Changes in the main fertility parameters of leached chernozems under long-term fertilization

The effect of different fertilizing systems on the main humus status parameters and the physical, physicochemical, and agrochemical properties of leached chernozems has been considered. The most economically and energetically effective fertilizer rates for sugar beet favoring the conservation and expanded reproduction of fertility of the studied chernozems in the forest-steppe of the Central Chernozemic Zone have been revealed.     

碳酸盐黑钙土改良培肥技术研究

针对黑龙江省西部地区土壤旱时板结僵硬、涝时粘朽、蓄水保墒能力下降的现状,开展了碳酸盐黑钙土改良培肥技术研究。结果表明:采用增施有机肥、秸秆还田、优化施肥等技术可明显改善碳酸盐黑钙土的物理性质,提高玉米产量。各处理较当地常规施肥田间持水量增加3.2%～8.1%,土壤孔隙度增加7.4%～11.3%,土壤容重降低0.07～0.10 g/cm3,玉米产量增加199.9～2 135.8 kg/hm2。增施有机肥对土壤物理性质改良效果最好,增施有机肥和优化施肥增产显著。     

关于世界黑土分布的探讨

黑土和黑钙土是两类不同的土壤,仅就黑土而言世界有三大片,它们是北美洲、阿根廷和乌拉圭的潘巴斯大草原以及中国的东北;按广义的黑土,包括黑土和黑钙土,应当是四大片,除上述三大片之外,另有乌克兰和俄罗斯。     

Variation in main morphometric parameters of chernozems under anthropogenic impact

Data characterizing the distribution pattern of the main morphometric parameters of chernozems in the Kamennaya Steppe are given. Variable thickness of humus horizon within a flat test plot typical for the central part of the chernozemic zone of Russia is shown. It has been revealed that annually exerted strong anthropogenic impact causes a pronounced drop in the thickness of humus horizon. The investigated objects on the test plot—fallow land, plowed filed, and forest shelter belt—were situated side by side. The statistical parameters of the thickness of humus horizon in different subtypes of chernozems have been calculated. They mainly differ by the depth of continuous impregnation with calcium carbonate (effervescence depth varies from 1 to 95 cm). The deepest effervescence is seen in the soils of the fallow and under the forest belt (68 and 63 cm, respectively).     

Detoxification of heavy-metal contaminated leached chernozems and ancient alluvial soils with the use of sorption materials

It is shown that the use of sapropel and mixtures based on it is effective as sorbent-ameliorants for detoxification of heavy metal-contaminated leached and podzolized chernozems in the Ryazan oblast, and for ancient alluvial soils in Vietnam, the application of natural bentonite.     

Transformation and dynamics of active components in humus of leached chernozems under various anthropogenic loads

The effect of various fertilization and tillage systems on active compoients in humus of chernozem is examined. The role of active components of humus in the formation of the humus stock is shown. A new method is proposed for assessing the transformation capacity of humus of arable chernozems.     

Effectiveness of biopreparations in spring wheat crops

It is shown that, on leached chernozems in a three-factor experiment, the use of resource conservation technologies (with shallow fall tillage to 8–10 cm), plant protection products, and biopreparations allows producing a spring wheat grain yield of at least 5 t/ha. In this case, the grain technological indices meet the requirements imposed on food wheat with at least a 23% profitability of growing the crop.     

Biodiagnostics of the resistance of highland and mountain soils in the western caucasus to pollution with crude oil and oil products

The paper shows that the highland and mountain soils of the Western Caucasus form the following series according to the degree of resistance to pollution with crude oil and oil products: leached compacted chernozems ≥ sod-carbonate soils ≥ gray forest soils ≥ mountain meadow soils ≥ brown forest soils. From amongst the investigated substances, the most toxic substances with respect to the biological properties of soils are crude oil, then fuel oil, gasoline, and solar oil.     

Dynamics of the Typical Chernozems’ Properties in the Streletskaya Steppe National Park under the Influence of Long-Term Agrogenic Impact

Typical chernozems of protected areas are characterized by a high humus content, a stable absorbing complex, and favorable agrochemical properties and demonstrate high number and activity of different groups of microorganisms, which is indicative of deep mineralization of plant residues and the storage of biogenic elements in microbial biomass. In the longstanding fallows, the structure of the microbial community is disturbed: the proportion of the oligotrophic groups, which are able to transform humic substances, increases. The rate of cellulose decomposition slows down, phytotoxicity increases, and dehumification develops. In the rotation, negative dynamic of these indicators is smoothed.     

Change in properties of chernozems of the north caucasus during drip irrigation of fruit orchards

A comparative study of the effect of drip irrigation in fruit orchards in North Caucasus on the properties of chernozem soils is carried out. During local moistening of ordinary and leached chernozems with saline water, the soil absorption complex is saturated with Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ and depleted in Ca²⁺; a shift of ionic equilibrium is noted mainly at places of localization of irrigation water. The effect of drip irrigation on a change in the physicochemical properties of chernozem soils in fruit orchards is determined.     

玉米一次性基施化肥方法的初步探讨

在三种不同的土壤上对玉米一次性基施化肥的三种方法的产量效果的研究表明：化肥一次性分层基施与化肥分期施用的玉米产量无显著差别，而化肥一次性浅基施和一次性深基施的玉米产量不如分期施肥法。不同施肥法的玉米产量的差异主要是由于玉米的每行粒数和百粒重二个性状的改变所致。就化肥的一次性浅基施和深基施而言，在白浆土上以一次深基施为好；对于黑钙土来说，则以一次性浅基施为佳；在黑土上，二者的产量无显著差异。     

2,4-D在厌氧条件下土壤中的降解

2,4-二氯苯氧酸(2,4-D)是一种世界上广泛应用的除草剂,能够存在于多种土壤环境中,但在某些厌氧条件下会被降解转化。本实验研究了2,4-D在棕壤和黑钙土两种不同土壤中的降解速率及CO2的释放。在两种土壤中分别加入质量为1 mg/kg的2,4-D,培养55 d后,对2,4-D的降解率进行了测定。结果表明,两种土壤的矿化程度没有明显不同,2,4-D的矿化程度均达到70%～80%,而在有氧与厌氧两种不同条件下,土壤中2,4-D的降解存在区别,有氧条件下2,4-D在棕壤和黑钙土中完全降解分别需要约50 d和45 d,而厌氧条件下,在两种土壤中完全降解均需要50～60 d。     

GPR Diagnostics of Chernozem Humus Horizon Thickness

This work aimed to search for indicators of the thickness of the humus horizon of chernozem soils based on the data of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveying. The investigation was carried out on a test site located in Russia’s Tula oblast. The area is dominated by arable podzolized chernozems, including ones eroded to a varying extent. In parallel with GPR profiling in the field, soil was drilled to determine the lower boundary of the humus horizon. Based on the conjugate analysis of GPR profiling data and the field determination of the thickness of the humus horizon, a new indicator was proposed: the coefficient of asymmetry of the modal value of the peak of the spectral density of the first-period reflected GPR pulse obtained at a frequency of 100 MHz. The proposed indicator demonstrates a good statistical relationship with the thickness of the humus horizon of chernozem soils. For the test region, a regression model of this relationship was constructed with a determination coefficient of approximately 0.82. To calculate the thickness of the humus horizon (A+AB), it is suggested to use the lower boundary of the second period of the spectral density of the reflected signal, which correlates well with the actual data. The developed approach can be used to map the thickness of the humus horizon in the chernozem soils of the research region. Theoretically, this approach can be extended to soils of other regions.     

Accumulation of soil moisture in winter wheat cultivation on slopes of ordinary chernozems of the Rostov oblast

The article discusses the effect of different predecessors and methods of basic treatment of soil on the magnitude and nature of the formation of soil moisture reserves in the cultivation of winter wheat on the slopes of ordinary chernozems in the Rostov oblast. Winter wheat in the experiment was cultivated after a steam clean, after winter wheat, after peas, and after corn silage. The study was conducted in four variants of primary tillage in the following crop rotations: chisel, combo, surface, and moldboard tillage. It is established that, in general, over the growing period of winter wheat, 3 of 4 years have a shortage of water supply, especially in the period from the resumption of the spring growing season to complete full ripeness. Analysis of the autumn watersupplies by variants of the main processing of the soil indicates the advantage of the chisel treatment, confirmed statistically by two predecessors—a clean pair and corn silage. The studies for the years 2011–2014 showed the close relationship of the absorption coefficient of precipitation from the reserves of productive moisture in autumn (R ² = 0.94). It is revealed that the assimilation of precipitation of the cold period largely depends on soil fertility due to different stocks of productive moisture in autumn. The close relationship of grain yield with the value primary of moisture reserves in the autumn sowing of winter wheat in the soil layer of 0–150 cm is shown.     

不同质地土壤玉米根际生物活性研究

【目的】明确不同质地土壤（砂壤、中壤、重壤）玉米生育期间根际微生物（细菌、放线菌、真菌）数量与酶（脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶）活性的变化。【方法】采用池栽方式，以掖单22为材料，研究不同质地土壤的玉米根际微生物数量和酶活性变化，并进行相关分析。【结果】玉米播种前，砂壤中的微生物数量最多，重壤中最少；重壤中的酶活性最高，砂壤最低。3种土壤玉米根际生物活性的动态变化呈抛物线，吐丝期达最大值，此后逐渐下降。吐丝期，3种质地土壤玉米根际微生物数量均表现为中壤最多，重壤最少；5种酶活性均表现为中壤最大，砂壤最小。成熟期，玉米根际土壤细菌与放线菌表现为中壤中数量最多，重壤最少，真菌则表现为中壤最多，砂壤最少; 过氧化氢酶活性表现为重壤最高，砂壤最低，脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶、转化酶表现为中壤中活性最高，砂壤最低。【结论】玉米根际生物活性受玉米生长发育进程和土壤质地的双重影响。     

不同花色非洲紫罗兰叶片与花瓣中金属元素的测定

利用火焰原子吸收光谱法，测定了非洲紫罗兰红色、白色和蓝色叶片与花瓣中Na、Mg、K、Ca、Fe和Cu六种金属元素的含量，实验回收率为98．36％～103．13％，相关系数为0．9929至O．9997。实验结果表明：在3种花色品种中，Ca与Fe在叶片中的含量多于花瓣；而Cu则相反，在叶片中的含量低于花瓣；Na在白色和红色...     

巨桉纸浆原料林木材的主要化学成分变异研究

对6年生巨桉纸浆原料林分别立地(好、差)、密度(111株/667m2、124株/667m2、138株/667m2、152株/667m2和166株/667m2)、树体不同部位(基部、干部、顶部)和心、边材的主要化学成分的变异进行研究。研究结果揭示了四川巨桉纸浆材主要化学成分的变异规律①两种立地条件上木材的化学成分含量差异极显著,差立地上的灰分、水抽出物、1%NaOH抽出物、木质素含量均大于好立地上木材的相应含量,苯-醇抽出物、纤维素含量为好立地大于差立地。②林分密度对木材化学成分组成的影响在0·05水平上不显著,密度与立地之间也不存在交互效应,仅立地对木材化学成分(除纤维素含量外)表现出显著或极显著的差异。在差、好立地上木材综纤维素含量最高的分别为密度138株/667m2和124株/667m2的林分。两种立地上综纤维素含量最低的均为密度为166株/667m2的林分。③两种立地上木材化学成分中纤维素含量在树体干部最大;苯-醇抽出物含量为顶部最大。差立地上的各种密度的林分中密度152株/667m2的林分热水抽出物含量为顶部最小,其余密度冷、热水抽出物均为干部最小;1%NaOH抽出物含量为干部最小,木素含量为基部最小,纤维素含量为干部最大,综纤维素含量为基部最大。在好立地上,热水抽出物和1%NOH抽出物含量为干部最大,苯-醇抽出物为顶部最大,木素、纤维素含量为干部最大,综纤维素以干部最小。④两种立地上心、边材灰分、水抽出物、1%NaOH抽出物和木质素含量的变异规律为差立地>好立地;纤维素及综纤维素含量为好立地>差立地。好立地上木材1%NaOH抽提物、苯-醇抽提物、木素含量为心材大于边材,灰分、冷水抽提物、热水抽提物、纤维素含量、综纤维素含量为边材大于心材;差立地上木材纤维素、综纤维素含量为边材大于心材,其他化学成分均为心材大于边材。     

施肥对不同时期玉露香梨根部和叶片中氮磷钾元素积累的影响

为明确施肥对玉露香梨树不同生长发育期N、P和K元素积累的影响效应,选用10年生玉露香梨树为研究对象,设置不同氮磷钾肥配比组进行试验。结果显示,N、P和K元素含量随梨树生长发育基本呈下降趋势；氮肥可显著提升玉露香梨树萌芽期根部和果实膨大期根部和叶片中N、P和K元素含量,抑制开花期根部N和P元素积累；钾肥可促进其萌芽期和坐果期根部K元素的积累,但萌芽期根部N和P元素、开花期根部K元素的积累被抑制；磷肥抑制其萌芽期根部P和N元素的积累,促进开花期P和N元素及果实膨大期N、P和K元素积累。研究表明,玉露香梨树根部和叶片中N、P和K元素的积累受肥料组成和梨树生长周期的影响,施肥中应考虑多因素的交互效应。     

草莓体内氮磷钾分配动态研究

对草莓“宝交早生”各器官氮磷钾含量和分配进行了研究。结果表明：植株在开花结果前期氮磷钾含量均维持较高水平,４月２５日（开花期）后氮磷钾含量开始降低;植株磷含量５月１３日前,维持低磷不水平,以后呈缺乏状态。氮在各器官含量由高到低依次为叶片、果实、茎和根,根和茎氮含量一直呈降低趋势,叶片和果实氮含量变化趋势相似;５月１３日（结果期）后,果实中氮和降低。磷在各器官含量由高低到依次为果实、叶片、茎和根,各     

人为干扰对阿尔泰山林地和草地生态系统健康影响分析

运用生态系统健康综合指数评价模型（VOR）评价阿尔泰山森林和草地生态系统健康整体状况，分析不同人为干扰方式（放牧、旅游和开矿）对阿尔泰山森林和草地生态系统健康影响，并运用单因素方差分析不同人为活动干扰下草地生态系统健康的差异性。结果表明，1）阿勒泰林区林地和草地均处于健康状态；布尔津林区林地处于亚健康状态，草地处于健康状态；富蕴林区林地处于健康状态，草地处于不健康状态。2）受旅游活动影响，布尔津林区旅游样地内区森林处于不健康状态，而草地处于健康状态。阿勒泰林区与布尔津林区旅游样地内草地差异不显著，也处于健康状态。受放牧影响，阿勒泰林区和富蕴林区牧道两侧草地均处于健康状态，但阿勒泰林区的草地组织力、恢复力和活力均高于富蕴林区草地。3）阿勒泰林区旅游样地6-9月草地生物量明显下降，差异十分显著；从牧道两侧草地变化看，6-9月，牧道两侧的草地生物量下降明显，物种丰富度和多样性指数也下降。4）富蕴林区废弃矿区样地外围随着距离增加，草地总生物量出现下降趋势，草总盖度在300 m处增加到最高值。5）3个林区的牧道、旅游和矿区的草地生态系统处于健康状态，除草地组织力指标外，3种人类活动干扰方式下的草地恢复力和活力2个指标影响差异不大。不同人类活动干扰方式下的草地健康水平的排序为牧道>矿区>旅游区，因此更应该注重旅游区草地生态系统的保护和可持续利用。