Limb fractures in the dog and cat. VI. Complications of fractures in the dog

Abstract— A review is made of possible complications of fractures which may occur in the dog. The complications are classified and then the subject is dealt with under the headings of mal-union, delayed-union, non-union and prevention of complications. Emphasis is given to metallurgical problems and post operative care. Résumé— Un compte-rendu est établi sur les complications éventuelles des fractures qui pourraient arriver chez le chien. Les complications sont classifiées, le sujet est ensuite traîté sous le nom de mal-soudure, soudure-lente, non-soudure et prévention des complications. Les problème metallurgiques et les soins post-opérationnels sont soulignés. Zusammenfassung— Besprechung über mögliche Bruchkomplikationen, die bei Hunden und Katzen vorkommcn können. Die Komplikationen werden klassifiziert, wora ut die betreffenden Gegenstände unter den Titeln: schlech es Zusammenwachsen, verzögertes Zusammen wachsen, ausgebliebenes Zusammenwachsen und Komplikationsverhütung behandelt werden. Besonderes Gewicht wird auf metallurgische Probleme und postoperative Behandlung gelegt.     

Pediatric neurology of the dog and cat.

The neurologic examination in the puppy or kitten can be a challenging experience. Understanding the development of behavior reflexes and movement in puppies and kittens enables us to overcome some of these challenges and to recognize the neurologically abnormal patient. Subsequently,we can identify the neuroanatomic localization and generate a differential diagnosis list. This article first reviews the pediatric neurologic examination and then discusses diseases unique to these individuals.     

Chylothorax in the dog and cat

The etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of chylothorax are discussed in this article. A detailed discussion of thoracic duct anatomy, physiology, and methods of lymphangiography is included. The information presented is a review of previous literature, an update on recently completed studies, and speculation about where future research is needed.     

Glaucoma in the dog and cat

Conjunctivitis, mydriasis, corneal edema, lens luxation, buphthalmos, and blindness are caused by elevated IOP in the glaucomas. Primary glaucomas with a bilateral potential for development are noted in two cats and several dog breeds, with secondary glaucomas caused by uveitis and neoplasia common in the cat and dog. Tonometric evaluation is essential for the early diagnosis and management of glaucoma. Medical therapy of topical demecarium bromide and timolol maleate, with systemic dichlorphenamide, are recommended for general glaucoma maintenance therapy in dogs and cats. Transcleral cyclophotocoagulation will surgically reduce IOP in cases in which maximum medication has been reached.     

Osteomyelitis in the dog and cat

Osteomyelitis was seen in 38 dogs and five cats over a 10 year period. Seventy per cent of cases occurred as a complication of orthopaedic surgery. The remainder were due to spread from infective foci elsewhere in the body. Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest organism isolated from long bones. Bone infection was responsible for delayed union in 13 fractures and non-union in four. Surgical treatment was necessary for the resolution of most cases.     

Dacryocystorhinography in the dog and cat

The normal nasolachrymal systems of the dog (meso-, dolicho-, and brachycephalic) and cat were investigated by dacryocystorhinography and latex preparations. Nasolachrymal abnormalities associated with obstructions, deviations, a congenital defect and invasion of the system were demonstrated by dacryocystorhinography in four dogs and two cats. The value of dacryocystorhinography in the clinical evaluation of nasolachrymal diseases and in the diagnosis of nasal masses is presented. Résumé. Le systeme naso-lacrymal normal du chien (méso-, dolicho-, et brachyocéphale) et du chat a été étudié par dacryocytsto-rhinographie et d'après des préparations de latex. Les anomalies nasolacrymales dues à l'obstruction, aux déviations, aux lésions congénitales ou invasives ont pu être mises en évidence grâce à la dacryocysto-rhinographie chez 4 chiens et deux chats. Les auteurs soulignent les avantages de cette méthode dans le diagnostic des affections naso-lacrymales et en particulier dans celui des masses nasales. Zusammenfassung. Die normalen nasolachrymalen Systeme des Hundes (meso-, dolicho-und brachiocephal)und der Katze wurden mittels Dacryocystorhinographie und Latexpräparaten untersucht. Nasolachrymale Anomalitäten, die mit Obstruktionen, Abweichungen, einem con-genitalen Defekt und Invasion des Systems verbunden waren, wurden durch Dacryocystorhinographie bei vier Hunden und zwei Katzen nachgewiesen. Der Wert der Dacryocystorhinographie bei der klinischen Untersuchung nasolachrymaler Krankheiten und für die Diagnose nasaler Massen wird erläutert.     

Contraception in the dog and cat

Contraception, the prevention of pregnancy, can be achieved by any method which prevents the union of sperm and follicle. In the case of the dog and cat contraception is seldom necessary for the animals' well-being, but is sought for the owner's convenience, and it therefore behoves the veterinary surgeon to discuss fully the various options. Notwithstanding this, it is essential from the social angle to limit the production of unwanted kittens and puppies.Contraception may be achieved by confinement or by surgical or chemical methods. Whereas formerly confinement was the method of choice, followed closely by surgery, various chemical methods are now in vogue, and it is not always realized, even by veterinary surgeons, that the way these chemicals work is not fully understood, and that for this reason alone they are inherently dangerous. All methods are associated with some danger but whereas in the case of confinement or surgery the dangers are most likely to be immediate, adverse results from the use of chemical contraceptives may not appear for many years.     

Euthanasia in the dog and cat

A survey was made of the euthanasia of dogs and cats in the Scottish Region of BSAVA. The reasons for euthanasia were classified and major differences were found between the two species in the numbers destroyed on veterinary, behavioural and convenience grounds. Methods of destruction and body disposal were also considered.     

Uveitis in the dog and cat

The clinical signs, possible causes and types of treatment available for uveitis in the dog and cat are reviewed. While in many cases the aetiology is obscure, infection, neoplasia, trauma and lens damage are established as possible causes of uveitis and immune mediated mechanisms are increasingly recognised as important in uveal tract disease.     

Uveitis in the dog and cat

Uveitis, inflammation of the vascular middle coat of the eye, may be a common manifestation of several diseases. Clinical signs of uveitis include ocular discharge, redness, and pain. Uveitis should be differentiated from other conditions causing similar clinical signs. Once uveitis is recognized, attempts to identify a specific cause should be undertaken. In some cases, an underlying cause is not identified, and treatment is aimed at preventing additional ocular damage.