Production of haploids in bread wheat, durum wheat and hexaploid triticale crossed with pearl millet

Pearl millet is an efficient alternative to maize as a pollen source for haploid production in bread wheat. To compare haploid production frequencies in other Triticeae species, the crossabilities of two genotypes each of bread wheat, durum wheat and hexaploid triticale with four pearl millet genotypes and a maize control were examined. Embryos were obtained from crosses of all three species with both pearl millet and maize. However, significant differences in crossability were found among the three species (10.5–79.8% seed development and 1.4–15.8% embryo formation), as well as among genotypes of durum wheat (7.2–23.7% and 2.1–6.4%) and hexaploid triticale (0.3–20.6% and 0.1–2.7%). Crossability of bread wheat with pearl millet was relatively high. Haploid plants were regenerated from crosses of all three species with pearl millet. As in the case of maize crosses, low crossabilities of durum wheat and hexaploid triticale with pearl millet can be attributed to the absence of D-genome chromosomes.     

Identification of Rye Chromosomes Involved in Tolerance to Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Disease in Wheat × Triticale Hybrids

Common wheat × hexaploid triticale hybrids were produced and evaluated for tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus disease (BYD). The BYD tolerance expression varied with wheat × triticale combination. The selection for BYD tolerance increased the recovery of tolerant genotypes in the next generations. Homozygous tolerant and susceptible lines were obtained in advanced generations. The rye chromosomes 1R, 2R, and 4R with 7R were transmitted as disomic or monosomic, disomic, and double disomic substitution to the late generations of ‘Musala’ (common wheat) בMuskox 658’ (triticale), ‘Encruzilhada’ (common wheat) בNord Kivu’ (triticale) and ‘Encruzilhada’× 12th. International Triticale Screening Nursery 267 (12ITSN267) (triticale), respectively. A clear association was established between the 1R chromosome of the ‘Muskox 658’ triticale line and the tolerance to BYDV. Results suggest that the 2R chromosome may be involved in BYD tolerance of ‘Nord Kivu’ triticale line.     

Chlorophyll Fluorescence‐Based Studies of Frost Damage and the Tolerance for Cold‐Induced Photoinhibition in Freezing Tolerance Analysis of Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack)

Freezing tolerance of 60 breeding lines of winter hexaploid triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) was studied in the field‐laboratory experiment. The experiment was repeated over three winters. The survey was also carried out in plants grown and cold‐acclimated in the laboratory. In both the experiments, plant survival analysis and chlorophyll fluorescence‐based studies on energy flows in photosystem II (PSII) (JIP‐test) after freezing of detached leaves were performed. In the laboratory experiment, the temperature of 50 % electrolyte leakage from leaves and the resistance against cold‐induced photoinhibition were additionally investigated. In the case of plants’ cold‐acclimated in the field, determination of the freezing tolerance of PSII gave similar results as the determination of freezing tolerance of whole plants. Both traits were strongly affected by genotype–environmental interactions, but these effects were less visible for PSII characteristics. In the laboratory experiments, a strong correlation between freezing tolerance and the tolerance for cold‐induced photoinhibition of photosynthesis was observed. The possibility of the use of chlorophyll fluorescence‐based techniques for the determination of freezing tolerance in triticale is discussed.     

Inheritance of Isoproturon Tolerance in Durum Wheat Transferred from Triticum monococcum

The inheritance of isoproturon tolerance exhibited by the selected progenies of durum wheat was investigated. This tolerance to the herbicide isoproturon had been transferred from Triticum monococcum to durum wheat cultivars. It was shown to be conditioned by a single dominant gene     

Relative efficiency of different Gramineae genera for haploid induction in triticale and triticale x wheat hybrids through the chromosome elimination technique

The study was undertaken to evaluate the relative efficiency of different Gramineae genera for haploid induction in triticale (x Triticosecale) and triticale × wheat (Triticum aestivum) hybrids through the chromosome elimination (wheat × maize, Zea mays) system. Eight intergenotypic triticale and 15 triticale x wheat crosses were subjected to hybridization with nine different Gramineae genera viz., Z. mays, Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum americanum, Setaria italica, Festuca arundinacea, Imperata cylindrica, Cynodon dactylon, Lolium temulentum and Phalaris minor in two separate experiments. This was followed by in vivo auxin treatment of the crossed spikes and subsequent rescue of the haploid embryos to regenerate green haploid plantlets. All the triticale and triticale x wheat crosses resulted in seed set in variable frequencies when hybridized with maize, I. cylindrica, pearl millet and sorghum. Seed set was also obtained with S. italica, F. arundinacea and P. minor in a few crosses in both groups. In general, all the triticale x wheat crosses, except for one in each case, resulted in embryo formation and green haploid plantlet regeneration when hybridizations were carried out with maize and I. cylindrica. However, the latter outperformed the former in embryo formation (25.48% vs. 20.0%) and regeneration (34.17% vs. 15.10%) frequencies, the differences being significant for regeneration frequencies. In the case of triticale hybrids, no significant differences between maize and I. cylindrica were observed for the three parameters of haploid induction. Embryo formation and regeneration were also observed in some of the triticale as well as triticale × wheat F₁ hybrids when hybridized with sorghum and pearl millet.     

Large-scale production of wheat and triticale double haploids through the use of a single-anther culture method

A total of 257 parental wheat and 38 triticale lines were used for anther culture. On average, 2.1 green wheat haploids were obtained per spike. This response occurred irrespective of the origin of the material (Germany, France, Sweden or UK) and 5 years of testing. Triticale responded with 5.3 green haploids per spike. Using the criterion that one parental line should give at least one green haploid per spike in the screening experiment, green haploids were produced from 88 out of 91 F₁ wheat breeding combinations and from each of 21 F₁ and F₂ triticale breeding combinations. An average of 4.7 green plants were obtained per spike from the wheat production programme, while the triticale programme gave an average of 6.2 green plants per spike. A single medium supplemented with different hormones for anthers and embryos was used for culture of both crops.     

A selection tool for freezing tolerance in common wheat using the fast chlorophyll a fluorescence transient

The analysis of fast chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics in dark-adapted leaves (JIP-test) is proposed as a rapid method for evaluating freezing tolerance in wheat. Wheat leaves were detached from the plants of 40 cultivars grown in an open-field in Smolice, during December and March of winters 2004/2005 and 2005/2006, transferred to laboratory in Krakow and frozen in −15°C. Next, measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence were taken. The correlation coefficients between the JIP-test parameters with freezing tolerance data obtained in multiple field-laboratory studies, varied between 0.58 and 0.70 depending on sampling time and parameter measured. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter, which can always be used for the screening of freezing tolerance in the method described here, is the performance index (PI), which characterizes the overall energy flow efficiency in photosystem II (PSII). The results indicate, that the technique proposed here can be useful for freezing tolerance screening in plant breeding programmes. However, this method seems to be a more reliable tool in the selection of freezing tolerant germplasm, than for discarding freezing susceptible materials.     

Bread and Durum Wheat under Heat Stress: A Comparative Study on the Photosynthetic Performance

The photosynthetic responses to heat stress, during grain filling, in four genotypes of Triticum aestivum L. (Sever and Golia) and Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Acalou and TE 9306), chosen according to its genetic background diversity, were investigated. All wheat genotypes (excepting Golia) showed synergistic trends implicating the internal CO₂ concentration, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Additionally, the modifications of net photosynthesis were associated with changes in stomatal control. Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters (minimal fluorescence, maximal and variable fluorescence, intrinsic efficiency of PSII in darkness, non‐photochemical quenching, photochemical quenching and energy‐dependent chlorophyll fluorescence quenching) further pointed heat protective mechanisms, implicating F_v/F_m stabilization (i.e. maintaining the efficiency of PS II) and electron transport rate preservation. It is concluded that, comparatively to bread wheat, the photosynthetic performance of durum wheat is more tolerant to heat stress, as stomatal conductance and transpiration are less affected.     

持续干旱对油棕幼苗叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响

为研究持续干旱对油棕叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响,以油棕2 年生幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽方式模拟自然持续干旱,测定叶绿素荧光参数及叶绿素含量,并运用隶属函数法对其抗旱性进行综合分析。结果表明：干旱胁迫下,油棕叶片叶绿素含量、可变荧光(Fv)、最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光与最大荧光比(Fv/Fm)均降低;初始荧光(F0)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则升高,说明干旱胁迫伤害了光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ),使得PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)降低,光合电子传递、光合原初反应过程受到抑制,起光保护作用的热耗散(NPQ)提高。4 个品种的叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量的变化存在品种间差异,整个处理过中对干旱的适应性‘热油6号’＞‘热油8号’＞‘热油2号’＞‘热油4号’,因此,叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量可作为抗旱性强弱的诊断指标用于油棕抗旱育种及相关研究。     

光质对黄瓜幼苗绿色叶片叶绿素荧光的影响

以北方白黄瓜幼苗为试材,用蓝、绿、红发光二级管(LED)单色光进行单色光和混合光照射诱导处理,分析了光质对Fp685、Fp735、Fp685/ Fp735、F685、F735、 F685/ F735和Y（II）的影响。3种LED单色光源（蓝、绿、红）照射诱导下,随着光强的增加白黄瓜叶片叶绿素荧光曲线OJIP中P点呈现快速上升趋势。其中,Fp685主要表现为蓝光>绿光>红光;而Fp735均表现为绿光下高,红蓝光下低;Fp685/ Fp735荧光比值均表现为蓝光最高,绿光和红光下较低。混合光得到的荧光曲线的P点出现早于单色光照射,且P混合>P单色光加和。混合光荧光值计算得到的F685/F735比值始终低于单色光荧光加和值计算得到的F685/F735比值。各个单色光质下的PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量表现为：Y（II）绿光> Y（II）红光> Y（II）蓝光。     

高温胁迫对蝴蝶兰幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了探究高温胁迫对蝴蝶兰幼苗叶片光合机构的影响,将蝴蝶兰幼苗置于38℃处理4天,以25℃为对照,测定了蝴蝶兰幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明：随着高温胁迫时间的延长,蝴蝶兰叶片叶绿素总含量、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、有效光量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)持续下降,而丙二醛(MDA)含量、初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)不断上升。与胁迫前相比,胁迫后期的上述指标均存在显著差异。由此表明,高温胁迫下蝴蝶兰幼苗PSⅡ反应中心出现了可逆失活或损伤,使光合原初反应过程受阻,显著降低了原初光能转换效率,从而引起严重的光抑制,极大地减弱了光合电子传递活性,使反应中心积累过剩光能,对光合机构和叶绿素造成光氧化破坏,但蝴蝶兰幼苗能在一定程度上通过热耗散途径来减轻伤害。     

不同橡胶树品种叶片叶绿素荧光特性初步研究

为了探讨中国大面积推广应用的3个橡胶树品种的叶绿素荧光特性,为橡胶树的耐逆性研究奠定基础,利用叶绿素荧光技术研究了GT1、RRIM600、PR107 3个橡胶树品种的叶片叶绿素荧光特性。结果表明：GT1的叶片表观电子传递速率(ETR)显著的高于其他2个品种,PSII实际光合量子产量Y(II)、非光化学反应耗散Ex稍高于其他2个品种;RRIM600的叶片Fv/Fm、Fo、Fm、Fv、Fv/Fo、Y(NPQ)、qP都略高于其他2个品种,而qN显著高于其他2个品种。说明GT1的光合作用中原初光能捕获效率、电子传递能力较强于其他2个品种,吸收的光能中用于光化学反应部分较少;RRIM600的光合潜能、光适应能力强于其他2个品种,当条件适宜时,叶片可能合成更多的光合产物来供应树体生长的需要和胶乳的合成。     

甜高粱叶绿素荧光特性对生物有机液体混合肥的响应

为揭示生物有机液体混合肥对陕北农牧交错区青贮饲草作物光合作用的影响,以甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor L.)为研究对象,通过盆栽控制试验,设置4种浓度的生物活性水(BMW)(B1、B2、B3和B4,分别为稀释600、400、200和100倍的BMW溶液)和3种浓度的Aidoora溶液(A1、A2和A3,分别为稀释1000、500和300倍的Aidoora溶液)的生物有机液体肥处理,测定比较了不同生物有机液体混合肥下甜高粱叶片叶绿素荧光特性。结果表明:在大多数单一液体肥和混合液体肥下,适宜浓度水平的BMW和Aidoora溶液均能显著提高甜高粱幼苗叶片的PSⅡ最大光量子效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和表观光合电子传递速率(ETR),并降低了其非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ),且以有机液体混合肥的促进作用更显著,这说明施加生物有机液体肥后均能提高其叶片PSⅡ光化学效率和光合电子传递速率,而降低了非辐射性热能量耗散。综上分析表明,B2A2相对于其他BMW和Aidoora混合液体肥有利于促进甜高粱幼苗叶片PSⅡ光化学活性。     

海陆渐渗系棉花吐絮期叶绿素含量、荧光参数及相关性状的QTL定位分析

以海陆渐渗系13-1×辽棉12组配的195个单株的F2群体为作图群体,利用SSR(Simple sequence repeat)标记和Join Map3.0软件构建遗传连锁图谱,构建的遗传连锁图谱包含39个多态性标记、13个连锁群,该图谱总长1174.4 c M,覆盖棉花基因组的26.7%,利用Ici Mapping完备区间作图法对F2:3家系进行相关性状的QTL定位,共检测到30个叶绿素荧光参数、7个叶片干物质含量、6个叶面积指数、1个叶绿素含量的QTL位点,分布在8条染色体上,在同一染色体共标记区间内存在多个性状的QTL,部分位点加性遗传效应来自同一亲本,与干物质含量、最大光化学效应相关的QTL位点在3条染色体上不同标记区间内重复出现,与叶面积指数、最大光化学效应相关的QTL位点在4条染色体上不同标记区间内重复出现,表现出遗传上的一因多效或基因连锁效应,可用于高光效聚合育种。     

Analysis of Wheat Cultivar Differences in Grain Yield, Grain Nitrogen Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency.

More detailed information on the causes of yield variability among wheat cultivars is needed to further increase wheat yield. Field studies were conducted in Northern Greece over the two cropping seasons of 1985—1986 and 1986—1987 to assess the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and application timing of the various component traits that determine grain yield, grain nitrogen yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of two bread ( Triticum aestivum L.) and two durum ( Triticum durum Desf.) wheat cultivars, using yield and yield component analysis. Nitrogen at a rate of 150 kg ha^-1 was applied before planting or 100 N kg ha^-1 before planting and then 50 N kg ha^-1 top dressed at early boot stage. Nitrogen and cultivars affected all traits examined, while split nitrogen application affected only some of the traits. Grain yields in the most cases were correlated with number of grains per unit area and grain weight and grain nitrogen yields in all cases with grain number per unit area. The contribution of the number of grains per spike to total variation in grain yield among cultivars was almost consistent (37 to 55 %), while the contribution of grain weight was more significant (up to 55 %) in high yields (>6.500kg ha^-1) and number of spikes per unit area (>500). The number of grains per spike contributed from 60 to 83 % to the total variation in grain nitrogen per spike. Increased grain nitrogen concentration resulted in a reduction of its contribution in grain nitrogen yield variation. Nitrogen utilization efficiency was higher during grain filling than during vegetative biomass accumulation. The contribution of nitrogen harvest index to the variation of utilization efficiency for grain yield was higher in plants receiving nitrogen application.     

Fluorimetric Determination of the Genetic Variability Existing for Chilling Tolerance in Sweet Sorghum and Sudan Grass

Chilling temperatures drastically inhibited the photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (q_Q) measured in intact leaves photosynthesizing under steady-state conditions. This effect appeared, however, to be characteristic of chilling-susceptible plant species and was not observed in plants which are known to be chilling-tolerant, indicating that the measurement of q_Q can serve in practice to estimate rapidly the relative chilling tolerance of crop plants. A large number (28) of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense) genotypes were screened for chilling tolerance using this rapid q_Q method. Although sweet sorghum and sudan grass obviously behaved as chilling-sensitive plants, a considerable variation for chilling susceptibility was observed among the different genotypes tested. Some sweet sorghum varieties, such as ‘Dale’ and ‘Keller’, and most of the sudan grass varieties appeared to possess a certain degree of resistance towards low temperature stress, indicating the existence of useful germplasms in Sorghum for improving stress tolerance.     

Determination of Differences in Chilling Susceptibility of Two Soybean Varieties by Means of in vivo Chlorophyll Fluorescence Measurements

Chilling susceptibility of two soybean varieties, i.e. cv. Maple Arrow and cv. Evans , in the vegetative state (V 3.0) was determined by measuring in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence of leaves exposed to low positive temperatures. In the more susceptible variety Maple Arrow quite distinct deviations from the reference fluorescence data are seen at temperatures between 6.5 and 4.8°C, but not until 5.5. to 2.5°C in the variety Evans. Fluorescence characteristics, i.e. the fluorescence decrease Rfd, the appearance of low-waves, the photochemical quenching coefficient at steady-state and the initial slope of the non-photochemical quenching coefficient qNP indicate that the two varieties differ in their susceptibility by about 1-2°C at this stage of development. Our results suggest that measurement of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence might serve as a suitable rapid monitoring method of pre-screening soybean varieties for chilling susceptibility, as required in plant breeding.     

大蒜根系水浸液处理对连作甜瓜光合及荧光特性的影响

摘 要：【研究目的】为更有效的缓解甜瓜连作障碍问题,对甜瓜与大蒜间互作效应的研究在理论和应用上都有重要的意义。【方法】以甜瓜品种“金蜜”为材料,盆栽于连作与非连作土壤中,用大蒜根系水浸液处理幼苗,处理后30天,测定叶绿素含量、气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数。【结果】连作使甜瓜叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）下降,使甜瓜叶片初始荧光强度（Fo）增加,PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）和光化学猝灭系数（qP）下降。大蒜根系水浸液处理连作与非连作甜瓜,均提高叶片光合色素含量、Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ和qP,降低Fo。【结论】甜瓜不适宜连作,大蒜根系水浸液能促进甜瓜生长,缓解甜瓜的连作障碍。     

Relationship between Carbon Isotope Discrimination, Ash Content and Grain Yield in Wheat in the Peninsular Zone of India

Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and ash content (m_a) have been proposed as indirect selection criteria for grain yield in wheat. The associations between Δ, m_a and grain yield were found, however, to depend highly on the environmental conditions, the organ sampled and the time of sampling. In this study, carried out in the warm conditions of the Peninsular Zone of India, the relationship between Δ, m_a and yield was studied in 30 bread and durum wheat cultivars under residual soil moisture stress (RSMS), post‐anthesis water stress (PAWS) and well‐watered (WW) conditions. Both Δ and m_a were analysed in young seedlings (four‐leaf stage), leaves at anthesis and grain at maturity. Ash content was also evaluated in leaves at booting stage and maturity. Grain Δ was lower under PAWS and RSMS than under WW, while seedling and leaf Δ did not significantly differ among water regimes. Grain yield was positively correlated to grain Δ under PAWS and negatively correlated to grain m_a under RSMS. A significant positive correlation was noted under RSMS and WW treatments between m_aL_m and grain yield. Ash content in leaf at maturity consequently appears to be a useful indirect selection criterion in environments where Δ does not show any correlation with yield. The results highlight the potential of Δ and m_a as indirect selection criteria for wheat yield in the conditions of the Peninsular Zone of India.     

Resistance to leaf rust in cultivars of bread wheat and durum wheat grown in Spain

A set of bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars adapted to Spanish conditions was tested for resistance against leaf rust caused by different pathotypes of Puccinia triticina in field trials and in growth chamber studies. Lower levels of resistance were found in durum wheat than in bread wheat. The most frequent Lr genes found in bread wheat were Lr1, Lr10, Lr13, Lr20, Lr26 and Lr28. In durum wheat, additional resistance genes that differed from the known Lr genes were identified. The level of partial resistance to leaf rust was in general low, although significant levels were identified in some bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars.