转Bt基因抗虫杂交棉花种子质量鉴定方法与实践

棉花是重要的经济作物,我国是世界上主要产棉国之一,棉种质量的真假、好坏直接影响棉花产量和棉农收入。目前,长江流域棉区棉农用种基本上以杂交一代为主。由于一代种的生产成本是常规或杂交二代种子的20倍以上,同时,也因为棉种质量鉴定的周期长、成本高、难度大,故导致部分企业长期以二代（或常规）种冒充一代种。不仅给农业生产安全带来隐患,给农民造成经济损失,也造成了棉种市场的恶性竞争,使优质真实的杂交一代种在价格上失去竞争力。     

杂交小麦亲本选配研究进展

强优势组合的选配是杂交小麦研究利用中的核心问题和关键所在。本文从亲子关系,配合力、遗传差异、生态类型、特异性状等不同角度对杂交小麦亲本选配的各类研究方法及主要研究成果和观点进行了综述,并指出这些研究加速了杂交小麦强优势组合的选育进程,但亲本选配是一个非常复杂的问题,仍须进一步探索研究。     

杂交小麦杂种一代白粉病抗性表现规律的研究

为探讨杂交小麦杂种一代白粉病的抗性表现规律,以陕西不同地区小麦白粉病流行菌种做菌源,通过田间和苗期接种,对9份抗、感白粉病小麦亲本材料和9份大田感病品种及其杂交F1代进行抗病性鉴定,并结合SCAR和SSR分子标记进行了检测.结果表明:(1)以N95175、N9209为亲本的杂交F1含有Pm21基因,苗期和成株期抗病性均很好,与抗病亲本的抗病性表现基本一致,符合显性遗传,其抗病性主要由显性单基因控制.(2)以N9134、N9227A为亲本的杂交F1含有PmAS846基因,成株期抗病性较好,苗期大部分表现抗病;以N9227A为亲本的杂交F1中有40%的杂交组合表现中感,该抗性基因不完全符合单基因显性遗传,其表达在一定程度上受遗传背景及环境的影响.(3)中国春为苗期感病、成株期抗病材料,其与抗病亲本杂交F1代的抗病性接近或略高于抗病亲本;与感病品种杂交F1代的抗病性介于双亲之间.(4)白粉病遗传属于细胞核遗传,正反交F1代苗期抗病性无明显差异,杂交种的抗病性与双亲相关.因此, 在组配小麦强优势杂种组合时应尽量选用抗病的品种作为亲本之一,并考虑慢病性品种的应用.     

杂交小麦亲本选配研究进展

强优势组合的选配是杂交小麦研究利用中的核心问题和关键所在。本文从亲子关系、配合力、遗传差异、生态类型、特异性状等不同角度对杂交小麦亲本选配的各类研究方法及主要研究成果和观点进行了综述,并指出这些研究加速了杂交小麦强优势组合的选育进程,但亲本选配是一个非常复杂的问题,仍须进一步探索研究。     

CHA杂交小麦与相应T型杂交组合优势鉴定及适宜种植密度探讨

本试验通过对６个杂交小麦（其中３个是ＣＨＡ杂交小麦，３个是相对应的Ｔ型杂交小麦）的小区产量及千粒重，株穗数，主穗粒数，株高等性状的超标优势分析，结果表明，ＣＨＡ杂交小麦的小区产量及各性状的优势与Ｔ型杂交小麦的优势相比，小区产量平均优势增加２．９０％，千粒重增加８．３０％，株穗数增加２．４３％，主穗粒数增加０．８０％，株高平均优势降低８．７０％，这给化学杂交小麦的利用带来了有利的条件，不同密度试验结     

低酚棉杂交后代的经济性状遗传与选择

棉花品种间杂交选育新品种,一直是棉花育种中的主要方法之一。低酚棉育种也不例外。我研究中心自70年代初开展低酚棉新品种选育以来,做了大量的杂交组合,经南繁加代,严格的多次选择,定向培育,已选育出一批有苗头的高产、优质、抗病的鲁无384、鲁无35和鲁双无462、扭转苞叶、红叶、红鸡脚叶低酚棉抗虫新类型。根据几年来在杂交育种中的实践经验,对低酚棉杂交后代的经济性状遗传与选择进行了观察,现将试验结果分析如下:1 杂种优势杂种优势是生物界普遍存在的现象,多少年来被人们所利用。据三年42个 F_1代低     

转基因小麦与普通小麦杂交后代中稳定株系的筛选

为了给小麦品质改良提供优异的种质,以小麦转1Dx5和1Ax1基因品系为父本,以长江中下游冬麦区小麦栽培品种为母本配制杂交组合,获得BC1F1、BC1F2、BC1F3和BC1F4代.在各杂交后代中,采用系谱选择法结合SDS-PAGE检测技术,鉴定各系的HMW-GS组成,获得了多个外源1Dx5或1Ax1基因稳定超表达的小麦新型纯系.     

津奥啉小麦化学杂交新技术及其前景展望

本文概述了小麦化学杂交在杂种优势利用中的作用,评述了小麦化学杂交药剂的使用效果,简要介绍了一种应用于杂种小麦育种、制种,实现小麦杂种优势利用的“津奥啉”（ＳＣ２０５３）小麦化学杂交新技术（ＣＨＡ 津奥啉）,以及国内９ 个主要产麦省、市应用ＣＨＡ 津奥啉育成的３８ 个杂交小麦新品种（组合）在各地试验、示范情况,还介绍了在欧洲应用ＳＣ２０５３ 进行小麦杂优利用的进展,并展望了津奥啉技术在我国的开发前景。     

不同杂合型的玉米群体间杂交的遗传分析

通过轮回选择进行群体改良选择,是依靠群体本身及杂种组合内平均表现和群体内遗传变异进行的。一系列不同玉米群体问的双列杂交已经用于群体表现分类和配合力测定,并建立有用的杂合型。在这些研究中估算了群体效应,一般配合力和它们的二次杂交优势。利用群体的附加型能获得更多的遗传参数(Gardner等,1966)。当测定一系列自交群体,自交群体杂交以及群体本身、群体杂交时,则从该系列群体及近交种中能预测随机纯     

津奥啉小麦化学杂交新技术及其前景展望

本文概述了小麦化学杂交在杂种优势利用中的作用，评述了小麦化学杂交药剂的作用效果，简要介绍了一种于杂种小麦育种、制种，实现了小麦杂种优势物“津奥啉”（ＳＣ２０５３）小麦化学杂交新技术（ＣＨＡ津澳啉），以及国内９个主要产处、市应用ＣＨＡ津奥啉育成的３８个杂交小麦新品种（组合）在各地试验、示范情况，还介绍了在欧洲应用ＳＣ２０５３进行泪科杂优利用的进展，并展望了津奥啉技术在我国的开发前景。     

Progress in ideotype breeding to increase rice yield potential

The ideotype approach has been used in breeding programs at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and in China to improve rice yield potential. First-generation new plant type (NPT) lines developed from tropical japonica at IRRI did not yield well because of limited biomass production and poor grain filling. Progress has been made in second-generation NPT lines developed by crossing elite indica with improved tropical japonica. Several second-generation NPT lines outyielded the first-generation NPT lines and indica check varieties. China's “super” rice breeding project has developed many F₁ hybrid varieties using a combination of the ideotype approach and intersubspecific heterosis. These hybrid varieties produced grain yield of 12 t ha⁻¹ in on-farm demonstration fields, 8–15% higher than the hybrid check varieties. The success of China's “super” hybrid rice was partially the result of assembling the good components of IRRI's NPT design in addition to the use of intersubspecific heterosis. For example, both designs focused on large panicle size, reduced tillering capacity, and improved lodging resistance. More importantly, improvement in plant type design was achieved in China's “super” hybrid rice by emphasizing the top three leaves and panicle position within a canopy in order to meet the demand of heavy panicles for a large source supply. The success of “super” hybrid rice breeding in China and progress in NPT breeding at IRRI suggest that the ideotype approach is effective for breaking the yield ceiling of an irrigated rice crop.     

Susceptibility of Helicoverpa armigera from different host plants in northern China to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious pest of cotton and many other crops in northern China. To evaluate the contribution of alternative hosts as an effective refuge for transgenic cotton expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ac toxin, the susceptibility to this toxin was measured in progeny derived from field-collected H. armigera larvae and pupae from different hosts in the Xiajin’s region of the Shandong Province in northern China. During 2008-2010, progeny from a total of 258,56,184 and 160 single-pair crosses derived from wheat (first-generation), Bt cotton (second-generation), Bt cotton (third-generation), and corn (third-generation) were screened on Cry1Ac diets, respectively. Based on relative average development rates (RADR) of H. armigera larvae in these F₁ tests, the second and third-generation moths emerging from Bt cotton fields were more tolerant to the Bt toxin than the first and third-generation moths emerging from wheat and corn each year. These results suggest that there is significant variation in susceptibility to Bt toxins among H. armigera populations derived from different host crops. Alternate crops, such as corn, that maintain Bt susceptible populations of H. armigera could be used as refugia to minimize the evolution of resistance to Bt cotton.     

Drainage and irrigation performance of hybrid ditches in converted paddy fields under winter wheat cultivation in Hokkaido

Paddy fields converted into winter wheat fields in Hokkaido, Japan, receive extremely high snowfall, creating a risk of flood damage to crops in spring due to waterlogging of snowmelt runoff and poor drainage. Meanwhile, in June there is relatively little rainfall, and a lack of moisture inhibits winter wheat growth. Therefore, we developed a method involving a series of 30-cm-deep ditches in agricultural fields to be used for drainage during the flood-prone period and for furrow irrigation during the dry period using water drawn from the canals that feed the paddy fields. The ditches are called ‘hybrid ditches’ as they are able to perform both drainage and irrigation functions. In this study, we investigated the optimal construction timing and spacing for hybrid ditches. We also evaluated their ability to improve the drainage and irrigation of winter wheat. We found that the optimal timing for digging hybrid ditches is immediately after sowing, and the inter-ditch spacing for irrigation should be 15 m or less. The hybrid ditches promoted increased soil temperature and healthy development of wheat plants by improving drainage during the flood-prone period. In addition, water was successfully supplied via the hybrid ditches to irrigate the fields in June. Under experimental conditions in which rainfall was excluded, grain yield was 10% higher and percent protein content was more than 1% point greater in the irrigated plot compared with the non-irrigated plot. Grain yield was also observed to increase by 3–29% in demonstration tests conducted at local farms. From these results, we conclude that hybrid ditches are capable of improving the growth and yield of winter wheat by improving drainage and providing irrigation in converted paddy fields in Hokkaido.     

杂种小麦与常规小麦产量性状改良的比较分析

从1991－2000年，把每年参加产量鉴定的杂种小麦和常规小麦新品种的试验结果进行比较分析，结果表明：杂种小麦产量的平均超标优势为8．4％，变幅为3．0％－14．0％，年平均递增率为2．4％，而常规小麦的平均超标率为3．0％，变幅为1．1％－5．1％，年平均递增率仅为0．75％，就产量构成因素来看，杂种小麦的千粒重在不同年份均比常规品种的高，粒重优势显著，杂种小麦的穗粒数高于常规小麦，差异达显著水平，在群体条件下，杂种小麦的有效穗与常规小麦的变化基本一致；杂种小麦的株高改良已达到半矮秆水平，抗倒伏能力大大加强。     

转Bt基因玉米的抗螟性及产量分析

在玉米心叶期和穗期对3个转Bt基因玉米品种及其相对应的受体品种进行人工接虫,分析了转Bt基因玉米对玉米螟的抗性及对产量损失的影响。结果表明：转Bt基因玉米在玉米心叶期,对一代玉米螟表现为高抗;在穗期,对二代玉米螟也表现高抗。在接虫条件下,转Bt基因玉米可以减少产量损失30%以上。因此,种植转Bt基因玉米具有明显增产作用和经济效益。     

黑粒糯小麦材料的鉴定

为了给新型小麦材料黑粒糯小麦的选育提供基础材料,采用改良碘染色法和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对全糯小麦品系204-1002与黑粒小麦品系204-001、203-3204、201-2138杂交选育得到的30个黑粒糯小麦高代材料进行了籽粒颜色、Wx蛋白亚基以及淀粉颜色反应的鉴定与分析,结果发现7个黑粒小麦品系(1004、1007、1008-3、1009-3、1018-2、1018-4、1021-1)均缺失3个Wx蛋白亚基,同时鉴定出了缺失1个或2个Wx蛋白亚基的黑粒部分糯小麦品系.这表明利用全糯小麦与黑粒小麦杂交能筛选出黑粒糯小麦新材料.     

播量与追氮量对BNS型杂交小麦灌浆期冠层结构及产量的影响

为了明确BNS型杂交小麦的高产形成机理,以3个不同类型的BNS型杂交小麦为材料,采用正交试验设计,研究了不同播量与追氮量下BNS型杂交小麦生育后期的冠层结构及产量性状变化。结果表明,与常规品种相似,BNS型杂交小麦的冠层性状随生育期的推进而呈规律性的变化。花后13 d时,冠层上部叶片叶绿素含量逐渐上升,至花后20 d时达最大值,呈现先升高后降低的趋势;此时中部叶片叶绿素含量最高,而下部叶片急剧衰亡;冠层中上部叶面积指数因品种不同而有一定差异,叶片功能期越长产量越高;不同类型小麦品种冠层透光率亦有所不同。冠层中上部透光率在抽穗期叶面积指数较大时较高,在灌浆中期随叶面积指数的下降而降低,灌浆后期透光率增大。本研究结果表明,不同小麦品种的冠层结构及产量因素受播量与追氮量的影响不同,杂交小麦生育后期受播量与追氮量的影响较大。良种良法配套是实现杂交小麦高产的技术保证。     

RAPD分子标记与小麦杂种优势相关性研究

为了给杂种小麦亲本选配提供理论依据,利用RAPD标记技术对18个杂种小麦骨干亲本进行了遗传差异分析,并结合18个亲本所组配组合的杂种优势、超亲优势和特殊配合力测定,研究了RAPD遗传标记与杂种小麦亲本优势群划分和杂种优势预测之间的相关关系。结果表明,研究选用的RAPD标记在小麦中的多态性较低,筛选了80对引物,只有15对引物在18个亲本中多态性较高;基于这15对引物的扩增结果分析,所选用的RAPD标记能进行杂种小麦亲本优势群的划分,但RAPD遗传距离与杂种小麦产量构成因素之间存在不显著的正相关关系和负相关关系。在超亲优势水平,RAPD遗传距离与穗粒数呈极显著的负相关关系,RAPD遗传距离与亲本特殊配合力之间相关性不显著。笔者认为利用本文所选用的RAPD标记不能进行杂种小麦的杂种优势预测。     

Incidence and population fluctuation of Diuraphis noxia in Hungary

A yellow water pan trap was used to collect Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) in Central Hungary in 1989. In 1990 a Rothamsted-type suction trap collected 31 individuals. A D. noxia infestation was found in an autumn-sown wheat field in October 1990. The D. noxia population that overwintered was holocyclic. The life-span of fundatrices was 43.2 days at 18–22°C. The number of nymphs produced per fundatrix was 46.6. Average progeny numbers of first-generation apterae and alatae were 29.4 and 21.4, respectively. Second-generation apterae produced an average of 48.8 nymphs; 35.9% of nymphs were alatiform. The D. noxia population reached its peak on 3 July in the field, at which time the mean number of individuals per wheat plant was 3953.6. By 20 July, the wheat plants had matured and the D. noxia colonies had disappeared from the wheat.     

小麦杂种优势群研究：Ⅳ．普通小麦与斯卑尔脱小麦的种间杂种优势

本研究利用6个普通小麦品系与14个从国外引进的斯卑尔脱小麦杂交，研究了种间杂种优势表现，并探讨了扩大杂交小麦育种亲本的遗传基础和构建种间杂种优势群的途径。连续两年的试验结果表明，普通小麦与斯卑尔脱小麦种间杂种存在较强的杂种优势。就平均优势而言，单株产量，单穗产量和千粒重优势最大，分别为111.39%,62.77%,45.72%，单株穗数，株高和主穗粒数优势次之，分别为24．13％，20．18％和12．76％，主穗小穗数和主穗长优势较小，分别为4．08％和0．67％。研究还发现，种间杂种抽穗斯比母本普通小麦晚0－6d，但较父本斯卑尔脱小麦提前20d左右，表明早熟性呈部分显性遗传；蛋白质含量，沉淀值和湿面筋含量的杂种优势比普通小麦分别提高了8．55％，12．13％和9．91％，一些组合沉淀表现超亲优势，说明利用普通小麦与斯卑尔脱尔脱小麦种田杂交既可以扩大小麦亲本间的遗传差异，又可以显著提高小麦的杂种优势潜力。