波尔山羊除精浆冷冻精液的试验研究

以波尔山羊精液为试验材料,通过二步稀释法在降温前以葡萄糖-卵黄液为洗涤液,应用离心洗涤法对波尔山羊精液进行1000 r/min离心处理,制作细管冻精,并进行活力、顶体完整率、存活时间以及超微结构的观察分析.结果表明,经离心处理的冻精精子活率显著优于对照组(P<0.05),精子顶体完整率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),精子存活时间处理间差异不显著,除精浆可使精子所受冷冻损伤大为减轻,显著提高冻后精子品质.     

稀释方法、孵育温度和时间对冷冻—解冻后猪精液质量的影响

试验以精子冻后活率、质膜完整率和顶体完整率三项指标评价了一步稀释法(Ⅰ组)和两步稀释法(Ⅱ组),以及不同保存温度和时间对解冻、稀释后的猪精液质量的影响。结果表明,采用两步稀释法对解冻后的猪细管冻精进行稀释,精子活率、质膜完整率和顶体完整率分别达到82.6%、89.4%和90.3%,极显著高于一步稀释法(P0.01)。用两步法稀释后的精液36℃保存5 min、10 min和15 min时精子活率分别为81.2%、80.8%和80.9%(P0.05),40 min时为50.1%;精子质膜完整率和顶体完整率未见显著下降(P0.05);17℃保存15 h时精子活率、质膜完整率和顶体完整率分别为81.1%、88.9%和91.4%(P0.05);60 h时分别为50.4%、61.4%和61.6%,均极显著低于初始的各项指标(P0.01)。     

离心对绒山羊精液冷冻效果的影响

选用8只精液品质良好的岢岚绒山羊成年公羊,采精后将精液混合,等分为2份,一份不离心(对照组),4倍稀释后颗粒冷冻;另一份在2 000 r/min下离心10 min,弃去上清,补充等体积稀释液,再4倍稀释后颗粒冷冻.探讨离心对冷冻前后的精液品质及其相关酶活性的影响.结果表明,离心可显著提高冻前冻后精子活率、弯尾率和顶体完整率,显著降低精子的畸形率和获能率(P＜0.05);离心组冻前冻后精泣的GOT活性、LDH活性、GPT活性显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),精浆果糖含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).表明,离心处理可明显提高绒山羊精液冻前冻后的品质.     

测定冻精酶活性的高低预测精液品质

[目的]为了通过测定牛冻精谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)的活性高低来预测精液品质.[方法]用人医血清酶类测定的赖氏法测定两种酶的活性.[结果]表明:谷丙转氨酶与精子活率呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01),与顶体完整率呈显著负相关(P＜0.05);谷草转氨酶与精子活率呈极显著负相关(P＜0.05),与顶体完整率呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01).[结论 ]谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性愈高,精子活率和顶体完整率愈低,精子品质下降.     

除去精浆对波尔山羊冷冻精液品质的影响

以波尔山羊精液为实验材料,采用二步稀释法在降温前以葡萄糖-卵黄液为洗涤液,应用离心洗涤法对波尔山羊精液进行1000r/min离心处理,制作细管冻精,并进行超微结构分析.结果表明:经离心处理的冻精精子活率极显著优于对照组(P<0.01),精子顶体完整率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01) ,精子存活时间不同处理间未见显著差异(P>0.05).精浆中包含有多种物质,充当精子载体的作用,并可稀释精子,为精子提供代谢物质.试验中除去精浆后精子活率、 顶体完整率均优于对照组,表明除去精浆对冷冻后的精子品质有提高作用.     

维生素E提高绵羊颗粒冻精品质的机理研究

以无角多赛特公羊为试验对象,采用2步稀释法,在冷冻精液稀释液中添加维生素E,对维生素E提高绵羊颗粒冻精品质的机理进行初探.试验1证明,试验组的活率(0.435)极显著高于对照组(0.365)(P＜0.01),其精子顶体总异常率(33.72%)极显著低于对照组(44.35%)(P＜0.01),且顶体完整率与冻精活率相关极显著(r＝0.662,P＝0.037).添加维生素E可降低冷冻对精子顶体的损害程度,冷冻精液品质得到显著改善.试验2结果表明添加维生素E后AST、ALP、GGT、CK、LDH与ALT的活性均与对照组无显著差异.但对照组与试验组比较,GOT及CK释放量与解冻精子的活率负相关下降(分别为r＝-0.536,r＝-0.209及r＝-0.419,r＝-0.051),LDH的释放量与解冻精子的活率之间正相关(r＝0.123与r＝0.507).试验3结果证明在绵羊冷冻精液稀释液中添加维生素E可以显著提高精子顶体酶的活力,分别为82.91 mu/ml和99.82 mu/ml(P＜0.05).绵羊冷冻精液精子顶体酶活力与精子活率呈正相关(r=0.490),与精子畸形率呈负相关(r=-0.122),冷冻精子活率随着精子顶体酶活力的提高而提高.     

低密度脂蛋白对冻融后猪精子生物学功能的影响

用3种不同的离心速度提取蛋黄中的低密度脂蛋白(LDL),然后在猪精液冷冻稀释液中添加不同含量的LDL;冻融后的猪精液进行体外受精,观测其体外受精的卵裂率,以探索不同离心速度离心获得的LDL对冻融后猪精子生物学功能的影响。结果表明:以10000 r/min离心速度离心的LDL,其解冻后猪精子的活率、顶体的完整率和质膜完整性显著高于8000 r/min和12000 r/min的(P<0.05),LDL的最佳添加量为9%(P<0.05)。冻融后体外受精的卵裂率达到46.35%,与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。     

羧甲基纤维素钠对猪精液常温保存效果的影响

在猪人工授精技术中,良好的稀释剂是提高猪精子质量的关键因素之一。为探讨羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)对猪精液常温保存效果的影响,本研究以传统的猪精液保存稀释剂Zorlesco(-BSA)为基础稀释液,通过添加不同浓度的CMC(0、8、16和24μmol/L)对原精液进行稀释和保存。采用计算机辅助精液分析仪(CASA)检测精子活率和活力,低渗肿胀法(HOST)检测精子质膜完整性,考马斯亮蓝染色检测精子顶体完整性。结果显示,在猪精液保存的前3d内,添加不同浓度CMC组的精子活率和活力与对照组相比较高,但差异不显著(P0.05);保存4~7d时,与对照组相比添加16μmol/L CMC组的精子活率和活力明显升高(P0.05)。在保存的前4d内,添加不同浓度CMC组的精子质膜完整率和顶体完整率与对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05),但在保存至5~7d时,添加16μmol/L CMC组的质膜完整率和顶体完整率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。猪精子活力、活率、质膜完整率、顶体完整率之间存在极显著的正相关关系(P0.01),在Zorlesco稀释剂中添加8~24μmol/L的CMC能显著改善和提高猪精子活率、活力、质膜完整性以及顶体完整率,其最佳添加浓度为16μmol/L。CMC可作为精液稀释剂中的悬浮剂,用于减缓精子沉降速率,提高猪精液保存质量。     

不同离心条件对犬精液冷冻保存质量的影响

为评估3种离心条件对犬精液解冻后的影响。将手握法采集的精液分成3等份,分别用3种离心条件离心、稀释冷冻,解冻后保存在37℃水浴中,0-6h测定精子活力、活率、畸形率、顶体完整率。结果表明,3种离心处理组的精子0h活力、活率、畸形率、顶体完整率差异不显著（P〉0.05）,但随保存时间的增加明显下降（P〈0.05）,3组之间变化差异不显著（P〉0.05）。     

绵羊精液平衡过程中降温速率对精子品质的影响

本试验研究了河南大尾寒羊精液冷冻颗粒制作过程中,100、150、200和250 mL 4种不同体积水浴平衡降温速率对冻精精子品质的影响。结果表明：①4种水浴平衡处理的降温时间在2.2～3.9 h,以100 mL水浴降温速率最大,250 mL水浴降温速率最小,200和250 mL水浴处理降温速率较为接近。②精液冷冻水浴平衡降温速率前30 min,降温速率应控制在0.73～0.74 ℃/min之间;30～90 min降温速率应控制在0.11～0.12 ℃/min之间。③水浴平衡时的降温时间3 h较为适宜,250 mL水浴平衡降温的处理对精子造成的冷打击最小,制作的冻精解冻后的精子品质最高。④精子活率：250 和200 mL处理间差异不显著(P＞0.05);250、200 mL处理与150、100 mL处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)。⑤畸形率：250 mL水浴平衡条件下最低,100 mL水浴平衡条件下最高。250与200 mL处理间精子畸形率差异不显著(P＞0.05);250与150、100 mL处理间精子畸形率差异显著(P＜0.05)。⑥顶体完整率：250和200 mL较高,两处理间差异不显著(P＞0.05);250和200 mL处理与150及100 mL处理间精子顶体完整率差异显著(P＜0.05)。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …