红鱼粉饲料中添加海洋红酵母对大菱鲆生长性能的影响

为研究用红鱼粉替代白鱼粉,并在替代饲料中添加两个不同梯度海洋红酵母对大菱鲆生长性能、体成分以及形体指标的影响。试验用白鱼粉、红鱼粉、海洋红酵母1 g／kg＋红鱼粉、海洋红酵母2 g／kg＋红鱼粉4种等氮等能的试验饲料分别饲喂初始体质量（213．48±0．23） g的大菱鲆,480尾试验鱼随机分为4组,每组设3个重复,每个重复40尾,试验期为6周。试验结果表明,与红鱼粉组相比,海洋红酵母1 g／kg＋红鱼粉组可显著提高大菱鲆的摄食率、相对质量增加率、特定生长率及蛋白质效率（P＜0．05）,效果与白鱼粉组相当,高于海洋红酵母2 g／kg＋红鱼粉组,但差异不显著（P＞0．05）。各试验组大菱鲆的体成分和形体指标差异不显著（ P＞0．05）。据此,添加海洋红酵母1 g／kg即能显著提高大菱鲆对红鱼粉替代白鱼粉饲料的摄食率、蛋白效率和生长性能,使得红鱼粉替代组的饲料性能达到了白鱼粉组的生长水平。     

营养强化的轮虫、卤虫对牙鲆仔鱼的成活、生长及体脂肪酸组成的影响

用3种营养强化剂强化的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体投喂牙鲆仔鱼,研究牙鲆仔鱼的生长、成活、体脂肪酸的组成。结果表明:用强化的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体投喂牙鲆仔鱼,成活率、增重均显著高于对照组(p<0 01),其中V号强化剂的效果最好,成活率为29 34%,比对照组提高100%;增重倍数为217 90,比对照组提高68 61%;这是由于V号强化剂强化的卤虫无节幼体体内含有较多的AA的缘故,饵料中AA含量的提高,可以提高牙鲆仔鱼的成活率、促进其生长。牙鲆摄食强化过的轮虫、卤虫无节幼体后,其EPA、DHA、n-3HUFA、PUFA的含量随着饵料中含量的升高而升高,这也是牙鲆仔鱼生长速度和成活率提高的重要因素之一。     

大菱鲆苗种繁育技术

对大菱鲆繁育几个重点环节的技术进行了介绍 ,认为大菱鲆卵的孵化温度应该在 13℃ ,前期仔鱼培育水温 15℃ ,后期仔鱼及稚幼鱼 17℃为宜 ,孵化后第 8～ 9d宜减少投喂 ,以利于大菱鲆仔鱼鳔的开口 ,提高成活率。推荐了一种效果较好的生物饵料营养强化剂 ,并介绍了一种独到的药物防病方法。     

一株广温性大菱鲆肠道益生菌的筛选与鉴定

从健康的大菱鲆肠道内分离细菌,以大菱鲆致病菌鲨鱼弧菌Vibrio archariae和大菱鲆弧菌Vibrio scophthalmi为指示菌,根据拮抗作用原则,分离得到一株菌TYTG-1.根据菌株的形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析,菌株被鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis.从养殖大菱鲆肠道中分离获得枯草芽孢杆茵在国内属首次报道.该株茵在4～42℃均能生长,属广温性.经过28d的投喂添加浓度为107和109CFU/g枯草芽孢杆菌的饲料,大菱鲆生长正常,未产生不良反应.该株枯草芽孢杆茵对引起大菱鲆腹水病和肠炎病的两株致病弧茵具有良好的拮抗作用,其具有较大潜力作为肠道益生菌应用于大菱鲆的养殖.     

卤虫卵孵化强化剂的初步研究与应用

对两种不同品系的卤虫卵进行了孵化对比实验,分别分为实验组和对照组两组,其中实验组添加孵化强化剂,其他孵化条件与对照组相同。两组对照组的孵化率分别为80.3％和79.6％,而加入孵化强化剂之后的实验组的孵化率分别为85.3％和86.4％,增幅范围为5％～10％。从而更加说明了孵化强化剂型的显著效果,为进一步的中试奠定了基础。     

三种不同规格大菱鲆血常规分析

通过人工方法结合Pentra 120血细胞分析仪检测三种不同规格大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)重要血液生理指标,以期探讨大菱鲆不同生长阶段血液指标特点。结果显示:350 g组大菱鲆粒细胞绝对值、中间细胞百分比、粒细胞百分比显著高于70 g组(P<0.05);70 g组大菱鲆淋巴细胞百分比显著高于350 g组(P<0.05);血红蛋白含量、红细胞压积与鱼体规格正相关且350 g组与20 g组间红细胞压积差异显著(P<0.05)、血红蛋白含量差异极显著(P<0.01);三种不同规格大菱鲆间血栓细胞系各项指标无显著性差异。由此可知,因大菱鲆红细胞系及白细胞系部分血液指标在不同规格间存在着不同程度的差异,难以得出正常参考范围;血栓细胞系受鱼体规格影响较小,可作为大菱鲆血液常规指标基础参考数据。     

配合饲料对不同阶段大菱鲆生长性能的影响

为检验选育大菱鲆生长优势，探究3种(X、Y、Z)配合饲料对不同生长阶段大菱鲆生长性能的影响。在工厂化循环水养殖模式下，对100日龄和450日龄选育及对照组的大菱鲆分别进行为期1个月的养殖投喂试验，对其终末体质量、特定生长率、饲料效率等指标进行统计分析。结果表明，不同生长阶段，投喂同一饲料时，选育组的起始体质量、终末体质量、日增质量率、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，选育组肥满度均高于对照组。同时，投喂3种配合饲料后，同一组别的生长性能存在差异，100日龄阶段，蛋白与脂肪含量较高的配合饲料X养殖效果最佳，选育组和对照组饲料效率分别达95.22%和77.15%;450日龄阶段，蛋白与糖分含量较高的配合饲料Y养殖效果最佳，选育组和对照组饲料效率分别达94.78%和81.56%。指出，大菱鲆选育组较对照组显示出更优良的生长性能及显著的饲料转化与利用优势，具有培育成为多优势复合性状新品种的潜力。提出，大菱鲆不同生长阶段饲料营养需求不尽相同，在保证饲料动物蛋白含量的同时，幼鱼阶段适当补充饲料中脂质含量，成鱼阶段适当补充多糖，从而有效提高大菱鲆的生长性能及饲料...     

营养强化对卵形鲳鲹仔、稚鱼骨骼发育基因表达的影响

为探索不同生物饵料强化剂对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)骨骼发育基因表达的影响,于卵形鲳鲹受精卵孵化后第3天至第17天,分别投喂经S.presso强化处理(S.presso组)、经海水拟微球藻强化处理(海水拟微球藻组)和未经强化处理(对照组)的生物饵料(轮虫和卤虫无节幼体),采用实时荧光定量PCR(q...     

维生素与矿物质对大菱鲆幼鱼色素恢复作用的研究

利用交叉组合设计了16组大菱鲆(Turbot)幼鱼饲料,在各组饲料中,复合维生素、矿物质的含量分别为0～3％,共进行了60d的喂养实验。结果表明,白化大菱鲆幼鱼可以通过调整配合饲料配方,使体色恢复为正常体色。经过60d的试验,添加1％的复合维生素和3％的复合矿物质的效果最好。维生素与矿物质的比例及组合对大菱鲆白化苗种色素的恢复有着直接的关系。试验组中平均色素覆盖率最高为90％,完全恢复正常体色的比例可达23％。本研究所配制的复合维生素和复合矿物质对大菱鲆体色的恢复起了重要作用。     

饲料中添加L-肉碱对大菱鲆生长及肝脏脂肪酸的影响

在以鱼粉和大豆浓缩蛋白为蛋白源的基础饲料中分别添加0、200、400、600、800、1 000和2 000 mg/kg的L-肉碱配置7种等氮等能的试验饲料.经8周的摄食生长试验,结果表明:600 mg/kg添加组大菱鲆表现出最好的特定生长率,800mg/kg添加组大菱鲆表现出最好的饲料效率.各实验组间特定生长率及饲料效率均未表现出显著差异(P＞0.05).添加不同梯度L-肉碱对大菱鲆的肥满度、脏体比及肝体比未造成显著影响(P＞ 0.05).同时,各实验组大菱鲆体组成及肝脏脂肪酸含量无显著差异(P＞ 0.05).综合考虑L-肉碱对大菱鲆生长性能及经济效益,建议在以鱼粉为主要蛋白源的大菱鲆饲料不需添加L-肉碱.     

Effects of Rotifer and Artemia Fatty-Acid Enrichment on Survival, Growth and Pigmentation of Summer Flounder Paralichthys dentatus Larvae

Abstract— Enrichment of live food for marine fish larvae with highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) has been shown to improve survival, growth and stress resistance in many species and to decrease pigmentation abnormalities in flatfish. In order to aid the developing summer flounder industry, we conducted an experiment in which summer flounder larvae were fed diets differing in HUFA composition to determine whether enrichment with a commercially available product would increase survival and growth and reduce the incidence of abnormal pigmentation. We also examined whether growing unenriched rotifers on different species of algae would affect the survival, growth and pigmentation of the flounder larvae to which they were fed. Growth of summer flounder larvae was significantly better when they were fed HUFA-enriched Mtifers and Artemia rather than unenriched and, among the unenriched treatments, was significantly better when the larvae were fed rotifers raised on Isochrysis galbana rather than on Tetraselmis suecica . The percentage of larvae that failed to complete metamorphosis during the experiment was significantly higher in the unenriched treatments than in the enriched treatments. Neither survival nor percentage of individuals with pigmentation abnormalities were significantly different among the treatments.     

Growth, survival, lipid composition and pigmentation of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae fed live-prey enriched in Arachidonic and Eicosapentaenoic acids

Turbot larvae were fed live-prey enriched with different levels of arachidonic (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids to study the effects of these fatty acids on body composition and pigmentation success. Significantly reduced pigmentation was obtained in those fish fed medium and high ARA diets for 43 days. Growth and survival were the same for all groups. The incorporation of ARA and EPA in fish eyes, brains, livers and carcasses reflected the percentage of these fatty acids in the diets. ARA accumulation was similar in all tissues, but brain accumulated EPA was less efficient than the other tissues examined. A highly significant, negative correlation was found between the %ARA in turbot juvenile brain total lipids and pigmentation success. A weaker, positive correlation was found between brain EPA and pigmentation. Increasing dietary ARA affected the fatty acid composition of turbot brain phosphoglycerides more than increasing dietary EPA, especially in phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). A negative relationship was found between percentage normal pigmentation and ARA levels in brain phosphatidylcholine (PC), PE and phosphatidylserine (PS). Elevated levels of ARA in PI also resulted in malpigmented juveniles, but EPA:ARA ratios ≥1 in PI were associated with normal pigmentation. We conclude that, given a sufficiency of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the optimum dietary level of EPA is not a function of DHA, but of dietary ARA.     

Diet and Light Intensity Effects on Survival, Growth and Pigmentation of Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma

Interest in the culture of flatfishes has increased globally due to high consumer demand and decreased commercial landings. The Southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma inhabit South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico waters and support important commercial and recreational fisheries. In spring, 1996, a two-part larval rearing study was performed with Southern flounder to examine the effects of three larval diets and two light intensities on survival, growth, and pigmentation. The first part of the study consisted of feeding 6 d post-hatch (dph) (3.0 ± 0.1 mm TL) larvae three diets: 1) rotifers Brachionus plicatilis at a rate of 10/mL from day 1–9 and Artemia nauplii (3/mL) from day 7 through metamorphosis; 2) rotifers fed day 1 through metamorphosis and Artemia fed day 7 through metamorphosis; or 3) same diet as treatment 1 plus a commercial larval diet added day 13 through metamorphosis. The second part of the study examined the effects of two light levels: low-light (mean 457 lux) and high-light (mean 1362 lux). At 24 C, metamorphosis began on day 23 (mean fish size 8.2 ± 0.6 mm TL) in all treatments and was completed by day 30. Analysis of survival, size, and pigmentation data indicated there were no significant differences among feed treatments or between light treatments. Overall survival was 33.4% (±15.9) and mean length was 11.5 mm TL ± 1.3. Only 35% of the larvae were normally pigmented. Reexamination of the pigmentation on day 37 indicated fish reared at the low light intensity through metamorphosis (day 30) but exposed to high light intensity for 1 wk post-metamorphosis had become significantly more pigmented.     

Effect of Astaxanthin on the Pigmentation of Goldfish Carassius auratus

The optimal dosage of astaxanthin for goldfish Carassius auratus was determined by feeding a series of diets containing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg of astaxanthin/kg of diet for 4 wk. The pigmentation on fish skin was measured by visual assessment against a color chart and by counting chromatophores produced in the dermis layer of fish skin. Both criteria showed that 36–37 mg/kg astaxanthin was the optimal dosage to stimulate fish color. A 4-wk observation after this experiment demonstrated that fish color stimulated by dietary astaxanthin was stable in its intensity. Therefore feeding astaxanthin could be a suitable way for goldfish producers to stimulate color among fish grown in an algae-free environment. The survival rate of fish fed diets with astaxanthin was significantly higher than fish fed diets without astaxanthin. However, there was no significant effect of astaxanthin on fish weight gain.     

Digestibility,growth and pigmentation of astaxanthin,canthaxanthin or lutein diets in Lake Kurumoi rainbowfish,Melanotaenia parva (Allen) cultured species

New cultured ornamental fish namely Lake Kurumoi rainbowfish Melanotaenia parva (Allen) run into reduced of colour performances when reared in the aquaria, consequently, fish feed must be added with carotenoids as a pigment source. The aim of this study was to evaluate the digestibility, growth and pigmentation of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and lutein in diet. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, lipid, protein, carotenoids, growth and pigmentation were studied in twenty fish after 14 and 56 days of observation. The single‐dose supplementation of 100 mg/kg of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, or lutein diets on fish was fed by apparent satiation. The basal diet without carotenoids was used as control. The result showed that the ADC of carotenoids of test diets was higher compared to control. Fish fed astaxanthin diet had higher survival rate (96.67 ± 2.89%), colour measurements of lightness (57.60 ± 7.46%), a*‐values (4.66 ± 1.20), total carotenoids content in skin (33.75 ± 5.02 mg/kg) and muscle (2.16 ± 0.74 mg/kg). Astaxanthin also increased the growth after 14 days (2.00% ± 0.19%/days) but there was no significantly different at the end of experiment. The yellowish‐orange colour performance was more rapidly achieved by fish fed astaxanthin diet after 28 days experimentation. These values suggested that dietary carotenoids were required and astaxanthin diet was superior to other diets for skin pigmentation of Lake Kurumoi rainbowfish.     

Intestinal absorption of astaxanthin, plasma astaxanthin concentration, body weight, and metabolic rate as determinants of flesh pigmentation in salmonid fish

Experiments were conducted to determine whether poor intestinal absorption of astaxanthin or some other metabolic factor is primarily responsible for pigmentation failure in white chinook salmon and small juvenile fish of other salmonid species. None of the fish studied failed to absorb astaxanthin from a single oral dose of the pigment. Intensity of flesh pigmentation in coho ranging in weight from 30–400 g, and fed a diet supplemented with astaxanthin, was significantly correlated with body weight. There was no correlation, however, between flesh colour and plasma astaxanthin concentration or between body weight and plasma astaxanthin concentration. Dietary triiodothyronine reduced both flesh pigmentation and plasma astaxanthin. It is concluded that poor flesh pigmentation results from rapid metabolism of absorbed pigment to colourless derivatives rather than from failure of the fish to absorb pigment.     

Lutein as a natural carotenoid source: Effect on growth,survival and skin pigmentation of goldfish juveniles (Carassius auratus)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of lutein supplementation on growth, survival and skin pigmentation for goldfish juveniles. Four diets enriched with different carotenoid sources (lutein, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and a combination of lutein and canthaxanthin) were compared to a control diet without carotenoid supplementation. The carotenoid inclusion level was standardized at 50 mg kg‐1 in all treatments. 240 goldfish juveniles (1.07?0.57 g) were cultivated in 30 aquariums (30L) during 84 days. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and six replicates. The dietary inclusion of carotenoid pigments did not affect the growth and feeding efficiency of goldfish juveniles. Supplementation with lutein presented higher survival values when compared to the other treatments. Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin supplementation increased the concentration of carotenoids on the skin of goldfish juveniles in relation to the control treatment. For the fish fed with the diet containing lutein, the skin pigmentation was as efficient as astaxanthin and canthaxanthin, but did not differ from the control and combined treatment (canthaxanthin + lutein). The lutein supplementation (50 mg kg‐1) improved survival and promoted efficient carotenoid pigmentation on the skin of goldfish juveniles.     

Pigmentation of cultured red sea bream, Chrysophrys major, using astaxanthin from Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, and a mysid, Neomysis sp.

Pigmentation enhancement in cultured red sea bream, Chrysophrys major, was investigated using Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, and a mysid, Neomysis sp., as a source of astaxanthin. Diets fortified with processed Antarctic krill (krill meal) and its acetone extract, containing 0.82–4.92 mg carotenoids/100 g dry weight, and raw krill and raw mysid supplemented diets, containing about 2.00 mg carotenoids/100 g wet weight, were formulated and tested for carotenoid deposition. The rate of carotenoid deposition in fish fed with raw krill and raw mysid was significantly higher and resulted in distinct pigmentation. The groups fed with the krill meal and acetone extract diets showed varied concentrations of skin carotenoids and resulted in faint pigmentation. Pigmented fish then fed on a carotenoid-free diet for the same length of time showed no apparent differences in the skin pigmentation although the detectable amounts of carotenoids varied. The bream converted some of the dietary astaxanthin to skin tunaxanthin.     

Effects of dried fairy shrimp Streptocephalus sirindhornae meal on pigmentation and carotenoid deposition in flowerhorn cichlid; Amphilophus citrinellus (Günther, 1864) × Cichlasoma trimaculatum (Günther, 1867)

We investigated the effects of dried fairy shrimp Streptocephalus sirindhornae meal (FS) on skin pigmentation and carotenoid deposition in flowerhorn cichlid. Six experimental diets including three treatments of FS at 10% (FS10), 20% (FS20) and 30% (FS30), two dried Spirulina sp. meal (SP) at 6% (SP6) and 12% (SP12), and a control diet (a basal diet without FS or SP) were offered for 90 days. The results demonstrate an increase in the flowerhorn cichlid skin pigmentation from alternative carotenoid feeding. Fish fed the FS diet displayed higher (P ≤ 0.05) chroma and redness values than those fed with a SP diet. The hue value (measure for skin pigmentation) was high when fish were fed with FS20 for 30 and 60 days (P ≤ 0.01). However, fish also showed high hue values when fed for 90 days with FS10 (P ≤ 0.01). The FS20 treatment gave better results than other treatments in terms of total carotenoid, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin and β‐carotene concentration in the skin and musculature. The optimum level of FS in flowerhorn cichlid diets for achieving the highest skin pigmentation was 20%.     

Effect of Diet Processing Method and Ingredient Substitution on Feed Characteristics and Survival of Larval Walleye, Sander vitreus

Two methods were developed for the production of larval fish diets. The first method, microextrusion marumerization (MEM), has been tested in laboratory feeding trials for many years and produces particles that are palatable and water stable. The second method, particle‐assisted rotational agglomeration (PARA), produced diets that have lower density than diets produced by MEM. Each method was used to produce diets in the 250‐ to 400‐ and 400‐ to 700‐μm range and compared with a reference diet (Fry Feed Kyowa * [FFK]) for feeding larval walleye in two experiments. The effect of substituting 4% of the fish meal with freeze‐dried artemia fines was also investigated. In the first experiment, 30‐d survival was greater (P < 0.05) for fish fed a diet produced by PARA without Artemia (49.1.0%) than for fish fed the same diet produced by MEM (27.6%). The addition of Artemia to a diet produced by MEM did not increase survival of larval walleye. Fish fed the reference diet had 24.4% survival. In the second experiment, there was an effect of both processing method and Artemia supplementation, and an interaction of these effects, on survival. Fish fed a diet produced by PARA without Artemia supplementation had 48.4% survival, and fish fed the same diet produced by MEM had only 19.6% survival. Inclusion of 4% freeze‐dried Artemia improved (P < 0.04) survival of fish fed MEM particles but not those fed PARA particles. Fish fed FFK had greater weight gain than fish fed other diets in both experiments. Data indicate that the PARA method of diet processing produces smaller, lower density particles than the MEM process and that diets produced by the PARA process support higher survival of larval walleye with low capital and operating costs.