琼中绿橙果实品质分析

对海南省琼中县不同地区绿橙的果实外观性状及营养成分等主要品质进行分析。结果表明,琼中绿橙果实圆形,果形指数为0.98;果皮厚度为3.05mm,果皮绿色;单果囊瓣数11.03瓣,果重为171.27g,种子数为14.31粒,种子重2.58g,出汁率56.4%;可溶性固形物为10.89%,可滴定酸为0.55%,固酸比为20.24,Vc含量为47.33mg/100g。这些分析旨在为琼中绿橙品质选育和优质栽培提供一定的参考。     

Physical and Chemical Characterization of Dovyalis Fruits

Abstract

The objective of this work was to establish physical and chemical characterizations of dovyalis hybrid fruits (Dovyalis abyssinica and D. hebecarpa). Samples of 25 fruits were characterized by evaluation of length and width, weight, percentage and number of seeds per fruit, peel percentage, pulp percentage, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C and TSS/TA ratio. Dovyalis fruit has good physical quality for market with an average of 75% pulp. Vitamin C content averaged 120.3 mg/100 g of fresh fruit, characterizing dovyalis as a good source of vitamin C.     

乙烯利提早"国庆一号"温州蜜柑果实成熟的效应

以"国庆一号"温州蜜柑为试材,在5%果实开始转色时,以清水和100、200、400 mg/L的乙烯利进行叶面喷雾试验,以及用清水和500、1 000、2 000、4 000 mg/L的乙烯利进行涂果试验,观测了果实的着色指数、果皮厚度、单果重、可食率以及可溶性固形物、总酸、固酸比.试验结果表明:不同浓度的乙烯利叶面喷雾和涂果处理均能不同程度的促进果实着色、提早果实成熟,降低果实的总酸、提高可溶性固形物含量和固酸比,增进果实的品质.叶面喷雾以200 mg/L最好.涂果以2 000 mg/L效果最好.     

Effects of suboptimal low temperature on yield,fruit appearance and quality in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars

Summary

The effects of suboptimal low temperature were investigated on an array of yield, fruit appearance and fruit quality characters in 23 cultivars of melon, Cucumis melo L. The cultivars were grown in two temperature regimes: (I) a heated greenhouse (T1) with temperatures similar to those used in commercial cultivation in the winter in Israel; and (ii) an unheated greenhouse (T2) that had significantly lower night temperatures than T1. Significant differences were found among the cultivars in all characters. Plants from T2 showed an extended fruiting period, more fruits and higher total yield but smaller and lighter fruits than in T1. Fruits from T2 also had significantly more netting and higher amounts of total soluble sugars (TSS), sucrose and fructose than fruits from T1. Hybrid cultivars showed significantly higher electrical conductivity (EC), pH, acidity, TSS, sucrose, fructose and total sugars than open pollinated cultivars. Three trends were found among the characters in respect to the performance of the cultivars between T1 and T2: (a) most cultivars had significantly higher amounts in T2 than T1 (fruit/plant, yield/plant and fructose); (b) only cultivars with amounts below the pooled mean in T1 had higher amounts in T2 (percent dry weight, sucrose, TSS and total sugars); (c) no trend was found between T1 and T2 (mean fruit weight, pH, EC, glucose). Suboptimal low temperatures, when used appropriately, can aid in improving fruit quality.     

Determining the Physico-Chemical Characterstics of the Rosehip Genotypes Grown Naturally in Adiyaman Province

Turkey is an important gene centre of rosehip populations and rosehip is naturally grown in the province of Ad?yaman. This study has been conducted on rosehip fruits found in various altitudes in Ad?yaman to determine the changes of their physico-chemical characteristics. The fruit weights of the genotypes used in the study ranged between 2.72?g–1.29?g, fruit width between 14.12–10.44?g and fruit length has ranged between 23.18?mm–18.62?mm. The rosehip genotypes to be processed to food are required to have a bulky fruit and a high amount of fruit flesh. The genotype with the highest fruit flesh ratio was found to have the lowest seed weight by 0.25?g, while the genotypes with the highest seed weight had this value ranging between 0.50–0.59?g. Rosehip genotypes dry matter ratio has ranged between 44.27 and 37.11%. While the a*, b*, C* and h° values of rosehip fruits had significant differences based on the genotypes, L* values had similarities. Genotypes had ranging WSDM contents of 33.56–22.50%, TA contents of 2.96–1.57%, pH values of 4.06–3.82, C vitamins of 782.34–352.16?mg/100?g, total phenol contents of 5.42–3.62?mg GAE/g DM and antioxidant activities of 113.60–56.80?µmol TE/g DM. The rosehip fruits containing high levels of fructose and glucose were found to be low in saccharose content. Fructose, glucose and saccharose contents of rosehip genotype fruits were found to be 22.93–16.86, 20.22–13.77 and 0–0.90?g/100?g DM, respectively. According to the outcomes of the study, physico-chemical characteristics of the rosehip fruits displayed significant differences, and these differences were affected by type, genotype and ecologic conditions.     

Investigation of physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of twenty Iranian pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars

Pomegranate is one of the native fruits of Iran which contains high genetic resources, but there are insufficient information regarding properties of the fruit. The objective of the present study was to investigate the physcio-chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of twenty pomegranate cultivars grown in Iran. This study showed that there were significant differences among the cultivars in all measured factors except the length/diameter ratio of fruit. The fruit weight, skin percentage, aril percentage and juice percentage were within the range of 196.89–315.28 g, 32.28–59.82%, 37.59–65% and 26.95–46.55%, respectively. The total soluble solids content varied from 11.37 (°Brix) to 15.07 (°Brix), pH values from 3.16 to 4.09, titratable acidity content from 0.33 g 100 g⁻¹ to 2.44 g 100 g⁻¹ and total sugars content from 13.23 g 100 g⁻¹ to 21.72 g 100 g⁻¹. The results also showed that the values of ascorbic acid ranged from 9.91 mg 100 g⁻¹ to 20.92 mg 100 g⁻¹. The total anthocyanins content was observed in pomegranate cultivars between 5.56  mg 100 g⁻¹ and 30.11 mg 100 g⁻¹. The level of total phenolics was varied from 295.79 mg 100 g⁻¹ to 985.37 mg 100 g⁻¹. The antioxidant activity of pomegranate cultivars was found between 15.59 and 40.72%. These data demonstrated that the cultivar was the main parameter which influences the physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity in pomegranates.     

软籽石榴新品种选育初报

1996～2007年,对枣庄市著名的郭村软籽石榴资源进行优选和配套栽培技术研究。通过优株选择、多代高接、引种试栽、辐射育种、脱毒快繁等多项研究,从郭村软籽石榴和岗榴资源中选出的2个软籽石榴优良无性系——‘枣选1号'和‘枣选3号',2007年9月通过山东省科技厅组织的鉴定,2007年12月通过山东省林木品种审定委员会审定。其果个、外观等经济指标均较原品种有较大改观,‘枣选1号',成年树平均株产30kg。果实圆球形,表面光滑,果皮70%着红色,向阳面呈鲜红色,间有浓红断续条纹,萼筒较长,萼片6裂反卷。单果重386g,最大果重468g,平均百粒重57.3g,出汁率92.5%。籽粒大而整齐,长形,青白色,放射线明显,籽粒透明,种子硬度3.74kg,仁软可食,含可溶性固形物15.8%,品质极上。5月上旬进入始花期,6月上旬进入盛花期。果实9月下旬成熟。‘枣选3号',成年树平均株产35kg。大型果,果实圆球形,果肩齐,表面光亮,果皮全面着鲜红色,向阳面呈艳红色,萼筒较短,开张。单果重424g,最大果重662g,平均百粒重51.9g,出汁率91.6%。籽粒略带红色,透明,种子硬度4.77kg,仁软可食,含可溶性固形物15.8%,品质极上。5月上旬进入始花期,6月上旬进入盛花期。果实9月底成熟。经多年多点试栽证明,‘枣选1号'和‘枣选3号'可以在鲁南及相似生态区推广。同时,使用杭州托普仪器有限公司提供的GW-1型谷物硬度计测量国内部分石榴品种的种子硬度,其数值区间为1.27～12.64kg,硬度最小的是‘突尼斯软籽',硬度为1.27kg,硬度最大的是‘冰糖籽'石榴12号样本,硬度为12.64kg,两者相差11.37kg。根据近年来笔者对软籽石榴种子的感官判别标准和生产实际需要,将石榴按照种子硬度划分为软籽石榴、半软籽石榴、普通石榴和硬籽石榴4个等级,每个等级级差为3kg。即一级为软籽石榴,籽粒硬度在0～4.5kg;二级为半软籽石榴,籽粒硬度在4.6～7.5kg;三级为普通石榴,籽粒硬度在7.6～10.5kg;四级为硬籽石榴,籽粒硬度在10.6kg以上。     

Antimicrobial,Antioxidant, and Antimutagenic Activities of Five Turkish Pear Cultivars

The pear (Pyrus spp.) is one of the most important fruits consumed in daily life. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic and ascorbic acid contents, as well as the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activities, of various pear cultivars. The fruits of five pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars (‘Deveci’, ‘Kizil’, ‘Egirsah’, ‘Gugum’, and ‘Banda’) were used in this study. It was determined that the peel and pulp of the ‘Kizil’ pear had the highest total phenolic content (402.5?mg/100?g and 215.2?mg/100?g, respectively), while those of the ‘Banda’ pear had the lowest total phenolic content (326?mg/100?g and 126.1?mg/100?g, respectively). Additionally, the ‘Kizil’ pear showed the highest antioxidant capacity in the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric-reducing ability assay (FRAP) (1.72 μmol TE/g FW and 161.25?μmol Fe II/g FW, respectively) and the highest ascorbic acid content (16.02?mg/100?g). The ‘Banda’ pear showed the highest antibacterial activity against the test bacteria. However, none of the pear extracts displayed antifungal activity. While all doses of the ‘Kizil’, ‘Gugum’, and ‘Banda’ pear extracts used in this study, except 80?μL/plate, exhibited antimutagenic activities, only the lowest dose (10?μL/plate) of the ‘Deveci’ pear extract showed the antimutagenic activity against induced mutagenesis in the Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 strain. Consequently, the five Turkish pear cultivars used in this study exhibited different levels of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activities.     

Antioxidant Compounds,Nutritional Quality and Colour of Two Strawberry Genotypes from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fragaria</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ananassa</Emphasis>

In this study, average weight, colour, soluble solids content and titratable acidity were determined as quality parameters of strawberry fruits while ascorbic acid, total anthocyanins, total phenolics, total flavonoids, minerals and trace elements content as nutritional parameters. All these attributes along with the DPPH radical scavenging activity were screened in two strawberry genotypes grown on the same site at the ripe stage. Also, the phenolic profiles of the strawberry fruits were obtained by HPLC. Except colour, results showed no significant differences between cultivars in quality parameters. Ascorbic acid found for ‘Premial’ cv. (81.62?mg/100?g) was twice the amount found in ‘Magic’ cv. (42.15?mg/100?g), total phenolics varied from 207.95 (cv. ‘Premial’) to 249.98 (cv. ‘Magic’) mg GAE/100?g while total flavonoid content in fruits of ‘Magic’ cultivar (79.56?mg/100?g) was 2?fold higher than the one of the ‘Premial’ cv. The quercetin content ranged from 2.72 to 4.66?mg/100?g, whereas free ellagic acid ranged from 6.79 to 9.03?mg/100?g. The pale shiny fruits of ‘Premial’ cv. (higher L*, h^o and chroma index) had a lower total anthocyanin content (19.07?mg CG/100?g) than the bluish fruits of the ‘Magic’ cv. (23.96?mg CG/100?g). An inverse relationship between the levels of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin contents was also noticed in strawberry samples. Significant differences were found also in minerals and trace elements content of the two strawberry cultivars. The results revealed the importance of genetic background for the content of antioxidant compounds in strawberry fruits.     

海红果冻藏品质分析

以海红果特优品种"晋海1号"及内蒙古清水河县的2个实生品种为试材,通过测定可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、固酸比、出汁率以及果实硬度,研究了不同解冻方式、冻藏时间以及冻藏过程中的解冻次数对海红果品质的影响,以期为海红果冻果加工工艺的提升提供参考依据。结果表明:2种实生海红果的可溶性固形物含量高于"晋海1号",出汁率低于"晋海1号";随着冻藏时间延长,3种海红果的出汁率均逐渐升高;经水浴解冻海红果的可溶性固形物含量低于微波解冻和空气解冻;可溶性固形物含量随着解冻次数增加逐渐降低;与未经解冻海红果相比,经解冻海红果的出汁率显著提高。     

Genetic and environmental variance components in guava fruit qualities

The proportion of genetic and environmental variances for fruit weight (FW), flesh thickness (FLT), flesh weight (FLW), fruit firmness (FF), seed cavity weight (SCW), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), juice acidity (pH), and ascorbic acid (AA) in guava were estimated with eight genotypes, four trees per genotype, and five fruits per tree for two seasons. The variance components of the fruit traits were consisted of genotypic variance (4.2–65.1%), seasonal variance (0–61.0%), genotype by season interaction variance (2.0–17.0%), among trees within genotype variance (0–4.2%), tree by season interaction variance (0–7.4%), and among fruit within tree variance (19.0–50.7%). A high proportion of genotypic variance was found with FW, FLT, FLW, SCW, and AA indicating that genetic improvement for these traits through breeding and selection was achievable. Seasonal variance was high for pH, while among fruits within tree variance was greatest for FF, TA, and TSS. The traits which were high in either season were more difficult to improve genetically.     

无核柚新品种‘华柚2号’

‘华柚2号’是将‘国庆1号’温州蜜柑愈伤组织原生质体与‘华柚1号’叶肉原生质体融合创制的二倍体雄性不育胞质杂种。树势中等,花瓣短而退化,雄蕊败育,雌蕊正常。果实扁圆形,隔离种植下完全无核,平均单果质量1 232.47 g,果皮中等厚,可食率57.03%。果肉粉红色,囊壁薄,果肉化渣多汁,风味浓,可溶性固形物12.37% ~ 13.33%,总酸0.90% ~ 1.20%,固酸比10.42 ~ 14.13,维生素C 24.26 mL • L-1。在湖北武汉地区种植,果实11—12月成熟,5年生嫁接树单株产量约50 kg。     

Fruit Quality and Antioxidant Properties in Alabama-Grown Blackberries During Fruit Maturation

Abstract

Changes in fruit quality attributes and antioxidative properties from six cultivars of thornless blackberries (Rubus sp.) (‘Apache’, ‘Arapaho’, ‘Chester’, ‘Loch Ness’, ‘Navaho’, and ‘Triple Crown’) during four different ripening stages (red, motded, shiny-black, and dull-black) were determined under Alabama growing conditions. Berry fruit samples were evaluated for pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, TSS/TA ratio, soluble sugars, vitamin C (reduced, oxidized, and total) and antioxidant capacity (measured as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, TEAC). Significant variation among cultivars and maturity of harvest were in fruit quality attributes and antioxidative properties found. An increase in fruit pH concomitant with a decline in titratable acidity (TA) was observed during ripening for all cultivars. Total soluble solids (TSS) values increased from 5.7 to 11.6%, and TSS/TA ratio ranged from 11.9 to 63.6. Highest reducing and total sugar content were contained in dull-black fruit. Vitamin C content either declined or remained unchanged with ripening and the pattern was dependent on cultivar, maturity at harvest. In general, antioxidant activity declined between red and dull-black ripening stages. The results indicate that TSS/TA ratio and TEAC were good indicators of fruit maturity and nutritional quality, respectively.     

Some physico-chemical characteristics of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes from Northeast Anatolia region of Turkey

In this study, some selected physico-chemical properties (antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, fatty acids, fruit colour, fruit juice yield, fruit weight, organic acids, pH, total phenolic and total soluble solid contents) of five black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes grown in the Northeast Anatolia region of Turkey was investigated. The total phenolic and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of black mulberry fruits were determined according to Folin-Ciocalteu and β-carotene bleaching method assays, respectively. Fatty acids of mulberry fruits were determined by using gas chromatography. Total phenolic content was observed in black mulberry fruits between 1943 and 2237 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g fresh mass. The vitamin C content of genotypes varied between 14.9 and 18.7 mg/100 ml. The major fatty acids in all mulberry fruits were linoleic acid (53.57–64.41%) and palmitic acid (11.36–16.41%). Antioxidant activity of black mulberry genotypes was found between 63% and 76%, which lower than standard BHA and BHT. Regarding organic acid content, malic acid was the most predominant with a range of 123–218 mg/g followed by citric acid (21–41 mg/g). The results of the study are helpful for attempting crop improvement in black mulberry for bringing to cultivation.     

Pomegranate fruit development and maturation

The development of pomegranate fruit was studied under continental (Bet Shean Valley) and moderate maritime (coastal plain) climatic conditions. Fertile flowers were vase-shaped and developed into fruits. Bell-shaped flowers with few egg cells were sterile and did not produce fruits. Gibberellic acid induced the sterile flowers to develop into small fruits; however, these were devoid of juicy seeds. The growth curve of pomegranate fruits from both climatic regions showed a single sigmoid pattern. The seeds accounted for about half of the fruit weight. The edible juicy tissue of the seeds grew continuously from June to October whereas the internal stone tissue stopped growing and hardened by the end of June. Juice, total soluble solids (TSS) and anthocyanin content increased continuously during maturation while acidity decreased. Fruit of cv Mule’s Head ripens early and has a low acid content, whereas fruit of the late-ripening cv Wonderful has high juice contents, TSS, acids and anthocyanins, and is therefore suitable for processing. In the hot Bet Shean Valley fruits matured more rapidly than in the coastal plain, but acidity and anthocyanin contents were lower. C0₂ evolution from the fruits was low and no climacteric peak or measurable ethylene were detected during fruit maturation, thus suggesting that the pomegranate is a non-climacteric fruit.     

Spritzungen mit Calciumchlorid erhöhen die Calcium- und reduzieren die Kaliumkonzentrationen der peripheren Schichten von Apfelfrüchten

Eight year old apple spindle trees (‘Elstar’, ‘Gala’, ‘Karmijn de Sonnaville’, ‘Pinova’, ‘Pilot’) were sprayed 12 times with aqueous CaCl₂ (400?l/ha) from July through September 2004. Controls (Fu) were trees sprayed with fungicides only (Captan 80, Dithane Ultra, Euparen M and Malvin). The treatment (FuCa) was sprayed with fungicides plus CaCl₂ (increasing concentrations from 5 to 25?g/l during the season) and the treatment FuCaTe contained in addition the surfactant Plantacare 1200 UP, which reduced surface tension to 29–30?mN/m. Ca concentration in the first layer (0–5?mm) of the control fruits (Fu) ranged from 7.6 (‘Elstar’) to 9.8?mg/100?g fresh weight (‘Pilot’). Ca concentrations in the second layer (5–10?mm) were lower and ranged from 4.5 (‘Pinova’) to 6.2?mg/100?g (‘Karmijn de Sonnaville’). CaCl₂ applications to fruits (FuCa) increased Ca concentrations in the first layer to 12.7 (‘Elstar’) or 14.2?mg/100?g (‘Pinova’ and ‘Pilot’). Ca concentrations in the second layer were also increased by the treatments. They ranged from 5.4 (‘Karmijn de Sonnaville’) to 9.1?mg/100?g (‘Pinova’). Adding the surfactant (FuCaTe) further increased Ca concentrations (‘Pilot’) up to 17.4 and 10.6?mg/100?g in the first and second layers, respectively. This effect of the surfactant was the result of faster penetration into fruits of CaCl₂ which reduced losses by rain shortly after spraying. Potassium concentrations were about 70?mg/100?g in both layers. Treatments with CaCl₂ leading to higher Ca concentrations in the fruits resulted in a decrease in K concentrations to 21 (first layer) or 50?mg/100?g (second layer). It is not clear if this was caused by a reduced K-influx into fruits or by displacement of K from peripheral into deeper layers of the fruits.     

马茹种子生物学特性研究及果实营养成分分析

对陕西吴起马茹种子的生物学特性及果实营养成分进行了分析。结果表明:马茹种子呈卵圆形,棕黄色,种子平均长8.62mm,宽7.64 mm,千粒重为149.90 g;种子生活力为72%,含水率为5.0%;种子发芽率为33%,发芽势23%,发芽速度55 d;马茹果实总糖含量为7.06g/100g,总酸含量为2.00 g/100g;马茹果实中17种氨基酸总量为1.000g/100g,8种人体必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的16.6%;果实中含有微量元素含量排序为镁钙钾磷钠铁锌铜锰。     

A Comparison Investigation on Antioxidant Activities,Physicochemical Properties and Phytochemical Contents of Kiwifruit Genotypes and Cultivars

The present work was conducted to find the physicochemical properties, chemical components and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit hydroalcoholic extracts (B-31, HO-1-14, J-242, Bruno, Greenlight, Hayward, Monty, Topstar) grown Yalova, Turkey. Phytochemical tests were performed to determine total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid. Moreover, the kiwifruit extracts were subjected to evaluate their antioxidant potential using different in vitro assays such as total antioxidant, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, reducing power, metal chelating, free radical, H₂O₂ and superoxide anion scavenging activities at 50–500 μg mL^?1, and also found EC₅₀ and IC₅₀ values. The soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and pH were analyzed in all the genotypes and cultivars. The highest total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid content were found in J-242 (89.53 mg GAE/100 g), J-242 (109.13 mg QE/100 g) and HO-1-14 (64.15 mg/100 g), respectively. The linoleic, palmitic, stearic and oleic acid methyl esters were detected in all kiwifruit extracts by GC/MS. Significant differences were found between genotypes and cultivars in the antioxidant tests. The extracts showed high inhibition of lipid peroxidation and compared to standards, significantly (p < 0.05). The GC/MS analyses confirmed quantitative variability in the antioxidant profiles. The SSC, TA and pH of kiwifruit genotypes and cultivars showed a moderate level. The key parameters for the most active kiwifruit included the following: total antioxidant activity for B-31, H₂O₂ scavenging activity for J-242 and metal chelating activity for Topstar. In conclusion, this study exhibited the important role played by the genotypes and cultivars background on the chemical content and antioxidant profiles.     

Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Pomace from Selected Fruits

Fruit pomace, a byproduct of the fruit juice industry, is a rich source of nutrients and bioactive components. The study explored chemical composition and bioactive potential of pomace from selected fruits. Results revealed that fruit pomace was rich in dietary fiber (insoluble fiber: 24.15–31.83%; soluble fiber: 0.43–19.71%). Both orange and sweet lemon pomace were good sources of calcium (303 mg/100 g and 581 mg/100 g). Extract yield was high in blue grapes (45.88 mg/100 g). Free radical scavenging activity was highest in blue grape pomace in methanol and aqueous extracts (78.88% and 85.99% per 4-mg extract), respectively. Thus, these pomace could be natural sources of phenolic components.     

石榴新品种——水晶甜的选育

水晶甜石榴是从山东枣庄三白甜石榴栽培群体中选出的优异芽变新品种。果皮及籽粒均为白色。平均单果质量409.2 g,最大单果质量575.0 g,平均百粒质量36.40 g,可食率(出汁率)为61%,可溶性固形物含量为15.1%,可溶性总糖12.16%,维生素C含量98.2 mg·kg-1,可滴定酸0.29%。早熟,风味甜,丰产,稳产,抗旱,耐瘠薄,性状稳定。