膜下滴灌棉花水肥耦合效应及其模式研究

膜下滴灌棉花水肥耦合效应明显,一定水肥范围内的叶面积指数（ＬＡＩ）、散射光透过率（ＴＤ）在花铃期随灌水和施肥量的增加而增大,并以灌水２２５ｍｍ,施纯Ｎ１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２处理较为合理,相应值为１．５６￣３．９５和２３．４％￣３５．７％;水分是限制滴灌棉花产量的主导因素,施肥之,较高水分下的增产幅度为８．２％￣３６．４％,而较高施肥增幅为４．６％￣２６．１％;Ｎ６０Ｗ３１５,Ｎ１５０Ｗ２２５和Ｎ２４０Ｗ１３５的水肥交互作用显著,水肥配比处于一种较为良好的状态。     

北疆膜下滴灌高产棉花灌溉和施肥模式的初探

摘 要：通过不同年际间,北疆膜下滴灌高产示范田中灌水、施肥措施对棉花产量及产量构成特点影响的研究。结果表明,新疆滴灌棉田产量逐步提高与棉花种植密度的增加,水肥后移,增加花期以后钾的施用量等栽培措施密切相关。在蕾期-盛花结铃期增加灌水次数,减少灌水周期、时间及灌水量;结铃期到始吐期,在保证灌水次数的同时,适当减少灌水量,能明显提高全生育期的水分利用效率,有效的节约生产成本。     

棉花膜下滴灌施肥技术再探讨

1 棉花膜下滴灌施肥的基本原理 棉花膜下滴灌施肥是根据棉花生长发育规律和根系生长特点及滴灌湿润峰的渗透规律，利用滴灌设施在压力的作用下将棉花需要的水分和养分（肥料）溶液滴灌入田间和棉花根际的过程，亦称为滴灌水肥耦合（随水施肥）。它是一种利用滴灌设施激活土壤的物理性能，在棉花不同的生长发育阶段，通过棉花营养诊断、土壤养分诊断以及土壤干旱诊断，给棉花提供必要的、适时适量的多种肥料（营养液）和水分的设施配套技术。     

节水减氮对土壤硝态氮分布和冬小麦水氮利用效率的影响

针对当前关中平原冬小麦生产中氮肥投入过量、灌溉水资源不足的问题,研究节水减氮栽培模式下冬小麦籽粒产量、水氮利用及硝态氮淋失情况,能为确定冬小麦节水减肥环保增效的生产模式提供理论依据。于2017—2019年在陕西杨凌开展冬小麦节水减氮田间栽培试验,采用二因素裂区设计,施氮量为主处理,灌水量为副处理,设施氮量处理N300 (300 kg hm^–2)、N225 (225 kg hm^–2)、N150 (150 kg hm^–2)、N75 (75 kg hm^–2)、N0 (不施氮)和灌水量处理W2 (1200 m³ hm^–2)、W1 (600 m³ hm^–2)、W0 (0),分析小麦产量、水氮利用效率及土壤硝态氮淋失情况。结果表明,2017—2018年和2018—2019年小麦季灌水处理较不灌水处理分别增产14.88%～15.01%和4.11～4.16倍,但处理间差异不显著,而越冬期灌水600 m³ h...     

番茄滴灌水氮耦合效应与模式研究

为探明番茄高产优质高效生产的灌溉施肥制度和最优水氮耦合模式,开展了不同滴灌水氮耦合方式对番茄产量、品质和水氮利用的影响的田间试验.结果 表明:与F0W0(土施100％N肥基肥,降雨+补充滴灌灌水)相比,F2W2(交替滴灌方式施用100％N肥和80％常规灌水量)、F3W2(土施40％ N肥-基肥-交替滴灌方式追施60％N...     

水氮运筹对新疆无膜滴灌棉花生长发育及土壤温室气体排放的影响

【目的】探究水氮运筹对新疆无膜滴灌棉田棉花生长发育、水氮利用效率及土壤温室气体排放的影响。【方法】设置2个灌水定额(W1:450 m³·hm^-2,W2:540 m³·hm^-2)和3个施氮量(150、225、300 kg·hm^-2纯氮),分析不同水氮条件下土壤和植株全氮含量、棉花株高与茎粗、籽棉产量、水分与氮素利用效率及土壤温室气体排放的差异。【结果】225 kg·hm^-2和300 kg·hm^-2施氮量下,不同生育时期W1的0～80 cm土层平均全氮含量高于W2处理。同一施氮量水平下,W1处理的土壤CO₂、CH₄、N₂O累积排放量,全球增温潜势(global warming potential,GWP),土壤温室气体排放强度(greenhouse gas emission intensity,GHGI)及水分利用效率均高于W2处理。W1灌溉水平下,苗期和蕾期0～80 cm...     

西北旱区膜下滴灌下水氮管理及种植密度对制种玉米生长的影响

为了确定西北旱区膜下滴灌条件下灌水下限(W)、纯氮施用量(N)和种植密度(D)对制种玉米产量等指标的影响次序及各因素水平的最佳搭配,在甘肃省中国农业大学石羊河实验站设置了三因素三水平的大田正交试验(W：苗期和成熟期灌水下限为60%田持,其他生育期灌水下限W1为60%田持,W2为70%田持,W3为80%田持;N:整个生育期纯氮施用量,N1、N2和N3分别表示120、240和360 kg/hm2;D：种植密度,D1、D2和D3分别表示85500、100500和120000株/hm2)。结果表明：(1)灌水下限、纯氮施用量和种植密度对制种玉米的产量、穗粒数和千粒重的交互作用不明显;(2)在种植密度85500-12000株/hm2范围内,制种玉米产量和穗粒数影响因素次序均为W>D>N(主→次),千粒重影响因素次序D>N>W(主→次);(3)宽行70cm,窄行40cm膜下滴灌种植制种玉米的方式下,玉米种植最佳的因素水平为W2N2D2,即灌水下限设为田持的70%(W2),纯氮施用量为240kg/hm2(N2),种植密度为100500株/hm2(D2)。     

滴灌水量对核桃幼苗生长的影响

为明确核桃生长发育的水肥需求及适宜的水肥管理措施,以1年生核桃苗为试验材料,在60%施肥量的滴灌施肥方式下设5个不同灌水梯度处理,每隔10天滴灌1次。其中TG1处理为1000 mL/次灌水量,其他滴灌施肥处理的灌水量分别为处理TG1的85%(TG2)、70%(TG3)、55%(TG4)、40%(TG5)。研究表明,在60%施肥量的滴灌施肥方式下,随着灌水量的减少,土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量及苗木生长指标均呈现先升高后下降的趋势。其中,与其他处理相比,灌水量在700~850 mL/次（处理TG2和TG3）范围时效果最显著。与灌水量为1000 mL/次的处理TG1相比,TG2和TG3处理的核桃幼苗土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量显著提高,增幅分别为15.96%、23.58%、12.25%和13.33%、7.53%、18.37%;TG2、TG3处理植株根系长度和根系活力分别是TG1处理的0.95、1.036倍和1.125、1.14倍;幼苗叶面积、叶片含水率及叶绿素含量也有所增加,叶片全氮、全磷、全钾含量较处理TG1显著提高;TG2和TG3处理株高、地径达最高,分别为30.67 cm、8.37 mm和32 cm、8.25 mm。综上,滴灌条件下,灌水量为700~850 mL/次能有效提高土壤肥力,改善土壤环境,对核桃幼苗生长具有一定促进作用。     

微喷补灌水肥一体化对冬小麦产量及水分和氮素利用效率的影响

为探明微喷补灌水肥一体化对冬小麦产量及水分和氮素利用效率的影响,于2019—2021年冬小麦生长季进行不同水肥管理模式试验。以山农29为试验材料,采用裂区设计,设置畦灌(W1)、微喷补灌(W2)两个主区,设置拔节期随水追施均匀供氮(T1)和开沟条施局部供氮(T2)两个副区。结果表明,与W1处理相比, W2处理全生育期灌水量两年度分别减少53.3 mm和45.9 mm,节约用水35.5%和30.6%。同一灌溉模式下, T2处理施肥行在开花期0～80 cm土层和成熟期0～120cm土层土壤硝态氮含量均显著高于T1处理。W1模式下,T1处理开花期和成熟期0～30cm土层土壤硝态氮含量显著高于T2处理非施肥行相应土层,开花期和成熟期0～100cm土层根长密度、根表面积密度显著高于T2处理的施肥行和非施肥行,开花后0～20 cm土层根系活力、开花后氮素同化量和营养器官氮素向籽粒转运量、氮肥偏生产力、氮素利用效率、水分利用效率和籽粒产量与T2处理均无显著差异。W2模式下, T1处理开花期和成熟期0～60 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量显著高于T2处理非施肥行相应土层,开花期和成熟期0～100 cm土层根长...     

膜下滴灌棉花不同施肥方式试验

膜下滴灌棉花在施肥和灌水上发生了一系列的变化.本文作者通过滴灌棉花根系的分布特点,测定了湿润峰在3种质地中的变化规律,滴灌施肥后氮磷养分在土壤中的分布特点,提出膜下滴灌棉花采用液体滴灌专用肥,实行全生育期通过管道直接施入棉花根部,可以提高肥料的利用率,减少施肥成本,从而提高棉花产量.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.