鼠去透明带裸卵的体外受精及其胚胎发育

为了建立提高小鼠弱精子体外受精率的新方法，将小鼠宰杀在20℃下搁置14h，然后取出附睾尾精子进行冷冻保存。用解冻后活力明显下降的精子，与去透明带裸卵进行体外受精。结果显示，与带有颗粒细胞卵的体外受精率（0％） 透明带切开卵的体外受精率（4％－31％）相比，去透明带卵的体外受精率增至39％－68％（P＜0．01）；体外受精所 2细胞胚，经培养有74％－100％的胚胎发育至扩经囊胚；来自BDF1雄性小鼠精子的2细胞期体外受精胚，经体外培养至囊胚期后再移植，获得了正常新生小鼠，以上结果表明，去透明带裸卵与小鼠弱精子体外受精，可提高小鼠弱精子的利用率。     

山羊类ES细胞的培养

将187枚山羊胚胎按如下方式培养在GEF饲养层上:①桑椹胚直接培养;②囊胚直接培养;③囊胚去透明带后培养;④囊胚去透明带并被撕裂成碎片后培养;⑤囊胚去透明带后胰蛋白酶消化成小细胞团培养。将上述培养所获取的18个内细胞团(ICM)均分为2组,第1组始终从生长物中挑取较为浓密的类ES细胞团传代,第2组始终让培养物生长到铺满培养皿(瓶)底再传代。结果显示:①桑椹胚、囊胚直接培养以及囊胚被消化成小细胞团后培养,均未获得ICM;囊胚去透明带后培养,获得ICM的数量占参试囊胚数的30%;囊胚去透明带并被撕裂成碎片后培养,获得ICM的数量占参试囊胚数的60%。②始终从培养物中挑取类ES细胞团进行传代,传至第4代后已无细胞可传;而将培养物培养至长满培养皿(瓶)底后再一起传代,细胞可传11代以上,且其中的类ES细胞团呈大量扩增趋势。     

钙离子载体对猪去透明带卵孤雌发育的影响

比较了不同浓度(0.625～10.0μmol/L)的钙离子载体(A23187)结合DMAP(2 mmol/L)处理对经体外成熟培养后去除透明带的猪卵母细胞孤雌激活效果.孤雌激活卵采用微穴法(WOWs)体外培养至第7 d.试验结果表明,使用2.5 μmol/L的A23187激活猪去透明带卵效果最好,其第7 d的发育囊胚率(24.6%)显著高于0.625～1.25 μmol/L组(8.1%～12.8%,P＜0.05).当A23187激活浓度增加到10.0 μmol/L时,去透明带卵激活处理后的死亡率(29.5%)明显高于其它各组(0%～4.9%).采用钙离子载体A23187激活体外成熟猪去透明带卵,其最佳推荐浓度为2.5μmol/L.     

EFS20/40和GP25玻璃化法冷冻保存小鼠体外受精2细胞期胚的效果

为了筛选适合用于冷冻保存小鼠体外受精2细胞期胚胎的方法,本研究采用EFS20/40法和GP25法对体外受精小鼠2细胞胚进行冷冻保存,并经解冻后进行体外培养,观察其胚胎发育至扩张囊胚的能力。其结果,虽然两种方法冷冻解冻后的正常胚胎回收率相近,但采用EFS20/40法冷冻解冻的胚胎在体外发育至扩张囊胚比率(84.9%)显著高于GP25法的54.8%(P0.05)。表明EFS20/40法适合用于小鼠体外受精2细胞期胚胎的冷冻保存。     

低精子浓度下不同处理方式对小鼠卵母细胞体外受精及发育的影响

本试验探讨在低精子浓度(2.5×105个/mL)条件下,利用酸液完全去掉透明带、保留部分透明带及完全保留透明带这几种处理对小鼠卵母细胞体外受精及受精胚发育的影响.结果表明,完全去掉透明带的小鼠卵母细胞受精率(95％)极显著高于保留部分透明带(42％)及对透明带不做处理(30％)的方法(P＜0.01),但3种处理方法所获受精卵发育至囊胚能力没有差别.     

不同发育阶段圭山山羊胚胎常规冷冻保存研究

采用常规冷冻法冷冻保存圭山山羊桑椹胚、囊胚、扩张囊胚期胚胎,解冻后体外发育率分别为41.94%、67.50%、84.09%,桑椹胚与囊胚、扩张囊胚间差异显著(P<0.05),囊胚和扩张囊胚间虽无显著性差异(P>0.05),但扩张囊胚体外发育率高于囊胚.在胚胎的冷冻-解冻过程中,桑椹胚、囊胚、扩张囊胚的透明带受损伤率分别为6.45%、20.00%、31.82%,透明带受损的桑椹胚、囊胚、扩张囊胚体外发育率分别为0%、50.00%、78.57%.初步说明发育程度越高的胚胎,在冷冻-解冻过程中其透明带越易受到损伤,但随发育程度的加深,胚胎生长发育时对透明带的依赖程度也变得越来越弱,表明圭山山羊早期扩张囊胚最适宜进行冷冻保存.     

不同因素对牛体外受精效果的影响

比较公牛个体、精子密度、精卵比例、受精前机械脱除卵丘细胞及胚胎培养液体积对体外受精效果的影响。结果表明:不同公牛个体的精子受精的卵裂率差异不显著(P>0.05),但囊胚率受到极显著的影响(52.24%vs28.13%,P<0.01);精子密度在(0.5~1.5)×106/mL间的卵裂率和囊胚率差异都不显著(P>0.05),但精子密度在0.25×106个/mL时的卵裂率显著低于其他3个试验组(52.17%vs91.23%,P<0.05);受精时,精卵比控制在2 000~10 000∶1之间,受精卵的卵裂率、囊胚率均无差异(P>0.05);受精前机械脱除卵丘细胞对受精效果没有影响(45.21%vs36.46%,P>0.05);每枚胚胎培养液体积在2.5~10μL之间的群体培养,对受精胚的发育没有显著影响(51.39%vs35.06%,P>0.05)。     

在成熟过程中添加牛血清和猪卵泡液对猪卵母细胞核成熟及体外受精后早期胚胎发育的影响

研究目的在于探讨在成熟过程中添加牛血清和猪卵泡液对猪卵母细胞核成熟、卵丘细胞扩散及体外受精后早期胚胎发育的影响。卵母细胞·卵丘细胞复合体在含FSH和LH的以下处理组的成熟液中成熟培养 2 3～ 2 4h :(1)对照组-改良TCM - 199+0 .1%PVA ;(2 )试验组 1-改良TCM - 199+10 %新生牛血清 ;(3)试验组 2 -改良TCM - 199+10 %猪卵泡液 ,再移至无FSH和LH的不同处理组的成熟液中成熟培养 2 3～ 34h。试验 1中 ,卵母细胞在 4 6～ 4 8h成熟培养后 ,观察卵丘细胞扩散情况 ,并对卵母细胞进行固定和染色 ,鉴定卵母细胞减数分裂情况 :试验 2中 ,对在不同处理组的成熟液中成熟培养 4 6～ 4 8h的卵母细胞进行体外受精 ,再培养 8d。受精后第 2天检查分裂率、第 6天检查桑椹胚 /囊胚率、第 8天检查囊胚率。 4 6～ 4 8h成熟培养后试验组 1和试验组 2的大部分卵母细胞 -卵丘细胞复合体的卵丘细胞完全扩散 ,而对照组的卵丘细胞只有 5 0 %扩散。试验组 1和试验组 2的卵母细胞核成熟率分别为 39.9% (77/ 193)和 4 4 .3% (93/ 2 10 ) ,与对照组的卵母细胞核成熟率 4 8.1% (99/ 2 0 6 )相比没有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。卵母细胞分裂率试验组 1(5 0 .0± 1.8) %和试验组 2 (49.9± 2 .6 ) %与对照组的卵母细胞分裂率 (49.0± 2     

绵羊去透明带卵母细胞体细胞核移植研究

为探索简化的核移植程序,本研究分析不同成熟培养时间、去核过程中紫外光照时间、融合电压强度、激活剂种类、不同培养方法对绵羊去透明带卵母细胞核移植的影响。结果表明:卵母细胞成熟培养18～19 h后去除透明带,其极体排出和附着效果最佳。采用1.9 kV/cm直流电压融合去核卵母细胞与颗粒细胞,融合率为88.2%,效果最好。离子霉素对重构胚具有较好的激活效果,卵裂率为82.1%,囊胚率为10.4%;压制WOW(s孔中孔)发育组卵裂率和囊胚发育率与四孔板培养组相比无显著差异,但卵裂率和囊胚发育率并不高;去除透明带的绵羊卵母细胞采用衰减1/4的UV照射10 s辅助去核后,卵裂率为35.6%,但重构胚未能发育至囊胚。结果显示,通过去透明带辅助显微操作去核的方法进行的绵羊体细胞克隆程序较易掌握。     

影响小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟和体外受精效果的因素分析

研究卵母细胞发育程度和不同营养因子对小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟及体外受精率的影响。小鼠卵母细胞分别在含有FSH、BSA和胰岛素的培养液中体外成熟 ,在Whitten氏液中体外受精 ,比较体外成熟率、体外受精率。卵丘卵母细胞 (COC)较裸卵 (DO)的体外成熟率、体外受精率都低。FSH和胰岛素均能提高小鼠卵母细胞的体外成熟率、体外受精率。BSA可以降低小鼠卵母细胞体外受精率。GV期卵母细胞的体外受精率显著低于体外培养的排出第一极体的卵母细胞。 (P2 -cell <0 0 5 ,P受精 <0 0 5)。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.