14株H3亚型禽流感病毒全基因组序列分析

为了解2016年至2017年在我国部分省市活禽市场的家禽体内分离得到的14株H3亚型禽流感病毒的流行情况和遗传特点。采用RT-PCR技术对这14株H3亚型禽流感毒株的全基因进行扩增,并对所得序列进行遗传演化分析。14株分离株中有5株H3N8,7株H3N2,2株H3N3。结果表明,14株毒株中AIV的HA蛋白的裂解位点氨基酸序列均为PE-KQTR↓GLF,只有1个碱性氨基酸,符合低致病性禽流感的分子特征。HA基因的受体结合位点为226(Q)、228(G)具有典型的禽源特征。遗传进化分析表明,除了毒株A/Duck/Fujian/F1142/2016(H3N8)的NS基因属于北美分支外,其余毒株全部基因均属于欧亚分支。通过对H3亚型AIV的遗传进化关系和流行情况进行分析,以期对H3亚型AIV的进化研究提供一些参考依据。     

1株H6N6亚型禽流感病毒贵州分离株HA和NA基因克隆与序列分析

为了解 H6亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)在贵州地区的流行情况,本研究对2014年从贵州省三穗鸭体内分离鉴定出的1株H6N6亚型AIV (A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014) HA和NA基因进行了克隆和序列分析。结果显示,A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014的HA基因与华东地区2009年鸭源H6N6亚型AIV同源性最高,达97.5%,HA蛋白裂解位点的氨基酸序列为P-Q-I-E-T-R-G,符合低致病性AIV的分子特征;而NA基因则与福建2007年鸭源H6N6亚型AIV同源性最高,达98.2%;由遗传进化树分析结果可知,HA和NA基因在遗传进化关系上,与湖南毒株位于同一分支,而与2007年贵州分离的3株H6N6亚型AIV不处于同一分支,说明A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014与本地区的H6N6亚型AIV亲缘关系较远。本研究结果表明当前贵州地区H6N6亚型AIV存在明显的遗传多样性。     

一株鸭源H11N3亚型禽流感病毒的遗传进化分析及对小鼠的致病性研究

为了解H11N3亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的生物学特性，本研究对2020年在福州市某活禽市场鸭中分离的一株H11N3亚型AIV进行了全基因组测序、遗传进化分析和对BALB/c小鼠的致病性试验。测序结果显示，分离株HA裂解位点为PAIASR↓GLF，符合低致病性AIV分子特征；HA蛋白²²⁶L和²²⁸S突变显示病毒具有结合人源受体(SAα-2,6 Gal)的特征性氨基酸。PB1、PA、NP和M1蛋白均出现对哺乳动物致病性增强的特征性氨基酸。遗传进化分析显示，H11N3 AIV的8个基因节段均属于欧亚分支，其HA基因与A/duck/Fujian/SD061/2017 (H11N3)株HA基因序列相似性最高，而NA基因与A/EN/Fujian/02754/2016 (H3N3)株NA基因序列相似性最高。该病毒内部基因分别与浙江、福建和云南等地鸭和鸡体内分离的H7N9、H7N7、H1N2、H7N2、H7N7和H9N6等亚型AIV相关基因高度同源。小鼠致病性试验结果显示，该病毒未经适应即可在小鼠鼻甲和肺脏中高效复制，表明该病毒株具备感染哺乳动物的能力。上...     

2株鹌鹑源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA基因序列分析

为了探究2株鹌鹑源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(H9N2 AIV)HA基因的遗传进化关系,分别对2株鹌鹑源H9N2亚型AIV的HA基因进行了序列测定及遗传进化分析。结果显示,2株鹌鹑H9N2亚型AIV的HA基因核苷酸同源性为97.7%,与参考毒株A/Quail/wuxi/7/2010(H9N2)相比,分别为97.7%、97.0%,均属于h9.4.2进化分支(Y280-like亚群);其推导氨基酸裂解位点均为PSRSSR↓GL,属于低致病性AIV;均存在8个相同的潜在糖基化位点,第313位的糖基化位点正好位于HA蛋白裂解位点附近,可能影响HA的裂解,改变AIV的毒力;受体结合位点第234位均为L,具有结合哺乳动物唾液酸α-2,6受体的特征。结果表明,2株鹌鹑H9N2亚型AIV均为低致病性AIV,但具有感染人的特征,其HA基因均属于大陆H9N2亚型AIV流行谱系的h9.4.2分支。     

一株鸟源H1N2型禽流感病毒全基因序列分析

2011—2012年,对我国广西活禽市场进行流行病学监测时从麻雀体内分离鉴定出1株H1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV),命名为A/Sparrow/Guangxi/GXs-1/2012(H1N2)。为了解该株H1亚型AIV的来源、特征及其分子演化规律,本研究对其全基因序列进行测定,并与GenBank登录的相关病毒进行遗传演化分析。结果表明:这株分离纯化的H1N2毒株HA基因切割位点附近的氨基酸序列为PSIQSR↓GLF,属于低致病力AIV的特征;NA基因与A/duck/Guangxi/GXd-2/2010(H6N2)在同一分支内,核苷酸同源性为98%;PB1与PB2基因与H5和H4亚型较为接近;PA基因与A/duck/Guangdong/E1/2012(H10N8)同源性最高;NP基因则与A/chicken/Pakistan/NARC-16945/2010(H3N1)同源性达97%;而NS与MP基因分别与A/wild duck/Korea/SH5-26/2008(H4N6)、A/duck/Shanghai/C84/2009(H3N2)同源性最高。因此,推测A/Sparrow/Guangxi/GXs-1/2012(H1N2)可能是不同来源的基因经过复杂重组演变后的1株重组病毒。     

2017年山东16株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及其HA基因序列分析

为了解山东省H9N2亚型禽流感的流行情况, 2017年从山东省不同地区分离并鉴定16株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)株,并对其血凝素(HA)基因进行扩增、克隆和测序,将所得序列进行同源性和遗传进化分析。结果显示,2017年分离的16株病毒之间HA基因的核苷酸序列同源性为91.2%~99.8%,氨基酸同源性为93.6%~100.0%。系统进化树显示,16株病毒均属于H9.4.2.5分支,表明H9.4.2.5分支毒株仍是山东省H9N2亚型AIV主要流行株。重要氨基酸位点研究显示,16株病毒的HA蛋白的裂解位点仍是K/RSSR↓GLF,符合低致病性AIV的特征;16株病毒的234受体结合位点多为L,除198位受体结合位点存在变异外,其他受体结合位点均保守;16株病毒的潜在糖基化位点有7个~8个,其中7个位点较保守,而218位糖基化位点均缺失,其中3株病毒分别在145位、206位和285位新增糖基化位点。总之,山东省分离的H9N2亚型AIV在分子生物学上发生了部分新的遗传进化,但与临床上病毒的致病性与流行规律的关系还有待于进一步研究。     

一株H4亚型禽流感病毒全基因组序列测定及遗传演化分析

2008年对我国南方活禽市场进行流行病学监测时从鸭体内分离鉴定一株H4亚型禽流感病毒(AIV),命名为A/duck/Guangxi/912/2008(H4N2)(缩写为DK/GX/912/08)。为了解该株H4亚型AIV的来源、特征及其分子演化规律,本研究对其全基因序列进行测定,并与GenBank登录的相关病毒进行遗传演化分析。结果表明:DK/GX/912/08HA基因切割位点附近的氨基酸序列(PEKASR↓GLF)符合低致病力AIV的特征,其分子遗传演化关系属于东半球谱系的欧亚分支;NA基因与A/duck/Jiangxi/1286/2005(H5N2)在同一分支内,核苷酸同源性为98.1%;PB2基因与A/duck/Nanchang/4-165/2000(H4N6)处于同一分支;而NS基因与A/duck/Jiangxi/1786/03(H7N7)同源性最高。因此,推测DK/GX/912/08可能是不同来源的基因在鸭体内经过复杂重组演变的一株重组病毒。     

一株H9亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及生物特性研究

2013年中国吉林某养鸡场发生疑似H9亚型禽流感疫情,采集该发病鸡场病料接种9日龄SPF鸡胚,分离得到一株病毒。经血凝(HA)试验、血凝抑制(HI)试验、测序分析,鉴定该毒株为H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)。对本试验分离株HA基因进行测序及序列分析,结果显示分离株HA基因的裂解位点为RSSR↓GLF,符合低致病性AIV的基因特征;HA肽链具有9个潜在糖基化位点,与近些年H9亚型AIV分离株的潜在糖基化位点相同;具有8个受体结合位点,其中234位受体结合位点由谷氨酰胺(Q)变异成苏氨酸(T);HA基因系统进化树结果显示本试验分离株属于欧亚进化分支,与中国最早分离株A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94(H9N2)亲缘关系较远,与2007年后中国H9亚型AIV主要流行分支的代表株A/Chicken/Guangxi/55/2005(H9N2)亲缘关系较近。将该毒株制成油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡,免疫后第21天免疫鸡血清抗体高达10log2,表明本试验分离株具有很好的免疫原性。     

两广地区2011-2012年H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的HA基因进化分析

为探究两广地区H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)的变异情况及分子流行规律,于2011—2012年从该地区发病鸡群中共分离到16株H9N2亚型AIV,并对分离株HA基因进行测序与进化分析。结果表明,分离株HA基因开放阅读框全长均为1 683bp,编码560个氨基酸;HA基因核苷酸同源性为88.7%⁹9.6%,编码氨基酸同源性为91.8%99.6%,编码氨基酸同源性为91.8%⁹9.5%。本试验分离毒株与国内疫苗株(GD-SS、SH-F和SD-6)的核苷酸同源性在90.1%99.5%。本试验分离毒株与国内疫苗株(GD-SS、SH-F和SD-6)的核苷酸同源性在90.1%⁹2.6%之间,推导的氨基酸序列同源性在91.6%92.6%之间,推导的氨基酸序列同源性在91.6%⁹4.8%之间。进化分析显示分离株可分为Group 1和Group 2两个亚分支,与疫苗株均属于欧亚谱系的Y280分支,但亲缘关系较远。分离株HA蛋白裂解位点附近序列有3种形式:PARSSR↓GLF、PSRSSR↓GLF和PARLSR↓GLF,均无连续碱性氨基酸的插入,符合低致病性AIV的特征。本试验发现分离株GD4、GX2在HA1的127、295位分别增加一个潜在的糖基化位点;除分离株GD5和GD6外,其余分离株在HA1的216位发生Q216L氨基酸突变,表明其存在感染人的可能性。     

吉林省长春市城乡活禽市场H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的检测与分子遗传进化分析

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(Avian influenza virus, AIV)通过为其他流感病毒提供内部基因或直接跨越种间屏障感染人，而活禽市场是H9N2亚型AIV传播的主要传播途径之一。为了解吉林省长春地区城乡活禽市场H9N2亚型AIV流行特点和趋势，对2021年9月至2023年4月在4个城乡活禽市场分离到3株代表性H9N2亚型AIV进行了分子遗传进化分析。结果显示3株毒株HA蛋白裂解位点均为PSKSSR↓GLF,其受体结合位点的第226位氨基酸由Q突变为L,可与α,2-6唾液酸受体结合，具有感染人的特性。分子遗传进化分析显示3株毒株的HA基因归属于BJ-94谱系中h9.4.2.5亚分支；NA基因归属Y280谱系；PB2、M基因均属于G1谱系；剩余内部基因均属于F-98谱系。研究结论丰富当前国内H9N2亚型AIV的流行病学研究，提示需加强病毒变异监控和新疫苗研发。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.