钼对小鼠后代肾脏的损伤作用

为探讨长期钼暴露对子代小鼠肾功能的影响,采用2月龄清洁级小鼠60只(雌雄比2∶1),随机分为4组(每组10只雌鼠,5只雄鼠),雌雄分开饲养。饮水中加入不同剂量Na2MoO4.2H2O组成空白对照组、低钼组(100mg/L)、中钼组(200mg/L)和高钼组(400mg/L),4周后雌雄合笼饲养,待其产仔。妊娠期和哺乳期母鼠仍按原分组给予不同剂量的钼。仔鼠断奶后,同样按原分组给予不同剂量的钼。饲养8周后,再从每组后代中随机选取雌性小鼠10只和雄性小鼠5只合笼饲养,待其产仔。如此反复,使小鼠繁殖4代。选取第3代(F2)、第4代(F3)小鼠眼球摘除法采血并分离血清,测定血清肌酐和尿素氮。采集肾脏测定微核率和肾组织切片。结果表明,当饮水中Na2MoO4.2H2O达到200mg/L以上时,可显著增加后代小鼠肾细胞微核率(P<0.05)和血清肌酐浓度(P<0.05),降低血清尿素氮含量(P<0.05)。说明钼制剂可对小鼠后代肾脏产生损伤作用。     

钼暴露对小鼠繁殖性能及血清含铜酶的影响

将60只二月龄的清洁级ICR小鼠随机分成4组,每组雌性10只和雄性5只,雌雄分开饲养,饮水中加入不同剂量的钼（以Na2MoO4.2H2O形式）,分别是空白对照组、低钼组（100mg/L）、中钼组（200mg/L）、高钼组（400mg/L）。4周后雌雄合笼,产仔后从仔鼠中随机挑选雌性30只和雄性15只按原分组给予不同剂量的钼,8周后,再从每组中随机选取雌性10只和雄性5只合笼饲养,产仔至第4代,记录分娩率和每胎产仔数。第3代和第4代小鼠每组选取5只,眼球采血,分离血清,测定血清黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）、单胺氧化酶（MAO）、丙二醛（MDA）、一氧化氮（NO）、铜蓝蛋白（CP）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）。试验结果表明高剂量钼能够颉抗体内的铜,使部分含铜酶活性下降,降低了小鼠繁殖性能,具体如下：（1）F1和F2代高剂量组分娩率显著低于其他组（P〈0.05）;（2）与对照组相比,试验组小鼠XOD活性、除中钼组外的F2代MAO活性、F2代中钼组SOD活性、F3代中钼组CuZn-SOD活力值和试验组CP活性均显著降低（P〈0.05）。可见高剂量钼可降低小鼠的繁殖性能,其作用机制可能是钼降低部分含铜酶的活性,导致小鼠抗氧化能力降低。     

饲养空间对昆明小鼠产仔数、子代成活数及体重的影响

为了研究饲养空间对昆明小鼠产仔数、子代成活数和体重的影响,随机选择32只合笼后的雌鼠平均分配在两种自主设计的鼠箱中,实验组鼠箱底面积为(10×20)cm2,对照组鼠箱底面积为(20×30)cm2.记录雌鼠产仔数,每周记录成活仔鼠数和仔鼠体重至28日龄.在试验两水平下产仔数差异不显著(P>0.05);仔鼠成活数在21日龄...     

黄芩苷对双酚A致小鼠生殖损伤的保护作用

为研究黄芩苷对双酚A(Bisphenol A,BPA)所致子代小鼠生殖毒性的缓解作用。本试验将60只昆明孕鼠随机分为A、B、C共3组,每组20只。A组为对照组,孕鼠妊娠1~14d灌胃生理盐水同时饲喂普通鼠粮;B组为BPA组,孕鼠妊娠1~7d给予生理盐水,妊娠8~14d给予500mg/kg BPA;C组为黄芩苷+BPA组,孕鼠妊娠1~7d灌胃1mg/kg黄芩苷,妊娠8~14d给予500mg/kg BPA,待孕鼠自然分娩。观察记录仔鼠死亡情况。至仔鼠8周龄剖杀,分离血清,摘取睾丸或卵巢,ELISA试剂盒分析仔鼠血清睾酮(T)、雌二醇(E2)及黄体生成素(LH)水平,HE染色观察卵巢或睾丸组织结构的变化,免疫组化及免疫荧光方法检测仔鼠睾丸或卵巢Bax,Bcl-2蛋白的表达。结果显示:黄芩苷能够降低BPA致子代小鼠死亡率,升高仔鼠T(♂)、LH(♀)含量,降低仔鼠(♀)E2水平(P0.05)。HE染色结果表明,BPA组仔鼠睾丸组织损伤严重,间质细胞减少,卵巢组织结构空泡逐渐增多,颗粒数量逐渐减少。黄芩苷能改善BPA引起的睾丸及卵巢组织损伤。免疫组化结果显示,BPA对仔鼠睾丸或卵巢Bax蛋白表达无影响,但对睾丸或卵巢Bcl-2蛋白表达有降低作用。预先给于黄芩苷后能够升高仔鼠睾丸或卵巢Bcl-2蛋白表达,但对Bax蛋白表达无显著影响。免疫荧光结果发现,BPA升高仔鼠睾丸或卵巢组织中Bax阳性蛋白表达,降低Bcl-2阳性蛋白表达。黄芩苷降低睾丸或卵巢Bax蛋白表达,升高睾丸或卵巢Bcl-2蛋白表达。本试验结果表明,孕鼠妊娠期给予黄芩苷降低BPA引起的子代小鼠死亡率,平衡生殖激素水平和睾丸/卵巢中相关凋亡蛋白表达,缓解BPA染毒孕鼠对子代小鼠所致的生殖毒性。     

玻璃化冷冻对小鼠GV期卵母细胞发育能力的影响

试验首次采用OPS法玻璃化冷冻小鼠GV期卵母细胞(不带卵丘细胞,下同),同时尝试用EDFS30对小鼠卵巢进行细管法玻璃化冷冻,以研究GV期卵母细胞冷冻后的发育潜力。首先,利用MEM培养和MEM-腔前卵泡培养新鲜GV期卵母细胞,并把较好的培养方式用于冷冻后培养试验。2种培养方式培养24h后新鲜GV期卵母细胞成熟率无显著性差异;OPS法冷冻的GV期卵母细胞解冻后成熟率及体外受精后卵裂率与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。细管法冷冻卵巢组织的GV期卵母细胞成熟率极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),其受精后未获得受精卵。结果表明:OPS法可有效地冷冻保存小鼠GV期卵母细胞,而细管法冷冻小鼠卵巢对GV期卵母细胞损伤较大。     

C57小鼠和C57BL/6 FMR1 KO小鼠剖宫产手术及其仔鼠生长情况的比较研究

目的 C57BL/6小鼠和C57BL/6 FMR1 KO小鼠剖宫产手术及其仔鼠生产情况的比较。方法将C57和FMR1两种小鼠分成两组,每组雌雄按1:1配对,通过剖宫产手术取得仔鼠,C57母鼠作为代乳母鼠,分别比较两种小鼠的妊娠时间、成功受孕时间、7 d成活率、产仔数、离乳率。结果 FMR1小鼠在成功受孕时间、7 d成活率、离乳率上与C57小鼠存在显著差异。结论通过剖宫产净化手术获得FMR1小鼠,为后续开展保种和育种工作提供重要保障。     

枸杞多糖抗全氟辛酸致子代雌鼠生殖损伤的作用及对生殖激素的影响

为探讨妊娠期暴露于全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA)对子代雌鼠的生殖损伤作用,以及枸杞多糖(lyciumbarbarumpolysaccharide, LBP)对生殖损伤缓解的效果和对生殖激素含量的影响,试验取40只孕鼠随机分为4组,每组10只,分别为空白组,1,2.5,5 mg/kg组(饲粮中分别含1,2.5,5 mg/kg的PFOA),分别测定各组孕鼠肾脏的病理变化,肾脏、卵巢指数,生殖激素的含量确定制作生殖损损模型的最佳剂量。取60只孕鼠随机分为6组,每组10只,1组为空白组,2组为PFOA模型组,3～6组为枸杞多糖保护组,每天分别灌服20 mg/kg、40 mg/kg、80 mg/kg和100 mg/kg枸杞多糖,记录孕鼠体重变化,仔鼠出生重和出生率;子代雌鼠生长至21天时,采集仔鼠血清、肾脏和卵巢,计算器官指数;用放射免疫法检测血清中卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)和雌激素(E2)的含量。结果表明:2.5 mg/kg PFOA可做为生殖损伤模型剂量。应用枸杞多糖以后仔鼠出生率明显上升,仔鼠体重显著升高(P0.05);与模型组比较,血清LH含量显著降低(P0.05),E2含量显著升高(P0.05),FSH含量变化差异不显著(P0.05)。表明枸杞多糖能够有效调节子代雌鼠生殖激素水平,缓解PFOA所致生殖损伤。     

胎间隔和交配间隔时间对昆明小鼠繁殖性能的影响

在昆明(KM)小鼠的繁殖生产中,胎间隔和交配间隔时间需随着实验动物需求的阶段性变化进行调整,其间隔时间过长可能会造成繁殖性能下降。探究雌鼠胎间隔与雄鼠交配间隔时间对KM小鼠繁殖性能的影响,为KM小鼠繁殖生产和选种、育种提供参考。选择不同胎间隔的雌性及不同交配间隔的雄性KM小鼠,以雄鼠∶雌鼠=1∶2的比例同笼7d,在生产繁殖过程中统计雌性KM小鼠的繁殖性能相关指标,包括妊娠率、产仔数、初生仔鼠平均体重、离乳数及初生仔鼠窝重,并进行统计学分析。结果显示,胎间隔时间超过102d的雌性与交配间隔大于60d的雄性小鼠合笼后的妊娠率、离乳数和初生仔鼠窝重相比于没有时间间隔雌雄鼠均有显著性下降(P0.05,P0.01);胎间隔时间超过102d的雌鼠或交配间隔大于60d的雄鼠,在与对应的无间隔的雄鼠、雌鼠合笼后,妊娠率、离乳数和初产生仔鼠窝重等繁殖性能指标亦有显著性下降(P0.05,P0.01)。研究表明,雌鼠胎间隔时间超过102d和雄鼠交配间隔时间超过60d,均显著降低KM小鼠的繁殖性能。     

软饮料对小鼠繁殖性能和内分泌激素的影响

为了探讨长时间连续饮用软饮料对亲代小鼠的繁殖性能、内分泌激素水平以及对子代小鼠生长发育等方面的影响，本试验在饲养条件完全相同的情况下，选取雌雄各40只健康昆明小鼠随机分为5个组，分别自由饮用美年达、可乐、绿茶饮料、咖啡饮料和白开水(对照),比较各组母鼠繁殖性能、内分泌激素水平以及仔鼠生长发育状况。结果显示：软饮料对母鼠的出生窝重、产仔数、断奶窝增重、胰岛素、生长激素水平均无显著影响(P>0.05),但使孕鼠妊娠期体重增长极显著升高(P<0.01);软饮料组仔鼠性激素水平显著高于白开水组(P<0.05),体重增长状况无显著差异(P>0.05),但生长后期体重增长变慢。,由此可知软饮料对雌鼠的繁殖性能未见显著影响，但孕期摄入过量软饮料可导致母鼠妊娠期体重增长升高，并增加仔鼠患代谢综合征的风险，同时也可引起仔鼠的性早熟。     

两种基因敲除小鼠的生长与繁殖性能测定

本试验测定了Cathepsin S-null小鼠和Cystatin C-null小鼠的生长繁殖指标,具体测定指标为产仔数,离乳数和胎间隔等。试验实行严格的兄妹交配,1雌1雄长期同窝,仔鼠在3-4周后离开母鼠,按性别分笼饲养,从初生之日起,每周称重一次,连续15周。Cathepsin S-null小鼠的平均产仔数是6.3±1.8只,Cystatin C-null小鼠的平均产仔数是7.2±2.1;Cathepsin S-null小鼠平均胎间隔43.1±15.6日,Cystatin C-null小鼠平均胎间隔为39.1±15.4日。各项指标均较稳定,基本符合近交系小鼠的特征。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.