饲料中霉菌毒素对猪生产繁殖的影响

霉菌毒素在饲料中很常见,母猪对霉菌毒素高度易感。摄入含有霉菌毒素的饲料之后会对母猪的生育繁殖造成较大影响,引起多种症状。影响的严重程度往往同霉菌毒素的种类、含量以及母猪的健康状态等有关。常见的霉菌毒素有黄曲霉毒素、麦角生物碱、单端抱霉烯族毒素以及玉米赤霉烯酮等。     

一例由霉菌毒素中毒引起的母猪脱宫病例报告

随着养猪业的不断发展,饲料工艺水平的不断提高,大部分猪场还是不断受到霉菌毒素的干扰。目前我国已知的霉菌毒素有300多种,其中最常见的就是黄曲霉毒素、镰刀菌素、玉米赤霉烯酮等等,这对养猪行业构成了极大的威胁,对猪只危害严重的霉菌毒素主要来源于发霉变质的各种谷物,常常以发霉饲料饲喂猪只就容易引起猪只发生霉菌度素中毒,霉菌毒素能直接破坏饲料或原料中的营养,造成猪只脏器和组织损伤并给母猪带来严重的繁殖障碍,最终造成严重的经济损失。     

2014年饲料霉菌毒素分析与探讨

为了让更多的养殖户了解饲料及原料霉菌毒素污染情况,减少霉菌毒素造成的损失,江苏奥迈生物科技实验分析中心收集各地的饲料、原料共612份,用酶联免疫法测定样品中霉菌毒素的含量,并进行统计分析。结果表明:饲料中黄曲霉毒素的污染相对而言并不突出,玉米赤霉烯酮、呕吐毒素污染严重;玉米副产物霉菌毒素污染最严重;玉米和全价料的玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素污染严重;小麦、麸皮的主要污染物为呕吐毒素;饼粕类特别是花生粕的黄曲霉毒素污染较严重。     

2017—2018年原料及饲料中霉菌毒素变化趋势

霉菌毒素在原料及饲料中处于不断变化中。为了解国内市场上原料及饲料中霉菌毒素污染情况,2018年度从市场上收集124份样品,经前处理后按照酶联免疫法测定3种霉菌毒素含量并对数据进行分析。结果表明:与2017年相比,呕吐毒素污染范围依然广泛,黄曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮污染范围有所缩小,但玉米赤霉烯酮超标率呈上升趋势。此外,还对新版饲料卫生标准中玉米赤霉烯酮限量进行了详细的阐述。     

2013年1-6月饲料及原料中霉菌毒素分析报告

饲料及其原料中不可避免地存在霉菌毒素污染现象,给畜禽养殖业及饲料工业带来不良影响。笔者对2013年上半年霉菌毒素检测结果进行分析,结果发现,饲料及原料总体上黄曲霉毒素污染较轻,玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素污染严重;玉米副产物霉菌毒素污染最严重;玉米和配合饲料主要霉菌毒素污染为玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素;小麦、麸皮主要污染物为呕吐毒素;饼粕类特别是花生粕中黄曲霉毒素污染较严重。     

2013年上半年南京奥迈霉菌毒素分析报告

饲料及原料中不可避免地存在霉菌毒素污染,给畜禽养殖业及饲料工业带来极为不良的影响。南京奥迈科技有限公司霉菌毒素分析中心对2013年上半年霉菌毒素检测结果进行分析,结果表明:饲料及原料总体上黄曲霉毒素污染较轻,玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素污染严重;玉米副产物霉菌毒素污染最严重;玉米和配合饲料主要污染玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素;小麦、麸皮的主要污染物为呕吐毒素;饼粕类特别是花生粕黄曲霉毒素污染较严重。     

猪霉玉米中毒的有效防制措施

在家畜中,猪对各种霉菌毒素最敏感,因此,霉菌毒素对养猪业造成的危害最大。玉米是畜禽能量饲料的主要原料,在畜禽日粮中所占的比例一般为50％-70％。霉玉米产生的黄曲霉毒素、T-2毒素、呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮等毒素严重影响母猪的生产性能以及仔猪成活率,从而影响到生猪补栏,使得养猪业存栏量、出栏量受到较大的影响。     

2013年1—6月12省市饲料及原料中霉菌毒素分析报告

对2013年1—6月12省市饲料及原料中霉菌毒素进行检测分析,结果表明：1）饲料及原料总体上黄曲霉毒素B1污染较轻,玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素污染严重,玉米副产物霉菌毒素污染最严重;2）玉米和配合饲料的主要污染物是玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素,小麦及其副产物的主要污染物为呕吐毒素,饼粕类特别是花生粕黄曲霉毒素B1污染较严重。     

投放毒素脱-SP提高母猪发情率的报告

目前,养猪生产的主要能量饲料是黄玉米,其在生产、贮存、加工、运输过程中极易被各种霉菌污染,在饲养中极易造成母猪的繁殖性能下降,特别是玉米赤霉烯酮(F—2毒素)、黄曲霉毒素和脱氧雪镰刀酵毒素引起的成年母猪的子宫肿胀及卵巢萎缩,导致母猪假发情、屡配不孕、流产、死胎率增     

2012年中国饲料和原料霉菌毒素检测报告

近年国内饲料与原料霉菌毒素污染很普遍,霉菌毒素风险防控逐渐得到重视。但尚有部分企业重视度不够,对霉菌毒素的认识不明晰,甚至出现失误,导致养殖收益减损。每年饲料霉菌毒素的流行规律都有所变动,不同批次间原料霉菌毒素的污染差别也很大。通过对各种类别、较大数量样品的检测,我们总结出霉菌毒素污染的大致规律:一般来说,当前猪禽料中主要的霉菌毒素为呕吐毒素、烟曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮,奶牛饲料中黄曲霉毒素也是污染较严重的毒素。从原料角度来说,玉米的主要污染毒素是呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和烟曲霉毒素。     

Risk aversion affects economic values of blue fox breeding scheme

The profit and production of an average Finnish blue fox farm was simulated using a deterministic bio‐economic farm model. Risk was included using Arrow‐Prat absolute risk aversion coefficient and profit variance. Risk‐rated economic values were calculated for pregnancy rate, litter loss, litter size, pelt size, pelt quality, pelt colour clarity, feed efficiency and eye infection. With high absolute risk aversion, economic values were lower than with low absolute risk aversion. Economic values were highest for litter loss (18.16 and 26.42 EUR), litter size (13.27 and 19.40 EUR), pregnancy (11.99 and 18.39 EUR) and eye infection (12.39 and 13.81 EUR). Sensitivity analysis showed that selection pressure for improved eye health depended strongly on proportion of culled animals among infected animals and much less on the proportion of infected animals. The economic value of feed efficiency was lower than expected (6.06 and 8.03 EUR). However, it was almost the same magnitude as pelt quality (7.30 and 7.30 EUR) and higher than the economic value of pelt size (3.37 and 5.26 EUR). Risk factors should be considered in blue fox breeding scheme because they change the relative importance of traits.     

2006~2007年中国饲料及饲料原料霉菌毒素污染调查报告

作者评估了2006年和2007年上半年我国饲料原料和全价饲料中6种主要霉菌毒素的检出水平和分布特点,得出如下结论：①我国饲料原料和全价饲料中超标率和检出水平最高的霉菌毒素是玉米赤霉烯酮、烟曲霉毒素和呕吐毒素（田间型毒素）。人们一直重视的黄曲霉毒素（仓储型毒素）超标率和检出水平均比较低;②饲料原料和全价饲料中多种霉菌毒素往往同时存在,由于不同毒素间具有协同作用,将加剧毒素的毒性作用和中毒症状的严重程度;③副产品原料,特别是玉米副产品如干燥酒糟（DDGS）和玉米蛋白粉中霉菌毒素的污染非常严重;④与单一能量和蛋白质饲料原料相比,全价饲料中的多种霉菌毒素的检出水平才是相对比较准确和客观的控制指标;⑤控制霉菌毒素危害的最经济有效的措施是控制原料质量和使用有效的霉菌毒素吸附剂。     

日粮添加不同水平的奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对粪中双歧杆菌数量和乳中黄曲霉毒素含量的影响

奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在,并严重地威胁着奶牛健康,影响着奶牛生产性能的发挥。本试验选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦奶牛80头探讨日粮添加4种剂量（0g、10g、15g、20g）的霉菌毒素吸附剂对奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌数量和原料奶中黄曲霉毒素残留量的影响。与对照组（添加霉菌毒素吸附剂0g）相比,实验组奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌的外排量明显降低,但各实验组之间统计差异并不显著,仅有数值上的变化。同时,随着霉菌毒素吸附剂含量的增加,原料奶中体细胞数呈现下降的趋势。与试验前相比,原料奶中黄曲霉毒素含量显著降低（P〈0.05）,且随着添加剂量的增加其黄曲霉毒素残留量更少,但添加20g与添加15g相比并无明显变化。研究表明,随着日粮中霉菌毒素吸附剂不同量的添加,均可有效降低原料奶中黄曲霉毒素的残留量,进而提高原料奶质量。     

日粮添加不同水平的奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对粪中双歧杆菌数量和乳中黄曲霉毒素含量的影响

奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在,并严重地威胁着奶牛健康,影响着奶牛生产性能的发挥。本试验选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦牛80头探讨日粮添加4种剂量（0、10、15、20g）的霉菌毒素吸附剂对奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌数量和原料奶中黄曲霉毒素残留量的影响。与对照组（添加霉菌毒素吸附剂0g）相比,试验组奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌的外排量明显降低,但各实验组之间差异不显著,仅有数值上的变化。同时,随着霉菌毒素吸附剂含量的增加,原料奶中体细胞数呈现下降的趋势。与试验前相比,原料奶中黄曲霉毒素含量显著降低（P〈0.05）,且随着添加剂量的增加其黄曲霉毒素残留量更少,但添加20g与15g间无明显变化。因此,本研究表明,随着日粮中霉菌毒素吸附剂添加量的增加,可有效降低原料奶中黄曲霉毒素的残留量,进而提高原料奶质量。     

北京地区猪生长和繁殖性状边际效益的研究

本研究旨在估计北京地区猪生长和繁殖性状的边际效益.以差额法和系统分析法为基础建立农场模型,模拟商品猪群的生产过程,采集了北京地区多个具有代表性的猪场的数据,确定北京地区猪6个生长和繁殖性状的边际效益为:窝产活仔数(头)20.5元、达100kg体质量日龄(d)-0.3元、肥育期日增体质量(g·d-1)0.04元、饲料转化效率(kg·kg-1)-186.4元、胴体背膘厚(mm) 15元、母猪繁殖寿命(胎)1.8元.结果表明,市场价格的变化对性状边际效益的影响很大.     

Relation between reproduction performance and indicators of feed intake, fear and social stress in commercial herds with group-housed non-lactating sows

Group-housing of non-lactating sows is becoming increasingly widespread in commercial sow herds in European countries as a result of changed legislation. Group-housing may lead to individual variation in feed intake, stress and fear, which may impair the reproduction performance. However, whether the individual variation in feed intake and the level of stress and fear under commercial conditions is severe enough to impair the reproduction performance is not known. In a detailed farm study including 14 herds with different layouts the relations between various indicators of feed intake, stress and fear and reproduction performance were studied based on 553 focal sows. Twelve percent of all mated sows were re-mated and average litter size was 14.8 born piglets per litter. Chance of pregnancy (P < 0.05) and litter size (P = 0.08) correlated positive with back fat gain from weaning to 3 weeks after mating. Sows eating in less than 20% of all observations at feeding had significant higher risk of returning to oestrus compared to sows eating more frequently. Number of skin lesions correlated positively (P = 0.07) with interval from weaning to first mating. No relations between reproduction performance and lying behaviour, aggressions after mixing or the outcome of three fear tests were found. The results indicate that the unintended individual variation in feed intake in sows group-housed in commercial herds may be large enough to affect the reproduction performance. This calls for management initiatives to reduce unequal feed intake in group-housed sows.     

Influences of parity and level of feed intake on reproductive response to insulin administration after weaning in sows

In three experiments, the influence of insulin administered after weaning was examined in primiparous sows given extra feed or in primiparous compared to multiparous sows. In Exp. 1, 171 primiparous and 231 multiparous crossbred sows on a commercial farm were injected with 0.4 IU/kg BW insulin (Eli Lilly Lente Iletin II) or saline for 4 d beginning the day after weaning (d 0) and were fed 2.3 kg/d until mating. In Exp. 2, 153 primiparous sows from the same farm as those in Exp. 1 were injected with insulin or saline as in Exp. 1 and were fed 2.7 or 3.6 kg/d until mating. In Exp. 3, 63 primiparous crossbred sows were injected with insulin or saline as described above and fed either 2.3 or 4.5 kg/d for 5 d after weaning and were remated. On the commercial farm (Exp. 1 and 2), insulin administration increased percentage in estrus for primiparous sows compared to multiparous sows (treatment x parity interaction, P < 0.02) but tended to lower litter size in primiparous sows (treatment x parity interaction, P < 0.06). In Exp. 2, insulin combined with extra feed increased (P < 0.05) litter size by two pigs but tended (P < 0.07) to decrease farrowing rate in that group (treatment x feed interaction). Weaning-to-estrus interval, pregnancy rate, ovulation rate, and embryo survival were not influenced by treatment or feeding level (Exp. 3); however, postweaning intake and embryo survival were negatively related for saline-treated sows only (r = -0.55; P < 0.01), and backfat depth at weaning and embryo survival were positively related for insulin-treated sows only (r = 0.44; P < 0.05). Overall, insulin administration differentially influenced reproduction in primiparous sows and may have interacted with metabolic or nutritional state of the animal.     

Ochratoxin A in feed of food-producing animals: an undesirable mycotoxin with health and performance effects

Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites, whose presence in feed- and foodstuffs is unavoidable. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the known mycotoxins with greatest public health and agro-economic significance. Several toxic effects have been ascribed following exposure, namely nephrotoxicity, as well negative impacts in the performance of farm animals, resulting in major economic implications. Of no less importance for the route of human exposure that can also embody the carry-over of OTA from feed into animal-derived products is also a concern. For all these reasons the present article updates the worldwide occurrence of OTA in different raw ingredients and finished feed destined to food-producing animals. After that a brief characterization of specie susceptibility and the major rationales is made. An historical overview of field outbreaks linked to OTA exposure in farm animals, concerning the implicated feeds, contamination levels and major clinical and productivity effects is presented. Finally a review of the major animal health and performance potential impacts of animals being reared on contaminated feed is made allied to a perspective regarding its co-occurrence with other mycotoxins, and simultaneous parasitic and bacterial infections. Ultimately, this article aims to be instructive and draw attention to a mycotoxin so often neglected and elapsed from the list of differential diagnosis in farm practice. For the unpredictability and unavoidability of occurrence, OTA will definitely be an enduring problem in animal production.     

Feeding and performance of pigs in smallholder production systems in Northern Lao PDR

A survey was carried out in the North of Lao PDR to study feeding systems and the performance of pigs in smallholder systems. A total of 341 farmers from five provinces were interviewed. To feed their pigs, farmers mainly rely on feedstuffs produced on the farm and collected from areas near the village. The feedstuffs used included by-products such as rice bran and distiller’s waste, planted feeds, mainly maize and cassava, and various green plant materials. The feedstuffs used are usually high in energy and low in protein content, and the only readily available protein source is green plant material. This results in nutritionally imbalanced diets and as a result poor pig performance. The average growth rate of pigs in these systems was found to be only approximately 100 g/day. The reproductive performance of sows was found to be relatively low, as is the case of local breeds in the region, with an average litter size at birth of 6.8 piglets. The mortality of piglets was as high as 50% and was a main concern of farmers. In order to improve the productivity of pigs in smallholder systems, there is a need to find alternative feed resources to improve the nutritional feed quality, and to develop management systems which are suited to the needs and practices of smallholders.     

Direct and maternal genetic differences between lines of mice selected for body weight and litter size: traits of dams

Genetic differences in performance of dams were estimated by linear contrasts using means of two selected lines of mice and reciprocal F1's, F2's and backcrosses. The lines were selected for increased 6-wk body weight (W) or increased litter size (L). Genetic differences estimated were direct average (gD), direct heterosis (hD), maternal average (gM), progeny average (gP), and progeny heterosis (hP). For dam weight and feed consumption from 12 to 21 d postpartum (pp), gD was the largest genetic difference and favored line W. For litter size, litter weight at birth, litter efficiency (litter weight gain/dam feed consumption) from birth to 12 d pp and within litter mortality from 1 to 21 d pp, gD favored L and, except for hD in litter efficiency, was the most important genetic difference for these traits. Direct heterosis was the only significant difference for litter weight at 21 d pp, litter efficiency from 12 to 21 d pp and within litter mortality at parturition. The gM were larger in W than in L for dam weight and feed consumption, and for litter size and weight at birth, but they were usually of smaller magnitude than gD. The gP were significant only in litter traits measured before 12 d pp and favored W. For no trait measured was hP of consequence. Line differences in dam and litter weight accounted for genetic differences in dam feed consumption. Genetic differences in litter size at birth were not due to line differences in dam weight. The lower mortality within litters nursed by crossbred dams was responsible for hD on litter weight and litter efficiency. Within but not among lines, higher mortality rates were associated with larger litters.