转抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因（APX）菊苣抗旱相关生理特性

在获得转抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因(APX)菊苣株系的基础上,对3个转基因株系的抗旱相关生理特性进行分析。结果表明：正常供水条件下,转基因株系与非转基因植株各项生理指标差异不显著;干旱条件下, 3个转基因株系菊苣叶片APX质量摩尔浓度均显著高于非转基因对照。3个转基因株系中有2个株系丙二醛（MDA）质量摩尔浓度低于非转基因对照,表明APX基因可显著提高菊苣APX活性,降低氧自由基浓度,减轻对细胞的伤害。3个转基因株系叶片相对含水量、脯氨酸质量分数、叶绿素质量分数、单株幼苗的根系生长量,均高于非转基因对照。可见,转APX基因菊苣具有较强的抗旱能力,从而验证APX基因的抗旱功能,为转基因材料应用于菊苣的抗旱育种提供依据。     

F3′5′H基因的克隆、表达载体构建与矮牵牛遗传转化

类黄酮3′5′羟基化酶(Flavonoid-3’,5-’hydroxylase;F3′5′H)是花色素苷代谢途径中的一个关键性酶,能使花色素的合成趋向于形成蓝色的飞燕草色素。从蓝紫色矮牵牛的花瓣中提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR技术克隆得到了约1.7kb的F3′5′H片段。F3′5′H的cDNA序列分析结果表明,克隆得到的序列与原序列同源性达到99.34%,开放读码框为1 521 bp,编码507个氨基酸。将推算的氨基酸序列与NCBI登录的氨基酸序列进行分析比较,发现与文献报道的存在2个氨基酸差异,氨基酸同源率为99.6%。将此基因构建到含有35S启动子的植物表达载体PBI-F3′5′H上,并通过农杆菌介导法对粉红色矮牵牛进行了遗传转化,初步鉴定获得了转基因植株。     

Overexpression of a Cytosolic Ascorbate Peroxidase Gene,OsAPX2, Increases Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Alfalfa

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important forage crop in the world and it is of great significance for the improvement of its salt tolerance. To improve salt tolerance in alfalfa, a rice ascorbate peroxidase gene (OsAPX2) was introduced into alfalfa using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation with marker gene bar. The different T-DNA insertions in T₁ transgenic alfalfa were identified by Southern hybridization. Three independent T₂ transgenic lines were selected for stress analysis and the results showed that all of them were salt tolerant compared with wild-type plants. The transgenic plants had low levels of H₂O₂, malondialdehyde and relative electrical conductivity under salt and drought stresses. Moreover, the contents of chlorophyll and proline, and APX activity were high in transgenic plants under salt and drought stresses. Taken together, the overexpression of OsAPX2 enhances salt tolerance in alfalfa through scavenging reactive oxygen species.     

兼抗虫、除草剂、干旱转基因玉米的获得和鉴定

【目的】培育抗玉米螟、抗草甘膦、抗旱的转基因复合性状玉米种质。【方法】通过农杆菌介导的玉米茎尖遗传转化法,把重组到同一植物表达载体的cry1AcM、epsps、GAT和ZmPIS转入玉米骨干自交系9801和齐319（Q319）,获得转基因植株。通过逐代除草剂筛选、分子检测和抗虫性鉴定,从大量转基因株系中优选出6个优良玉米株系。在此基础上,以非转基因自交系9801、Q319为对照,在严格控制条件下对6个转基因株系进行抗虫、抗除草剂和抗旱性检测。由于不同生长时期植株对玉米螟危害的敏感程度有差异,在抗虫性检测试验中,对不同生长阶段的转基因玉米的抗虫性,分别进行了田间和室内玉米螟接种试验,并以灌浆期玉米的籽粒和苞叶饲喂玉米螟幼虫检测其杀虫性。在草甘膦抗性鉴定试验中,对6叶期田间玉米植株喷洒大田除草用量的草甘膦溶液评估其应用价值;采用3倍应用剂量的草甘膦溶液喷施3叶期玉米植株测试其草甘膦耐受力。在抗旱性鉴定试验中,对10叶期玉米植株进行干旱胁迫处理,观测转基因植株的表型变化并测定光合作用和叶绿素荧光等参数。【结果】选择出6个遗传稳定的兼抗亚洲玉米螟、抗草甘膦和抗旱性提高的转基因玉米株系,其中株系L1-L3来自自交系9801,Q1-Q3来自自交系Q319。通过RT-PCR检测4个转基因的转录强度,证明它们在转基因植株中有效表达;利用Western blot方法检测cry1Ac蛋白的表达水平,确定其在玉米植株中稳定表达。植株抗虫性鉴定结果显示这6个株系在玉米营养生长期和灌浆期的抗虫能力均显著高于未转基因自交系。在草甘膦抗性测试中,转基因植株表现出明显高于未转基因自交系的草甘膦抗性。在干旱控水期间,转基因植株能维持较强的光合能力和光系统Ⅱ活性,对干旱胁迫的抗性显著高于对照植株。【结论】将cry1AcM、epsps、GAT、ZmPIS一同转入玉米,赋予了植株抗玉米螟、抗除草剂草甘膦特性,提高了植株的抗旱性,达到生产中应用标准。培育出具有优良复合性状的转基因玉米新材料。     

Evaluation of drought tolerance in ZmVPP1-overexpressing transgenic inbred maize lines and their hybrids

The vacuolar proton-pumping pyrophosphatase gene(VPP) is often used to enhance plant drought tolerance via genetic engineering. In this study, the drought tolerance of four transgenic inbred maize lines overexpressing ZmVPP1(PH4 CV-T, PH6 WC-T, Chang7-2-T, and Zheng58-T) and their transgenic hybrids was evaluated at various stages. Under normal and drought conditions, the height and fresh weight were greater for the four transgenic inbred maize lines than for the wild-type(WT) controls at the germination and seedling stages. Additionally, the transgenic plants exhibited enhanced photosynthetic efficiency at the seedling stage. In irrigated and non-irrigated fields, the four transgenic lines grew normally, but with increased ear weight and yield compared with the WT plants. Moreover, the ear weight and yield of the transgenic hybrids resulting from the PH4 CV-T×PH6 WC-W and Chang7-2-T×Zheng58-W crosses increased in the non-irrigated field. Our results demonstrated that the growth and drought tolerance of four transgenic inbred maize lines with improved photosynthesis were enhanced by the overexpression of ZmVPP1. Moreover, the Chang7-2 and PH4 CV transgenic lines may be useful for future genetic improvements of maize hybrids to increase drought tolerance.     

Overexpression of the Suaeda salsa SsNHX1 gene confers enhanced salt and drought tolerance to transgenic Zea mays

Maize is one of the most important crops worldwide, but it suffers from salt stress when grown in saline-alkaline soil. There is therefore an urgent need to improve maize salt tolerance and crop yield. In this study, the SsNHX1 gene of Suaeda salsa, which encodes a vacuolar membrane Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter, was transformed into the maize inbred line 18-599 by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic maize plants overexpressing the SsNHX1 gene showed less growth retardation when treated with an increasing NaCl gradient of up to 1%, indicating enhanced salt tolerance. The improved salt tolerance of transgenic plants was also demonstrated by a significantly elevated seed germination rate (79%) and a reduction in seminal root length inhibition. Moreover, transgenic plants under salt stress exhibited less physiological damage. SsNHX1-overexpressing transgenic maize accumulated more Na⁺ and K⁺ than wild-type (WT) plants particularly in the leaves, resulting in a higher ratio of K⁺/Na⁺ in the leaves under salt stress. This result revealed that the improved salt tolerance of SsNHX1-overexpressing transgenic maize plants was likely attributed to SsNHX1-mediated localization of Na⁺ to vacuoles and subsequent maintenance of the cytosolic ionic balance. In addition, SsNHX1 overexpression also improved the drought tolerance of the transgenic maize plants, as rehydrated transgenic plants were restored to normal growth while WT plants did not grow normally after dehydration treatment. Therefore, based on our engineering approach, SsNHX1 represents a promising candidate gene for improving the salt and drought tolerance of maize and other crops.     

硅提高植物耐旱性研究进展

硅对植物的生长发育及耐旱性有着重要作用,干旱胁迫会引起植物失水,抑制植物光合作用和正 常生长发育、进而降低作物产量,严重威胁粮食安全。虽然硅一直不被认为是植物必需元素,但有许多研究证明, 植物吸收硅后能够缓解各种逆境胁迫。系统总结了硅对干旱胁迫下植物生长发育、光合作用、渗透调节、抗氧 化调节等方面的国内外研究现状。研究表明,外源硅能够促进相关渗透调节物质的合成,缓解干旱引起的渗透 胁迫,还能提高相关抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量抵御氧化胁迫,从而提高植物耐旱性。但有关硅调控植物 耐旱性,目前在生理层面研究较多,有关硅是通过何种途径调控干旱胁迫下植物渗透物质合成以及各种抗氧化 酶活性的分子机理还不清楚,这方面可作为重点进一步研究。     

Knockdown of ACS9 expression in Arabidopsis decreases the tolerance to salt and osmotic stress

Based on the DNA sequence of ACS9, two produced fragments were subcloned into binary vector pCAMBIA1300 in antisense and sense orientations, and the generated RNA interference (RNAi) vector was then transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana. The stress resistance function of ACS9 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana was researched by determination of stress resistance physiologic indexes, NaCl and PEG6000 resistance. The results showed that the inhibition of ACS9 expression enhanced the sensitivity to high concentration NaCl (150 mmol/L) and PEG6000 (7%) in Arabidopsis thaliana seeding stage. The proline contents and water loss rates in transgenic plants were 0.68 and 1.4 times higher than those in the wild-type leaves, respectively, indicating that the inhibition of ACS9 expression due to salt and drought resistant was reduced and suggested that ACS9 gene played important roles in plant salt and drought tolerance.     

过量表达蔗糖转运蛋白基因增强转基因小麦的耐旱性

【目的】创制过量表达TaSUT1A的转基因小麦,分析TaSUT1A在转基因小麦中的遗传及其对干旱胁迫的应答反应,选育抗旱的转基因小麦新种质。【方法】采用基因重组技术构建了TaSUT1A表达载体,利用基因枪介导法将该载体转入小麦品种科农199,通过Bialaphos筛选、转化植株基因组DNA PCR验证获得转基因T₀植株;利用RT-PCR检测TaSUT1A在转基因T₃植株中的表达情况,在此基础上,对3个转基因系的T₄转基因植株进行抗旱性鉴定和抗旱相关生理指标分析,验证其抗旱能力。【结果】经PCR检测和RT-PCR验证,获得了转TaSUT1A小麦阳性植株,与非转基因对照相比,20%PEG胁迫处理显著诱导了转基因株系根叶组织中目标基因TaSUT1A的上调表达。抗旱鉴定和抗性生理分析显示,在20%PEG胁迫处理下,转基因株系的萌发率比非转基因对照平均提高了32.8%,显著高于非转基因对照,并促进初生根的萌发和生长,初生根长和胚芽鞘长比非转基因对照平均增加了81.72%和170.77%;在20%PEG胁迫处理下,转基因植株叶组织中的蔗糖和可溶性糖平均提高了42.95%和36.56%,根中蔗糖和可溶性糖平均提高了58.01%和43.01%,均显著高于非转基因对照植株;与未胁迫处理相比,20%PEG胁迫处理后非转基因植株叶中的SOD活性由105.4 U·g^-1FW升高到139.1 U·g^-1FW,而转基因植株的活性由107.7-115.3 U·g^-1FW提高到168.2-211.6 U·g^-1FW,显著高于非转基因对照,同时,转基因小麦株系的MDA的产生较非转基因对照平均降低了37.47%,显著减少了MDA的产生。【结论】TaSUT1A在参与植物的逆境应答反应机制中具有重要作用,促进逆境胁迫中小麦的萌发和生长,超量表达TaSUT1A可显著提高转基因小麦的耐旱能力。     

Overexpression of GmBIN2, a soybean glycogen synthase kinase 3 gene,enhances tolerance to salt and drought in transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean hairy roots

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a kind of serine/threonine kinase widely found in eukaryotes. Many plant GSK3 kinases play important roles in regulating stress responses. This study investigated BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 2 (GmBIN2) gene, a member of the GSK3 protein kinase family in soybean and an orthologue of Arabidopsis BIN2/AtSK21. GmBIN2 expression was increased by salt and drought stresses, but was not significantly affected by the ABA treatment. To examine the function of GmBIN2, transgenic Arabidopsis and transgenic soybean hairy roots were generated. Overexpression of GmBIN2 in Arabidopsis resulted in increased germination rate and root length compared with wild-type plants under salt and mannitol treatments. Overexpression of GmBIN2 increased cellular Ca²⁺ content and reduced Na+ content, enhancing salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. In the soybean hairy root assay, overexpression of GmBIN2 in transgenic roots also showed significantly higher relative root growth rate than the control when subjected to salt and mannitol treatments. Measurement of physiological indicators, including proline content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and relative electrical conductivity, supported this conclusion. Furthermore, we also found that GmBIN2 could up-regulate the expression of some stress-related genes in transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean hairy roots. Overall, these results indicated that GmBIN2 improved tolerance to salt and drought in transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean hairy roots.     

Nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein CsNIP2;2 is a silicon influx transporter in Cucumis sativus L.

Nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins (NIPs) are a family of channel-forming transmembrane proteins that function in the transport of water and other small molecules. Some NIPs can mediate silicon transport across plasma membranes and lead to silicon accumulation in plants, which is beneficial for the growth and development of plants. Cucumber is one of the most widely consumed vegetables; however, the functions of NIPs in this crop are still largely unknown. Here, we report the functional characteristics of CsNIP2;2. It was found that CsNIP2;2 is a tandem repeat of CsNIP2;1, which had been demonstrated to be a silicon influx transporter gene. CsNIP2;2 has a selectivity filter composed of cysteine, serine, glycine and arginine (CSGR), which is different from all previously characterized silicon influx transporters in higher plants at the second helix position. Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with CsNIP2;2 cRNA demonstrated a higher uptake of silicon than the control, and the uptake remained unchanged under low temperature. CsNIP2;2 was found to be expressed in the root, stem, lamina and petiole, and exogenous silicon treatment decreased its expression in the stem but not in other tissues. Transient expression of CsNIP2;2-eGFP fusion sequence in onion epidermal cells showed that CsNIP2;2 was localized to the cell nucleus, plasma membrane and an unknown structure inside the cell. The results suggest that CsNIP2;2 is a silicon influx transporter in cucumber, and its subcellular localization and the selectivity filter are different from those of the previously characterized silicon influx transporters in other plants. These findings may be helpful for understanding the functions of NIPs in cucumber plants.     

旱稻(Oryza sativa L.)转Ac基因后代的筛选与农艺性状变异分析

本研究采用抗生素筛选种子的方法对126份旱稻297的Ac转基因材料T2代种子做抗性筛选,经T3、T4、T5逐代筛选得到64份纯合材料和23份非纯合材料,共87个转化事件(94个株系)。分析了后代株系与产量相关的11个农艺性状变异特点,通过方差分析、相关性分析、主成份分析以及系统聚类分析,结果表明:1)转Ac基因株系间多数农艺性状围绕对照旱稻297均值发生了较大幅度的变异;2)各性状间存在复杂的相关性,尤其株高越高主茎穗总粒数相对较多,主茎结实率较大,千粒重相对较大,是可用作提高产量潜力的有利相关变异;3)11个农艺性状的大部分信息可以由前6个主成份解释,主成份1和主成份2累积贡献率近50%,显示转基因优良株系应选株高较高、主茎穗总粒数较多、主茎穗结实率较高、粒长宽比较大、而且单株有效穗数较少、粒宽和粒厚较小的变异类型;4)聚类分析表明,全部转Ac株系所有农艺性状的变异为6大类型,其中第四、第一两类型的变异更有利于提高产量潜力,并从中选出2个综合性状变异表现突出优良的转Ac株系。这一结果可为转基因水旱稻育种研究的种质创新理论与实践提供借鉴。     

异源表达irrE转基因烟草的耐盐耐旱性

【目的】IrrE是从耐辐射异常球菌中发现的全局调控蛋白,主要通过修复强辐射等逆境条件下DNA损伤,提高耐辐射异常球菌对极端逆境环境的抗性。研究按植物密码子优化的irrE后导入烟草对转基因烟草耐逆能力的提高,为棉花等作物耐逆育种研究打下基础。【方法】按照植物密码子优化细菌irrE并合成基因;通过酶切连接法构建irrE植物表达载体;通过叶盘法转化烟草并PCR验证获得阳性转基因再生苗;通过实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)分析转基因株系中irrE的表达量;通过蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测IrrE编码蛋白;通过NaCl和甘露醇模拟盐处理和干旱处理分析纯和转基因株系的耐盐耐旱性,通过测定抗逆相关生理指标鉴定其对植物耐逆的贡献。【结果】按照植物密码子对irrE进行改造,共优化了241个密码子;构建了高效植物表达载体GBI-IE;利用除草剂草甘膦作为筛选剂获得转基因再生幼苗,并通过PCR验证共获得15个独立的转基因株系;通过q RT-PCR分析从中选取两个表达量最高的株系GO1和GO2进行后续的抗逆性分析;Western blot验证IrrE编码蛋白在GO1和GO2中能正确翻译。转基因烟草耐盐耐旱性分析:种子萌发试验表明,正常1/2 MS培养基上,转基因株系GO1和GO2发芽率和非转基因野生型对照之间没有明显的差异。然而250 mmol·L~(-1)NaCl培养基上GO1和GO2萌发率分别为78.8%和90.0%,野生型仅为10.3%,分别提高了68.5%和79.7%。类似地,300 mmol·L~(-1)甘露醇条件下,野生型的萌发率为39.7%,转基因株系GO1和GO2分别提高了42.9%和50.8%;正常萌发的种子移栽到250 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl和300 mmol·L~(-1)甘露醇条件12 d后,转基因株系根长、侧根数以及鲜重等生理指标显著高于野生型对照;温室中正常生长30 d的苗期烟草在250 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理下,转基因烟草SOD、CAT活性比野生型对照分别提高了48.80%和88.55%,而MDA含量比野生型对照降低了61.61%,胁迫响应基因Nt ABF2、Nt LEA5、Ntzfp、Nt CDPK2在GO1和GO2转基因株系中表达量均显著高于非转基因野生型。和盐处理结果类似,300 mmol·L~(-1)甘露醇的处理下,转基因烟草的耐旱生理生化指标均优于非转基因对照。【结论】烟草中异源表达耐辐射异常球菌irrE可以显著提高耐盐耐旱性;其多效性耐非生物胁迫能力的提高表明其可作为植物耐逆基因工程的优良基因源。     

大豆水杨酸结合蛋白基因GmSABP2的克隆及功能分析

【目的】对大豆（Glycine max）水杨酸结合蛋白基因GmSABP2进行克隆与表达分析,并转化拟南芥进行耐盐、耐干旱分析,进一步了解该基因耐盐、耐干旱的分子机制。【方法】以拟南芥SABP2为探针,搜索大豆基因组数据库,从中挑选出同源性最高的序列,将其命名为GmSABP2。利用电子克隆技术,从大豆叶子中克隆得到大豆水杨酸结合蛋白基因GmSABP2。通过DNAMAN程序进行氨基酸的多序列比对,利用NCBI的CD-search进行氨基酸的保守结构域分析,应用MEGA程序进行系统进化树分析。对大豆幼苗进行盐和干旱胁迫处理来分析其在胁迫下的表型变化。通过Real time-PCR分析大豆幼苗在盐和干旱处理条件下GmSABP2的表达特性。利用Gateway技术构建植物表达载体pEarleyGate103-GmSABP2,转入根癌农杆菌EHA105,利用蘸花法侵染拟南芥,经抗性筛选得到转基因株系。对野生型植株和转基因植株进行盐和干旱胁迫处理,并统计在胁迫条件下两者的种子萌发率、主根长和成熟植株的存活率。【结果】克隆得到GmSABP2的cDNA序列,序列全长1 235 bp,其开放阅读框为786 bp,编码261个氨基酸,分子量为29.15 kD,等电点为5.58。氨基酸序列比对发现大豆和毛白杨、可可以及烟草相似度较高。利用NCBI的CD-search发现大豆SABP2序列中存在一个Abhydrolase_6（pfam：12697）水解酶保守结构域。大豆SABP2蛋白属于α/β水解酶超家族。应用MEGA程序构建多物种的系统发生树,发现大豆和毛白杨及可可亲缘关系较近,而与拟南芥亲缘关系较远。对大豆幼苗胁迫后的表型分析发现,在盐和干旱条件下大豆幼苗均受到明显的胁迫效应。Real time-PCR分析表明大豆幼苗叶子中的GmSABP2在盐和干旱处理条件下均上调表达。拟南芥耐逆性分析发现,在正常培养条件下,野生型植株和转基因株系均能正常萌发、生长。在高盐（150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl）处理条件下,野生型植株的种子萌发率为38%,12 d大小幼苗主根长为0.4 cm,成熟植株的存活率为49%;转基因株系的种子萌发率为67%,12 d大小幼苗主根长为1.1 cm,成熟植株的存活率为78%。在模拟干旱（20% PEG6000）处理条件下,野生型植株的种子萌发率为31%,12 d大小幼苗主根长为0.5 cm,成熟植株的存活率为36%;转基因株系的种子萌发率为57%,12 d大小幼苗主根长为1.0 cm,成熟植株的存活率为66%。【结论】GmSABP2在拟南芥植株对盐和干旱的抗性中有一定的作用。     

转DREB1A基因地被菊耐旱节水性

选用已经获得的具有多重抗逆性的转DREB1A基因地被菊6个株系为试验材料,以未转基因的野生型植株‘WT'为对照,将各株系盆栽幼苗分别进行室温条件下和高温条件下的水分胁迫处理,通过研究水分胁迫 前后各株系植株生理指标的变化规律,分析了各株系的耐失水特性,并利用方差分析及隶属函数综合评价的方法对不同株系的耐旱节水能力进行了...     

Acquisition of Insect-Resistant Transgenic Maize Harboring a Truncated cry1Ah Gene via Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation

A novel insecticidal gene cry1Ah was cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis isolate BT8 previously for plant genetic engineering improvement. Truncated active Cry1Ah toxin has a toxicity level similar to that of the full-length Cry1Ah toxin. In this study, plant expression vector pMhGM harboring truncated cry1Ah gene was transformed into maize (Zea mays L.) immature embryos by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation at which maize alcohol dehydrogenase matrix attachment regions (madMARs) were incorporated on both sides of the gene expression cassette to improve gene expression. A total of 23 PCR positive events were obtained with a transformation efficiency of 5% around. Bioassay results showed that events 1-4 and 1-5 exhibited enhanced resistance to the Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis). These two events were further confirmed by molecular analysis. Southern blot suggested that a single copy of the cry1Ah gene was successfully integrated into the maize genome. Western blot and ELISA showed that the foreign gene cry1Ah was expressed stably at high level in maize and could be inherited stably over generations. The results of a bioassay of T1-T4 transgenic maize plants indicated that the transgenic plants were highly toxic to the Asian corn borer and their resistance could be inherited stably from generation to generation. Thus, events 1-4 and 1-5 are good candidates for the breeding of insect-resistant maize.