves and stems. At the end of the experiment, B levels in the leaves and stems of B0.27 and B0.5 treatments did not differ significantly. In general, the increase of B concentration in the nutrient solution, negatively affected the nitrogen (N) concentration of leaves and stems while phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) concentrations were not affected. Furthermore, potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) concentration in stems of plants supplied with 10 mg L⁻¹ B was decreased. In addition, high B supply resulted in increased magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) concentrations in ‘Chondrolia Chalkidikis’ and ‘Amfissis’ and in the decrease of zinc (Zn) concentrations, in all plants. A significant decline in photosynthetic rate at the end of the experiment was observed in the B5.0 treatment regardless of cultivar.     

A comparison of nitrogen use efficiency definitions in Citrus rootstocks

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) definitions, commonly used in literature, are evaluated in response to nitrate availability in four citrus rootstocks, Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush) (RL), Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) (SwO), Cleopatra Mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort ex Tan.) (CM) and Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) (SO). The application of diverse definitions determine different characterizations in N-efficiency among rootstocks. Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) and nitrogen efficiency ratio (NER) determine equal level of nitrogen efficiency among all rootstocks. Total nitrogen accumulation (TNA), nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE), shoot dry weight (SDW) and total leaf area (TLA) response curves produce the same NUE characterization: SO and SwO were nitrate use efficient and inefficient rootstocks, respectively, while the RL and CM exhibit superior and inferior genetic potential, respectively.     

苹果开心形树冠不同部位光合与蒸腾能力的研究

 以18年生开心形富士苹果(Malus pumila Mill. ‘Red Fuji’) 为试材, 定点测定了冠层不同部位晴天时的光照分布、气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率。结果表明, 树冠外围的光照强度、单叶光合能力比较高, 内膛、中部和外围叶片最大光合速率分别为13.46、14.69和15.98μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}。气孔导度、光合速率和水分利用效率的日变化呈双峰曲线, 而蒸腾速率呈单峰曲线, 在中午外围叶片的蒸腾速率略有降低。内膛、中部和外围叶片在晴天的平均光合速率分别为4.53、6.63和6.54μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1} , 平均蒸腾速率分别为3.36、4.06和4.40μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}。这说明苹果在冠层不同部位的光合与蒸腾能力存在一定的差别, 冠层中部的光合速率和水分利用效率最大, 外围的蒸腾能力最强, 内膛最差。     

Effect of different drip irrigation methods and fertilization on growth,physiology and water use of young apple tree

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three drip irrigation methods (i.e. conventional drip irrigation (CDI), both sides of the root-zone irrigated with full watering, alternate drip irrigation (ADI), both sides of the root-zone irrigated alternatively with half of the full watering, and fixed drip irrigation (FDI), only one side of the root-zone irrigated with half of the full watering) on growth, physiology, root hydraulic conductance and water use of young apple tree under different nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) fertilization (i.e. CK (no fertilization), N₁ (0.2 g N/kg), N₂ (0.4 g N/kg), P₁ (0.2 g P₂O₅/kg) and P₂ (0.4 g P₂O₅/kg)). Results show that compared to CDI, ADI and FDI reduced mean root dry mass, daily transpiration, root hydraulic conductance (K_r), leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of young apple tree by 6.9 and 27.7, 29.3 and 45.0, 6.8 and 37.9, 2.5 and 4.8, 32.6 and 33.0, 22.1 and 22.3%, but increased leaf water use efficiency (WUE) by 31.3 and 29.8%, respectively when they saved irrigation water by 50%. Compared to the CK, N or P fertilization significantly increased K_r, and K_r was increased with the increased N or P fertilization level. There were parabolic correlations between K_r and root dry mass, daily transpiration and stomatal conductance. Our results indicate that ADI reduced transpiration rate significantly, but it did not reduce photosynthesis rate and K_r significantly, thus alternate drip irrigation improved WUE and the regulation ability of water balance in plants.     

NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗光合特性及水分利用率的影响

经NaCl处理后 ,黄瓜幼苗的光合能力急剧下降 ,净光合速率为对照的 40 %左右。盐胁迫后细胞间隙CO2 浓度降低 ,气孔导度与水分利用率也降低。耐盐性强的津优 3号、津春 3号的净光合速率、气孔导度、细胞间隙CO2 浓度和水分利用率均高于盐敏感的津杂 4号和津春 2号。     

牡丹开花前后碳水化合物的分配与光合速率的关系

以牡丹( Paeonia suffruticosa ) 品种‘肉芙蓉’为材料, 研究其开花过程中碳水化合物的分配及其对有花枝上叶片( FL) 与无花枝上叶片(NFL) 净光合速率( Pn) 的影响。结果表明: 在花衰败前,有花枝Pn明显低于无花枝, 但可溶性糖含量却高于无花枝。与前一天17时相比, 经过一夜消耗后, 早晨8时有花枝可溶性糖含量没有显著差别, 而无花枝的则较低, 说明除光合作用外, 还有其他途径为有花枝提供可溶性糖。花衰败后, 两种枝叶Pn和可溶性糖含量的差异逐渐消失。与花衰败前不同, 经过一夜消耗后, 早晨8时两种枝叶的可溶性糖含量比前一天17时都降低, 表明为有花枝提供可溶性糖的其他途径在花衰败后停止工作, 推测这一途径极可能与花的生长发育有密切联系。     

Partitioning of photosynthates originating from bent shoots in the arching and high-rack culture systems of cut rose production

The arching and high-rack culture systems were developed and patented by Japanese rose growers. Both culture systems have bent canopies (lower bent shoots). In the arching culture system, shoots sprouting from the crown are harvested as cut flowers. However, the high-rack culture system also has a bent canopy originating from the mother stem (upper bent shoots) and flower stems sprout and is harvested at the top of each mother stem. Partitioning of photosynthates originating from bent shoots in arching and high-rack culture systems of rose production was investigated to elucidate how carbohydrates are re-allocated from the bent shoots in different culture systems of roses. At the flowering stage in both culture systems, 50–70% of ¹³C-photosynthates originated from bent shoots were exported to other parts within 72 h after ¹³CO₂ feeding to the bent shoot. In the arching culture system, photosynthates from lower bent shoots were partitioned mainly to the roots and crown. Similarly, in the high-rack culture system, between 71 and 86% of the exported carbon from the bent shoots were allocated to below the point of bending (roots + crown + mother stems) and only 9–28% was allocated to flowering shoots above the point of bending. In both culture systems, photosynthate translocation from the lower bent shoot directly to flowers was low. Accordingly, bent shoots in rose plants acted as a source of photosynthates, independent of culture system. The height of the bent shoots determined for a great deal in the re-allocation of the photosynthates, and provides a partial explanation for difference in production of cut roses.     

不同氮水平对大棚莴笋产量及氮肥利用率的影响

为掌握本地潮土—灰泥土条件下大棚莴笋氮肥最佳施用量,开展了不同氮水平对大棚莴笋产量及氮肥利用率影响的研究。试验结果表明,莴笋产量及经济效益随氮肥施用量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,依据偏导理论,经回归分析,得出大棚莴笋最佳施氮量为14.59 kg/667 m²,产量4 073.27 kg/667 m²。     

淹水胁迫及胁迫解除对甜瓜光合色素和光合特性的影响

以耐涝性差异显著的两个甜瓜品系T106 和T241 为试验材料,采用双套盆法进行淹水胁迫,研究了淹水胁迫及胁迫解除对甜瓜幼苗光合色素和光合特性的影响。结果表明：随着淹水胁迫时间的延长,2 个甜瓜品系的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量以及净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂ 浓度均呈下降趋势,且T106 各项指标的下降幅度均低于T241;在淹水胁迫相同天数时,T106 的各项指标均高于T241;在淹水胁迫解除后,2 个甜瓜品系的各项指标均上升,且T106 的上升幅度大于T241。     

An adaptive approach to intensive green roofs in the Mediterranean climatic region

The present study aims to introduce an adaptive approach to intensive green roofs by evaluating suitable, lightweight substrates and by determining the effect of their depth on the growth and physiological status of Pittosporum tobira L. and Olea europaea L. The two-year study was conducted in outdoor containers (1.2 m × 1.2 m) while treatments included the use of two depths (30 cm and 40 cm) and three different substrates: (a) pumice (Pum) mixed with peat (P) and zeolite (Z) in a volumetric proportion of 65:30:5 (Pum₆₅:P₃₀:Z₅), (b) pumice mixed with compost (C) and zeolite in a volumetric proportion of 65:30:5 (Pum₆₅:C₃₀:Z₅) and (c) sandy loam soil (S) mixed with perlite (Per) and zeolite in a volumetric proportion of 30:65:5 (S₃₀:Per₆₅:Z₅). Each experimental plot was planted with four plants of P. tobira and one plant of O. europaea var. Koroneiki. Measurements included determination of the physical and chemical characteristics of the substrates while plant growth and physiological status were determined through plant growth index, trunk perimeter for olive trees, SPAD measurements and chlorophyll_a+b content. Both the plant species exhibited better growth and higher chlorophyll content in the compost-amended substrate (Pum₆₅:C₃₀:Z₅) due to its higher nutrient content. The 40 cm depth substrate provided minimal improvement in the growth of both the plants at the end of the first year while in the second year the deeper substrate positively influenced the growth of olive trees.     

不同形态氮肥对辣椒产量与氮肥利用率的研究

为辣椒进行科学平衡施肥及辣椒优质高产栽培,以海椒4号为材料,研究了不同形态氮肥对辣椒产量的影响,同时测定了辣椒对不同形态氮肥的利用效率。试验结果表明,当有机氮肥、铵态氮和硝态氮比例为0.21∶0.1∶0.69时,辣椒产量最高,氮肥农学利用率高达22.5 kg/kg。     

Leaf development,net assimilation and leaf nitrogen concentrations of five Prunus rootstocks in response to root temperature

Rootstocks differentially influence tree physiology and these differences may be due to varying responses to root zone temperature (RZT). To determine if this is the case, the physiology, leaf development and nitrogen relationships of five different Prunus rootstocks with chill requirements between 100 and 1100 h were examined during and after growth at RZTs of 5, 12 and 19 °C for 6 weeks. RZT correlated positively with leaf numbers, expansion rates and final leaf area, and significant differences existed among the rootstocks in the magnitude of these parameters at different RZTs. In particular, leaf expansion and area were less affected at low RZT in the low chill varieties. Net assimilation (A_n), leaf nitrogen (N%) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (A_n/N) also correlated positively with RZT: again, there were differences in the magnitude of these parameters among the rootstocks. No associations amongst A_n, N% or A_n/N could be found for the rootstocks; hence, they all differed in their physiological responses to RZT. Low RZT alone was sufficient to reduce A_n and decreased both leaf area and photosynthetic activity. Leaf expansion was related to N%, as the varieties with the lowest N% also had the lowest expansion rates. Infrared thermography of the cv. Golden Queen showed a negative correlation between RZT and leaf temperature with leaves of plants at the lowest RZT being 2 °C warmer than ambient whilst those at the highest RZT were 2 °C cooler than ambient. These differences were due to transpiration, as transpiration for the variety used decreased with reducing RZT. Transpiration from the other rootstock varieties was lowest at the 5 °C RZT but, depending on variety, at 12 °C was either higher, lower or the same as that from plants whose roots were at 19 °C. Together, the results of this study explain some of the rootstock-induced changes in tree growth and suggest the need to incorporate seasonal changes in RZT into development models for peaches.     

白菜类作物氮利用效率的关联分析

为了研究白菜类作物氮利用效率遗传机制,定位与氮利用效率紧密相关的标记位点,利用分布于白菜全基因组的207个InDel标记,对160份有代表性的白菜类作物自然群体的基因组变异进行扫描,采用混合模型分析该群体的遗传结构,并应用TASSEL软件的GLM（General Linear Model）程序对叶片形态、植株形态和生物量相关的10个性状分别在两个氮处理水平进行关联分析。结果表明：InDel数据遗传结构分析将160个单株分为5个亚群体。关联分析结果表明：云南和北京的试验分别检测出45个和35个显著性相关标记,其中4个标记为两年共定位,平均贡献率为0.06。值得注意的是,关联到86个显著性变异位点只在一个氮水平被检测到,可能是氮处理水平的变化影响了某些相关基因的表达调控。     

冬、春田间枇杷叶片光合机构的运转

冬季枇杷光合作用的最适温度低于春季,光合作用的最适叶温高于环境温度;冬季枇杷的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、Rubisco活性、RuBP再生速率、表观量子效率(AQY)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光下的光化学效率(Fv'/Fm')、光化学猝灭系数(qP)及电子传递速率较低,PSⅡ反应中心失活或破坏,细胞间隙CO2浓度与环境CO2浓度比值(Ci/Ca)、光呼吸速率与净光合速率比值(Rp/Pn)、光呼吸速率与暗呼吸速率的比值(Rp/Rd)及非光化学猝灭系数(qN)较高。这些结果说明,枇杷光合作用的最适温度与环境温度的变化相适应,低温环境是限制枇杷光合作用的重要因子;光合碳代谢和光化学反应受到低温的限制是冬季光合作用较低的重要原因;在碳代谢中光呼吸所占的比例增加和非辐射能量耗散对光合机构运转有保护作用。     

SSR-based identification key of cultivars of Olea europaea L. diffused in Southern-Italy

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an important fruit species in Italy and Mediterranean basin constituted by a wide germplasm with a large number of cultivars present in all the Mediterranean area. SSRs are becoming the markers of choice for variability studies in olives as they are simple to perform, transferable, hypervariable, highly polymorphic and show a high information content.Olive genetic diversity was studied using 16 SSR markers on 30 cultivars diffused in Southern-Italy. Resolving Power (RP) and Power of Discrimination (PD) were calculated to evaluate the efficiency of the SSR markers investigated in studies of cultivars fingerprinting. Based on their high efficiency, two SSR markers, UDO43 and DCA16 were chosen to set up an identification key to distinguish the entire set of cultivars, confirming the high biodiversity of the Southern-Italian olive germplasm and the suitability of SSR markers in studies of cultivar diagnosis.     

4种野生报春花光合作用特性的比较

 采用LI-6400便携式光合作用系统分析了昆明露地栽培的4种野生报春花(3年生)光合作用 特性。光补偿点以粉背灯台报春最高(28 p~mol·m一·s )，其余3种相近且较低(8～15 p~mol’m一’ s )。光饱和点以四季报春最低(80 p~mol·m一·s )，其光合速率也最低，两种灯台报春的光饱和点 (500 tool·m～ ·s )和光合速率均最高，灰岩报春居中。光合作用co 补偿点灰岩报春、桔红灯台报 春、粉背灯台报春和四季报春分别为54，64，69和80 p,mol·tool‘。。5月份的光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化 均呈单峰曲线，前者的峰值出现在10时左右，后者的峰值出现在13时左右；曲线高低体现出种间差异。