麦秸/聚乙烯复合材料的研究

以麦秸粉和高密度聚乙烯为主要原料,采用挤出成型方式制备生物质/塑料复合材料的试验结果表明,随着麦秸粉用量的增加,所制成复合材料的弯曲强度、冲击强度、抗拉强度呈下降趋势;麦秸粉粒度为-40 60目时,上述各指标达到最大值;随着MAPE用量的增加,复合材料的弯曲强度和抗拉强度增大,但对冲击强度影响较小.     

麦秸粉粒径对微发泡木塑复合材性能的影响

采用挤出成型方式制备麦秸/聚乙烯微孔发泡复合材料,研究麦秸粉不同粒径(40~60目、60~80目、80~120目)对复合材料密度、弯曲强度、拉伸强度、冲击强度的影响并通过扫描电镜观察泡孔结构。结果表明:随着麦秸粉粒径的减小,复合材料的弯曲强度和拉伸强度增加,冲击强度、密度呈先增加后降低趋势,泡孔结构由疏到密、由大到小。     

麦秸/塑料复合材料的耐水性能研究

研究了麦秸与塑料的比例、麦秸粉末的粗细,以及塑料种类对麦秸/塑料复合材料耐水性能的影响,并且用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测定和分析了乙烯-醋酸乙烯(EVA)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)塑料与麦秸之间的热反应特征。试验结果表明:麦秸/塑料复合材料具有良好的耐水性能;麦秸与聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯和乙烯-醋酸乙烯塑料之间产生了一定的反应。     

PVC基本塑复合微发泡材料的研究进展

介绍了PVC基木塑复合微发泡材料的概念、应用及性能特点；概括了国内外木粉界面改性、发泡剂及其他助剂的研究进展情况，分别从界面改性方法、发泡剂和发泡助剂的种类及效果进行了介绍。     

PET纤维增强聚苯乙烯/木粉发泡复合材料力学性能分析

将短切聚酯纤维(PET纤维)作为增强材料添加到回收聚苯乙烯(PS)中,采用热压方式制备聚苯乙烯/木粉复合材料,并使用偶氮二甲酰胺(AC)发泡剂对其进行发泡处理,探讨PET纤维的长度和添加量对聚苯乙烯/木粉发泡复合材料力学性能的影响。通过对试样进行弯曲、拉伸、冲击性能和SEM扫描电镜的分析可知,在本试验研究范围内,当PET纤维添加量为6%、纤维长度为4 mm时,能显著改善复合材料的综合力学性能。     

二次正交旋转试验对麦秸塑料复合材料冲击强度影响

选用农作物秸秆-麦秸粉和热塑性塑料-高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）为原料，添加马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯（MAPE）为改性剂，利用单双螺杆挤出机组，采用熔融挤出方式制备麦秸塑料复合材料。在其它条件固定的情况下，研究双螺杆挤出机温度、转速和麦秸粉含量等因素对麦秸塑料复合材料冲击强度的影响，设计二次正交旋转回归组合试验方案对双螺杆挤出工艺进行优化。麦秸塑料复合材料的冲击强度与双螺杆挤出机的温度和转速以及原料中麦秸粉添加比例存在一定的相关性，通过试验建立了麦秸塑料复合材料冲击强度（y）对双螺杆挤出机温度（x1）、转速（x2）、麦秸粉比例（x3）三个试验因素之间的正交回归模型方程：y=17．98106—0．82505x1^2-0．94349x2^2-1．00182x3^2；；从模型推知，当温度为160℃、双螺杆转速为30rpm和麦秸粉用量为60％时，冲击强度达到最大值17．98kJ／m2，实验验证结果与模型值相符。研究结果对提高麦秸塑料复合材料冲击强度和优化工艺参数具有重要的指导意义和应用价值。     

不同工艺参数对麦秸/聚乙烯复合材料性能的影响

考察口模挤出压力降对复合材料密度及冲击强度的影响,挤出温度对泡孔结构的影响及复合材料添加剂对挤出工艺的影响。结果表明,挤出压力降在9 MPa以内,对复合材料的密度影响不大,超过9 MPa对复合材料的密度影响显著;随着挤出压力降增加,复合材料的冲击强度出现先增加后降低再增加的趋势;随着口模温度的增加,复合材料的泡孔尺寸逐渐增大并由开孔到闭孔,直至泡孔破裂;AC发泡剂用量的增加会造成口模挤出压力降的升高和挤出速度的下降;麦秸粉用量增加,造成复合材料的挤出压力降略有升高但对挤出速度影响不大。     

发泡木塑复合材料的研究现状及发展趋势

通过对国内外发泡木塑复合材料研究进展进行分析,系统的总结了影响发泡木塑复合材料的相关因素:发泡剂的种类和用量、界面改性方法、增强纤维的种类和添加量及加工工艺等,并提出了发泡木塑复合材料的研究趋势。     

超低密度生物质纤维基复合材料性能的研究

为了获得轻质高强的复合材料,以聚合物发泡技术与人造板工艺技术结合制备超低密度生物质纤维基复合材料,通过发泡手段使材料密度降低的同时提高材料的物理力学性能。重点研究发泡对复合材料力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:以碳酸氢钠为发泡剂对生物质纤维基复合材料进行发泡可以有效提高材料的物理力学性能。经方差和极差分析可知,本研究最佳工艺条件为:施胶量为25%、发泡剂加量6%、热压温度165℃、热压时间6min。     

MAPE相容剂对麦秸／聚乙烯复合材料力学性能影响的研究

采用一步法连续挤出技术将麦秸粉和高密度聚乙烯复合制备木塑复合材料,并用马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯共聚物（MAPE）作为相客剂,研究其加入量对力学性能的影响。M-APE的加入对复合材料的拉伸、弯曲和冲击强度均有较大改善,且MAPE的加入量为9～12份时复合材料的力学性能达到最大值,扫描电镜所得的界面微观特征图也证明了这一点。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.