中药免疫增强剂提高仔猪免疫功能试验

猪体的免疫反应是一个复杂的生物学过程，受诸多内外因素的影响。近年来，在人工免疫过程中，发现因应激、免疫功能下降或免疫抑制等原因都可导致畜禽免疫效果下降，如何提高猪体的免疫功能是摆在兽医研究工作者面前的一个重要课题。中药可调整和明显增强机体免疫功能，使参与细胞免疫的细胞数量增加、活性增强，使参与体液免疫的抗体增加。本试验旨在探讨中药对猪接种猪瘟疫苗后的免疫调节作用，为养猪生产提供可靠的依据。     

中药免疫增强剂的特点

中药免疫增强剂是利用我国丰富的天然中药,依据现代中兽医药理论科学组方,提取中药的有效成分,可用于提高或促进动物的免疫功能。因其具有独特的免疫增强作用,中药免疫增强剂可显著提高机体的抗病毒能力,已成为抗病毒药物的研发热点。免疫增强剂是一类能单独与抗原同时使用,通过不同的作用方式来增强动物机体非特异性和特异性免疫的物质,如增强巨噬细胞活性、抗原物质的免疫原性和稳定性,促进抗体的合成与分泌等。有些能非特异性地改变或增强抗原物质特异性免疫应答和发挥辅助作用的佐剂,也可称作免疫增强剂,比如胸腺激素及干扰素等生化制剂。不同的中药成分其免疫增强作用的机制也不尽相同,尤其凸现在多靶点效应。目前主要的抗病毒免疫增强剂包括黄芪多糖、金丝桃素、紫锥菊等。     

应用于畜禽养殖业的免疫增强剂

近年来免疫增强剂在畜禽疫病防治中的研究与应用日益引起国内外重视，业已证明免疫增强剂能激活一种或多种免疫细胞，增强机体的非特异性和特异性免疫功能，从而使低下的细胞免疫与体液免疫功能恢复正常，临床用于免疫缺陷性疫病和恶性肿瘤的辅助治疗，也用于细菌、病毒和真菌感染，而后一种情况，必须与有效的抗菌、抗病毒药或疫苗合用，通过增强免疫功能，间接提高抗菌、抗病毒药或疫苗的防治效果。     

中药免疫增强剂的研究进展

中药免疫增强剂能非特异性地与抗原结合而增强其特异性免疫原性,调节、增强、恢复机体免疫功能,增强机体免疫应答或改变免疫应答类型,是治疗和预防疾病的重要物质,特别是对疫苗发挥作用具有独特的效果。本文综述了中草药免疫增强剂的物质基础及其免疫增强的作用机理、研究进展和未来的研究方向,为其在畜禽生产领域的应用提供理论参考。     

中药免疫增强剂在肉兔饲料中的应用效果

选择60只45日龄加利福尼兔断奶仔兔．研究日粮中添加2％的中药免疫增强剂（由黄芪、甘草、黄柏、陈皮、党参、柴胡、金银花、苍术、白芍、山楂、麦芽等中草药组成）对其增重、料肉比及机体免疫状况的影响。结果显示：试验组的日增重比对照组提高7．13％（P〈0．05）；试验组脾脏、胸腺、肠系膜淋巴结、圆小囊、蚓突等免疫器官指数比对照组分别提高了12．93％（P〈0．057、4．54％（P〉0．05）、11．11％（P〈0．05）、27．81％（P〉0．05）、13．47％（P〉0．05）；血液中T淋巴细胞的玫瑰花环形成率试验组为80．17％，远高于对照组的玫瑰花环形成率58．49％：血液中T淋巴细胞酸性α-醋酸萘酯酶染色阳性率比对照组提高了8．22个百分点。研究表明，在断奶肉仔兔的日粮中添加中药免疫增强剂能够显著地提高机体的免疫力和生产性能，降低料肉比，提高饲料利用率。     

中药免疫增强剂在养禽业中的应用研究进展

中药免疫增强剂是现代饲料添加剂发展的新热点,因其种类多、来源广、价廉、易得、毒副作用小或无毒副作用、基本不产生抗药性等众多优点,在饲用抗生素替代方面具有很好的应用前景。本文从中药免疫增强剂的定义、有效成分、作用机理出发,阐述中药免疫增强剂对提高家禽生长性能、免疫功能、疾病防治效果和疫苗免疫效果方面的影响,以期为其替代饲用抗生素在养禽生产中的推广应用提供理论依据。 [关键词]中药免疫增强剂|养禽业|生长性能|免疫功能|防治效果|免疫效果     

兽用中草药免疫增强剂在鸡生产上应用研究进展

近年来，在鸡生产中普遍存在疫苗免疫接种预防效果不佳，以及用药量逐渐加大而仍未达到理想的治疗和预防效果。这是由于长期以来大量的滥用药物及不合理的疫苗接种而导致鸡体免疫功能下降，特别是淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞等免疫细胞处于低迷或抑制状态；加之近年来新的禽类疫病不断出现及旧的疫病的病原体变异和毒力增强。要解决这一问题，就必须采取有效手段激活免疫系统，提高免     

渔用中药免疫增强剂研究进展

报道了中药免疫活性成分如多糖、苷类、生物碱、有机酸、挥发油等在水产养殖上的应用，综述了中药免疫增强剂对水产动物免疫器官的影响及其免疫增强机制研究进展，并指出此类研究的方向应为复方制剂的二次开发。     

中药多糖类免疫增强剂的研究进展

随着近年来免疫抑制病的增加,免疫增强剂受到了前所未有的关注。多糖是中草药中主要的免疫活性物质,具有多种生理活性,其主要作用为增强免疫作用。     

中药复方免疫增强剂中多糖的提取及毒性试验研究

试验采用超声辅助提取法对中药复方免疫增强剂中的多糖进行了提取，并用分光光度法进行含量测定，然后回归动物试验。结果表明，多糖在试验剂量下无毒副作用，对免疫器官的增重有促进作用。     

人参叶口服液对靶动物肉鸡的安全性试验

人参系五加科植物人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.)的干燥根,是我国传统的名贵中药,素有"百草药王"的美称.人参根来源较少和价格昂贵等因素限制了它在临床和生产上的广泛应用.原作为废弃物的人参茎叶所含皂苷与人参根皂苷化学成分和药理活性基本一致.这样就可以利用人参茎叶提取的皂苷应用于临床和畜牧生产.人参皂苷(ginsenoside)是中药人参所含的主要有效成分之一[1],具有增强人和动物的细胞免疫功能和抗病毒作用[2].     

中药免疫增强剂在猪瘟疫苗免疫中的免疫调节作用的研究

通过对断奶仔猪投服不同剂量的中药免疫增强剂,研究其对猪瘟疫苗接种猪免疫调节作用的影响.结果表明,试验组在注射猪瘟疫苗同时,以1%的中药免疫增强剂混饲,试验组猪瘟血清抗体效价明显高于对照组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;接种疫苗后15、45 d,试验组T淋巴细胞百分率显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）.表明猪只在接种猪瘟疫苗的同时服用中药免疫增强剂,能显著增强猪瘟疫苗的免疫效果,促进T淋巴细胞的增殖,增强其免疫力.     

Spatial variations in intestinal skatole production and microbial composition in broilers

Spatial variations in intestinal skatole production and microbial composition in broilers were evaluated. Fifteen 42‐day‐old broilers were slaughtered. Samples were taken from the broilers’ ileum, cecum, and rectum and analyzed for skatole levels. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) technique was used to analyze the microbial community from the intestinal digesta. The skatole levels could be arranged in decreasing order: cecum > rectum > ileum. Cecal lactate and acetate levels were higher than those of ileum and rectum (p < 0.01). Cecal microbial diversity and richness were higher than those of ileum (p < 0.05). One specific DGGE band was found in cecal sample and is closely related to Bacteroides uniformis. Cecum and rectum samples consisted of three coexistence bands, the related bacteria included Lactobacillus vaginalis and two members of Candidatus Arthromitus. The total bacterial population in cecum was higher than that in ileum and rectum (p < 0.05). Skatole levels were positively correlated with microbial Shannon‐Wiener index, richness, total bacteria (p < 0.01) and Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium (p < 0.05) populations. These results suggest that the variations in fermentation patterns are more likely to explain differences in intestinal skatole level. Bacteroides uniformis may play a role in the production of skatole.     

复方中药口服液抗腹泻作用机理研究

目的：研究复方中药口服液抗腹泻的作用机理。方法：以发病仔猪病料（小肠及内容物）、蓖麻油和番泻叶分别对小鼠灌胃,后灌服复方中药口服液,研究复方中药口服液对小鼠攻毒后的保护作用。结果：病料攻毒后小鼠的主要病理变化在肝、胆及小肠,复方中药口服液对病料和蓖麻油灌胃致小鼠腹泻具有明显的治疗作用。结论：复方中药口服液抗腹泻作用主要表现在对小肠的保护作用。     

外源添加谷氨酰胺对肉仔鸡生长性能和胴体组成的影响

本试验旨在研究不同浓度谷氨酰胺(Gln)对内仔鸡生长性能、胴体特性和肉质的影响.选用1日龄Avian肉仔鸡360羽,随机分成4组,其中1组为对照组,喂基础日粮,另外3组为试验组,在基础日粮中分别添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的谷氨酰胺.每组选取18只鸡于42日龄屠宰取样.测定各项指标.结果表明,与对照组相比,各Gln添加组肉仔鸡采食量和日增重均有所增加,料重比有所下降,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);内仔鸡全净堂率、半净堂率、胸肌率和腿肌率均有所提高,其中1.0%和1.5%Gln组肉仔鸡半净堂率显著提高(P＜0.05),0.5%Gln组腿肌率显著提高(P＜0.05);皮脂厚和肌间脂肪含量有所降低(P＞0.05).表明外源添加谷氨酰胺具有提高肉仔鸡日增重、降低料重比,提高胸肌率和腿肌率,降低脂肪含量,改善肉仔鸡胴体组成的趋势,其中0.5%Gln添加量效果最佳.     

复方中药制剂"百呼清"对鸡毒支原体感染的药效学研究

该试验旨在观察新研制的中药制剂百呼清药效。试验将人工感染鸡毒支原体的15日龄肉鸡，按常规方法随机分为6组，每组每天给2次，连续5d，停药后继续观察10d。结果给组增重显著或极显著高于感染对照组（P＜0.05 或 P＜0.01），但与健康组比较差异不显著（P＞0.05）;给药组均能明显降低抗体阳性鸡毒支原体感染疗效显著，其作用优于或相当于泰乐菌素。     

共轭亚油酸对肉仔鸡体组成和肉品品质的影响

本试验旨在探讨日粮添加共轭亚油酸(CLA)对肉仔鸡体组成和肉品品质的影响。240只1日龄肉仔鸡随机分配到4个日粮处理组(0%、0.25%、0.5%和1%CLA),每个处理6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。试验结果表明:42d时,0.5%和1%CLA组肉仔鸡胸肌率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),1%CLA组肉仔鸡42d腿肌率显著高于对照组,肉仔鸡的腹脂率在各处理之间没有显著差异(P>0.05),1%CLA组肉仔鸡胸肌粗蛋白质粗脂肪比显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。0.5%、1%CLA组肉仔鸡胸肌滴水损失和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,CLA可改善肉仔鸡屠体性状,增加鸡肉系水力和延长货架存放时间。     

Effect of avoparcin interaction with anticoccidial compounds on the growth and carcase composition of broilers

The anticoccidial drugs narasin, lasalocid, monensin and salinomycin, with and without avoparcin, were fed to 1280 broiler chickens from 1 to 49 d old. At day 49 significant interactions were detected between avoparcin and the anticoccidial compounds for body weight and food consumption. This indicated that the increases in body weight and food consumption obtained with avoparcin were greater with some anticoccidial compounds (lasalocid and salinomycin for body weights and lasalocid for food consumption) than with others (monensin and narasin for body weights and monensin, narasin and salinomycin for food consumption). Overall there was evidence that avoparcin increased body weight (5.8%), food consumption (2.5%) and efficiency of food utilisation (2.9%). In addition avoparcin produced significant increases in plucked weight and the proportion of visceral fat together with and decreases in the proportions of edible giblets and waste offal.     

Field trials to test the efficacy of polyvalent Marek's disease vaccines in broilers

The efficacies of trivalent (Md11/75C + SB-1 + HVT), bivalent (SB-1 + HVT), and turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vaccines against Marek's disease (MD) were compared in commercial broiler flocks in four trials involving 11 farm locations and 486,300 chickens. In all four trials, chickens receiving polyvalent vaccines had lower leukosis (MD) condemnation rates than chickens vaccinated with HVT alone; when data were summarized for each vaccine type in each trial, condemnation rates for the bivalent- or trivalent-vaccinated groups were 56-96% (mean 78%) lower than those for HVT-vaccinated chickens. Polyvalent vaccination was clearly mor efficacious than HVT in 8 of 11 individual farms, although it did not always reduce leukosis condemnations to acceptable levels. Body weights of chickens vaccinated with polyvalent vaccines did not differ consistently from those vaccinated with HVT. Chickens inoculated with the trivalent vaccine had slightly lower overall leukosis condemnation rates (0.24%) than those inoculated with the bivalent vaccine (0.45%) in trials 1-3, where direct comparisons were made. Bivalent vaccines containing either 1,500 or 200 plaque-forming units of SB-1 virus were equally effective; thus, HVT may need to be supplemented with only small amounts of SB-1 to obtain the benefits of protective synergism. SB-1 virus did not appear to carry over from polyvalent-vaccinated flocks to subsequent HVT-vaccinated flocks in the same houses, even when old litter was used.     

Excretion pattern of enrofloxacin after oral treatment of chicken broilers

The metabolism and excretion of enrofloxacin were studied when applied as oral solution to chicken broilers for five consecutive days. Sixty 9‐day‐old broilers were isolated within an intensively rearing poultry farm during enrofloxacin therapy (15.5 mg/kg per day). The excreta of the isolated broilers were collected daily, 9 days after therapy termination, for 13 consecutive days, and analyzed for the presence of enrofloxacin and its metabolites [ciprofloxacin, desethylene‐enrofloxacin (DES‐EF) and desethylene‐ciprofloxacin (DES‐CF)]. Enrofloxacin was excreted predominantly in the form of the parent compound between days 1 and 13. Ciprofloxacin was detected in the excreta between days 1 and 6, whereas minor amounts of DES‐EF and DES‐CF were excreted only between days 1–7 and 1–6, respectively. In conclusion, the analysis of the excreta showed that approximately 74% of orally applied enrofloxacin was excreted as the parent compound, approximately 25% as the main metabolite ciprofloxacin, and approximately 1% as the minor metabolites desethylene‐enrofloxacin and desethylene‐ciprofloxacin.