免疫反应性脑啡肽在猪体外合成和分泌

试验证明,脑啡肽ir—MENK不但存在于猪的子宫、卵巢中,而且也存在于由SV40 DNA转染的猪子宫上皮细胞中。用生理盐水冲洗猪子宫腔并收集子宫液,用0.1N乙酸抽提猪卵巢及子宫上皮细胞获得抽提液。细胞培养液经纯化、冻干后再溶解作为分析液。以上几种样本在RIA系统分析。显示子宫液、卵巢、传代细胞的抽提液或培养液的抑制曲线均平衡于已知的MENK标准曲线。G—15葡聚糖凝胶过滤可见它们有相同的峰位,较大部分其分子量与标准的脑啡肽吻合Va=0.38,小部分接近孔隙率(VO)。结果显示,体外培养的猪子宫传代细胞及细胞培养液中的脑啡肽与活体的猪子宫及卵巢的脑啡肽相同。说明猪子宫上皮传代细胞不但可以合成,而且可以分泌脑啡肽。     

猪子宫上皮细胞的转染试验

为了研究猪子宫上皮细胞在体内及体外合成和分泌荷尔蒙的情况,特用 SV_(40)DNA转染(Transfection)猪的子宫上皮细胞,1 实验材料1.1 健康成年母猪子宫。1.2 无钙、镁离子 Hank's液(即 IHBSS)1.3 RPMI 1640培养液。1.4 2-MEM 培养液。1.5 胰酶(美国 Sigma 化学公司)1.6 胶原酶(Collagenase,美国 Sigma 化学公司)。     

促卵泡素受体和促黄体素受体在猪子宫中的定位研究

为探明2种促性腺激素受体（FSHR、LHR）在猪子宫中的位置分布,本试验运用免疫组化ABC法对卵泡期、黄体期猪的子宫FSHR、LHR分别进行定位染色。结果显示,FSHR阳性细胞主要见于子宫内膜上皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞。LHR阳性细胞主要见于子宫内膜上皮细胞、子宫肌层平滑肌细胞及血管平滑肌细胞;动情周期不同,FSHR、LHR的表达量也不同。卵泡期子宫内膜上皮细胞FSHR的表达量高于黄体期,血管平滑肌FSHR的表达量低于黄体期;卵泡期子宫血管平滑肌细胞LHR的的表达量高于黄体期,而子宫内膜上皮细胞、平滑肌细胞LHR的表达量均低于黄体期。     

家兔子宫内膜细胞和平滑肌细胞的分离培养

本试验旨在体外分离培养兔子宫内膜细胞(腺上皮细胞和基质细胞)和平滑肌细胞,并且探讨纯化子宫内膜上皮细胞和基质细胞的方法。用差速离心法和差速贴壁法获得纯化的子宫内膜上皮细胞和基质细胞,用滤网法分离得到子宫平滑肌细胞,分别在添加20%胎牛血清(FBS)、100μg/mL牛胰岛素、63.5 nmol/L雌二醇(E2)、7.14nmol/L孕酮(P4)的DMEM/F12(1∶1)培养液和37℃5%CO2的饱和湿度条件下培养;用免疫组化和免疫荧光法鉴定细胞并检测分离的细胞纯度。结果表明用该方法成功地分离培养了兔子宫内膜上皮细胞和基质细胞,且2种细胞纯度都达98%左右,基质细胞出现蜕膜化;子宫平滑肌细胞的纯度为97%左右,而且出现横纹状的生长。本研究表明子宫内膜细胞和平滑肌细胞能够在体外成功培养;在含20?S、100μg/mL牛胰岛素、63.5 nmol/L E2、7.14 nmol/L P4的DMEM/F12(1∶1)培养液和37℃5%CO2饱和湿度的培养条件下最有利于体外培养的子宫内膜细胞和平滑肌细胞的生长。     

猪乳腺细胞分离培养及EGFP基因转化

本研究旨在从猪乳腺组织中分离得到上皮细胞和成纤维细胞,并将EGFP基因导入这些细胞.利用乳腺细胞堵养体系从成年猪乳腺组织中分离培养上皮细胞和成纤维细胞,并利用脂质体介导转染技术将EGFP基因导入这些细胞.结果,从成年猪乳腺组织中成功分离培养出上皮细胞和成纤维细胞,获得转EGFP基因上皮细胞和成纤维细胞.上皮细胞呈短梭形或多角形,细胞之间紧密相靠,互相衔接,连接成片;细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形,核仁2～4枚,比较明显.成纤维细胞呈长梭形.结果表明,可以从猪乳腺组织中分离上皮细胞和成纤维细胞,EGFP可以在这些细胞中表达.     

PCV2感染性克隆的构建与拯救病毒在不同细胞系中的增殖特性

将猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)感染性克隆分别转染到猪肾上皮细胞(PK15)和猪小肠上皮细胞(J2)中获得拯救病毒PCV2,比较病毒在2个细胞系中的复制动力学差异。设计特异性引物,通过PCR法和Over-lap PCR技术获得含1.1个拷贝PCV2基因组的DNA片段,克隆于p SP72载体获得PCV2感染性克隆。用PCV2感染性克隆分别转染PK15和J2细胞,Real-time PCR和间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)检测结果表明:拯救病毒可在PK15和J2细胞系中分别连续盲传10代以上,且PK15培养的PCV2基因组的拷贝数极显著高于J2培养的(P0.01),提示获得的PCV2拯救病毒在PK15的增殖性能优于J2,为进一步探索PCV2基因组的功能及PCV2相关发病机制奠定了基础。     

环境高温诱导巴马香猪睾丸细胞凋亡并激活Nrf2/HO-1抗氧化信号通路

旨在通过研究高温环境对巴马香猪阴囊温度分布和睾丸组织中抗氧化和细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响,筛选巴马香猪热敏感性指标。选取7月龄性成熟雄性巴马香猪12头,随机分成对照组和高温组。高温组饲养环境温度为24h内从25℃→40℃→25℃循环变温,连续8d,第8天试验结束后,取睾丸器官,采用免疫组织化学方法检测抗氧化通路标志蛋白(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)、抗氧化蛋白(heme oxygenase 1,HO-1)和细胞凋亡标志蛋白(cleaved caspase 3,c-caspase 3)的组织表达情况。结果表明,高温组猪阴囊表面平均温度显著升高(P0.05),升高幅度达到3.7℃。高温组睾丸间质细胞、生精上皮细胞Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达显著升高(P0.05),并且间质细胞核Nrf2蛋白表达明显升高。高温组猪睾丸间质和睾丸生精上皮细胞核阳性表达c-caspase 3蛋白细胞百分比显著升高(P0.05),其中睾丸生精上皮细胞核阳性表达c-caspase 3蛋白细胞百分比升高更为明显。综上表明,40℃环境温度已明显超过了巴马香猪阴囊的最大热调节能力范围,导致睾丸温度升高,诱使睾丸组织细胞凋亡增加。同时,环境高温也激活了猪睾丸间质细胞Nrf2抗氧化信号通路和HO-1抗氧化蛋白的高效表达,这为寻找应对热应激导致公猪精液品质下降问题提供潜在的有效分子靶点。     

人血清白蛋白基因在鹌鹑两种细胞上表达的研究

培养鹌鹑输卵管上皮细胞和鹌鹑胚胎成纤维细胞作为检测平台,将重组后的人血清白蛋白表达载体用脂质体包埋法转染以上两种细胞,通过荧光显微镜观察到报告基因绿色荧光蛋白的表达,结果表明构建的表达载体在成纤维细胞上未见表达;而原代输卵管上皮细胞上有表达。取转染细胞的基因组DNA,设计特异性的检测引物,用PCR筛选法检测了报告基因表达的阳性细胞克隆,SDS-PAGE银染色法确定鹌鹑输卵管上皮细胞分泌蛋白的分子量,结果显示在转染的鹌鹑输卵管上皮细胞培养上清中含有分子量约为68kDa的HSA。表明构建的表达载体是有效的,而且表达构件已经初步整合到阳性鹌鹑输卵管上皮细胞的染色体中。     

不同培养条件对乳酸菌黏附猪小肠黏膜上皮细胞的影响

为了研究不同培养条件对乳酸菌黏附猪小肠黏膜上皮细胞的影响,试验采用体外细胞培养方法,观察乳酸杆菌在不同条件下(如p H值、温度、离子浓度)黏附猪小肠黏膜上皮细胞的能力。结果表明:p H值为6时,小肠黏膜上皮细胞黏附乳酸杆菌数为(15.60±0.58)个,较其他p H值时多;与其他温度(30℃和42℃)相比,37℃时猪小肠黏膜上皮细胞黏附乳酸杆菌数最多,为(22.44±1.05)个/细胞;与其他浓度相比较,猪小肠黏膜上皮细胞黏附乳酸杆菌数最多的是,2 mmol/L Ca2+时为(11.36±2.36)个/细胞,2 mmol/L Mg2+时为(18.75±1.37)个/细胞,0.005 mmol/L Fe2+时为(22.48±2.78)个/细胞,0.000 5 mmol/L Cu2+时为(20.24±2.35)个/细胞,0.002 5 mmol/L Zn2+时为(17.48±1.59)个/细胞;不同浓度的S2-对乳酸杆菌黏附小肠黏膜上皮细胞黏附性影响不显著;0.005 mmol/L I-时小肠黏膜上皮细胞黏附细菌数为(19.68±1.25)个/细胞,其他浓度I-对乳酸杆菌的细胞黏附性影响不显著。说明乳酸杆菌与猪小肠黏膜上皮细胞黏附的最佳酸碱度、温度分别为p H值为6~7、37~42℃;Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、I-等6种离子的最适浓度分别为2,2,0.005,0.000 5,0.002 5,0.005 mmol/L。     

3种介导猪NR2F2基因转染PK15细胞方法的比较研究

试验旨在研究3种转染方法对猪肾上皮细胞(PK15)的转染效率,为以PK15细胞为模型研究外源基因的功能提供参考。本研究以PK15细胞为研究对象,用脂质体、电穿孔、慢病毒3种转染方法转染后,在荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白的表达,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测EGFP和NR2F2基因的表达情况,采用CCK-8检测细胞存活率,进而比较3种方法的转染效果。结果显示,转染PK15细胞后,电穿孔和慢病毒方法转染效率极显著高于脂质体(P0.01),但电穿孔方法和慢病毒方法之间差异不显著(P0.05);EGFP和NR2F2基因的实时荧光定量PCR结果显示慢病毒方法效果最好,脂质体方法较差,与细胞转染效率基本一致;CCK-8结果显示,电穿孔转染后细胞存活率最低,极显著低于对照组(P0.01),脂质体方法显著低于对照组(P0.05),慢病毒方法与对照组间差异不显著(P0.05)。综合考虑转染效率及细胞活性,本研究认为慢病毒转染方法最适合转染PK15细胞,为今后高效转染PK15细胞提供了理想的方法。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -