Determining the Physico-Chemical Characterstics of the Rosehip Genotypes Grown Naturally in Adiyaman Province

Turkey is an important gene centre of rosehip populations and rosehip is naturally grown in the province of Ad?yaman. This study has been conducted on rosehip fruits found in various altitudes in Ad?yaman to determine the changes of their physico-chemical characteristics. The fruit weights of the genotypes used in the study ranged between 2.72?g–1.29?g, fruit width between 14.12–10.44?g and fruit length has ranged between 23.18?mm–18.62?mm. The rosehip genotypes to be processed to food are required to have a bulky fruit and a high amount of fruit flesh. The genotype with the highest fruit flesh ratio was found to have the lowest seed weight by 0.25?g, while the genotypes with the highest seed weight had this value ranging between 0.50–0.59?g. Rosehip genotypes dry matter ratio has ranged between 44.27 and 37.11%. While the a*, b*, C* and h° values of rosehip fruits had significant differences based on the genotypes, L* values had similarities. Genotypes had ranging WSDM contents of 33.56–22.50%, TA contents of 2.96–1.57%, pH values of 4.06–3.82, C vitamins of 782.34–352.16?mg/100?g, total phenol contents of 5.42–3.62?mg GAE/g DM and antioxidant activities of 113.60–56.80?µmol TE/g DM. The rosehip fruits containing high levels of fructose and glucose were found to be low in saccharose content. Fructose, glucose and saccharose contents of rosehip genotype fruits were found to be 22.93–16.86, 20.22–13.77 and 0–0.90?g/100?g DM, respectively. According to the outcomes of the study, physico-chemical characteristics of the rosehip fruits displayed significant differences, and these differences were affected by type, genotype and ecologic conditions.     

Varietal differences in the chlorogenic acid,anthocyanin, soluble sugar,organic acid,and amino acid concentrations of eggplant fruit

Summary

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important crop in Japan, with a long history of cultivation. Although many eggplant cultivars and lines have been developed, their nutrient concentrations, including phenolic compounds, have not been investigated in detail. In the present study, we investigated varietal differences in the concentrations of taste (e.g., soluble sugars, organic acids, and amino acids) and functional (e.g., chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins, and amino acids) compounds in eggplant fruit using 34 cultivars and lines with diverse growth habits, fruit shapes, sizes, and colours. The concentrations of taste and functional compounds differed among cultivars and lines. Variations in chlorogenic acid [0.1 – 2.5 mg g^–1 fresh weight (FW)] and anthocyanin (0.0 – 0.4 A₅₃₂ units g^–1 FW) concentrations were greater than those of soluble sugars (e.g., sucrose, 0.5 – 1.7 mg g^–1 FW; glucose, 7.6 – 13.7 mg g^–1 FW; fructose, 6.2 – 15.0 mg g^–1 FW) and organic acids (e.g., citric acid, 0.07 – 0.21 mg g^–1 FW; malic acid, 0.9 – 1.9 mg g^–1 FW). We also found that the coefficient of variation in amino acid concentrations varied with amino acid. Glutamine (27.4 – 135.8 mg 100 g^–1 FW) and arginine (4.5 – 23.1 mg 100 g^–1 FW) had the largest variation between varieties. These results indicate the importance of cultivar selection to optimise the concentrations of ingredients and will contribute to improvements in the functionality of eggplant through breeding.     

枇杷种质资源果实糖组分及含量特征

以66份枇杷种质资源成熟果实为试材,用高效液相色谱法分析测定可溶性糖组分含量。结果表明：枇杷种质成熟果实中均含有果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和山梨醇,果糖含量最高,平均39.49 mg ? g-1 FW,山梨醇含量最低,平均为3.03 mg ? g-1 FW。4种糖组分的变异系数为29.50% ~ 71.95%,并且山梨醇 > 蔗糖 > 葡萄糖 > 果糖;果糖含量11.01 ~ 63.98 mg ? g-1 FW,占总糖的19.01% ~ 67.83%;葡萄糖含量5.29 ~ 37.53 mg ? g-1 FW,占总糖的7.18% ~ 41.63%;蔗糖含量1.10 ~ 55.92 mg ? g-1 FW,占总糖的1.44% ~ 69.72%;山梨醇含量0.64 ~ 11.90 mg ? g-1 FW,占总糖的0.88% ~ 12.21%。不同种质资源成熟果实的糖分构成存在差异,果糖/葡萄糖为1.12 ~ 3.62,果糖/蔗糖为0.27 ~ 43.85,蔗糖/葡萄糖为0.05 ~ 8.75;聚类分析结果将枇杷种质资源分为果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量差异显著的2大类5个组群,综合分析认为枇杷种质资源糖积累类型可分为果糖积累型、己糖（果糖 + 葡萄糖）积累型和蔗糖积累型。     

Anthocyanin and total flavonol content of Vaccinium stamineum L. fruit

Ripe fruits of V. stamineum from seedlings of seeds collected from the wild in Florida and Georgia and grown in North Carolina, and from random population collections in western South Carolina were analyzed for total contents of anthocyanin (Acy) (7–101 mg/100 g) and flavonols (5–48 mg/100 g). Total Acy content was positively related to the intensity of surface coloration (white red to blue to purple). Neither Acy nor flavonol content was related to the geographic origin of the fruits, thus supporting the theory of common taxonomic classification. Three Acy were identified in these fruits, monoglycosides of the sugars galactose, arabinose, or glucose with the aglycone cyanidin. The monoglycosides of galactose and arabinose were found in all samples. The monoglycoside of glucose was found in trace amounts but was not found in all samples. Fruits of V. stamineum appear promising for introduction as a new crop or for incorporation into the breeding-program for commercial blueberries.     

Investigation of physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of twenty Iranian pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars

Pomegranate is one of the native fruits of Iran which contains high genetic resources, but there are insufficient information regarding properties of the fruit. The objective of the present study was to investigate the physcio-chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of twenty pomegranate cultivars grown in Iran. This study showed that there were significant differences among the cultivars in all measured factors except the length/diameter ratio of fruit. The fruit weight, skin percentage, aril percentage and juice percentage were within the range of 196.89–315.28 g, 32.28–59.82%, 37.59–65% and 26.95–46.55%, respectively. The total soluble solids content varied from 11.37 (°Brix) to 15.07 (°Brix), pH values from 3.16 to 4.09, titratable acidity content from 0.33 g 100 g⁻¹ to 2.44 g 100 g⁻¹ and total sugars content from 13.23 g 100 g⁻¹ to 21.72 g 100 g⁻¹. The results also showed that the values of ascorbic acid ranged from 9.91 mg 100 g⁻¹ to 20.92 mg 100 g⁻¹. The total anthocyanins content was observed in pomegranate cultivars between 5.56  mg 100 g⁻¹ and 30.11 mg 100 g⁻¹. The level of total phenolics was varied from 295.79 mg 100 g⁻¹ to 985.37 mg 100 g⁻¹. The antioxidant activity of pomegranate cultivars was found between 15.59 and 40.72%. These data demonstrated that the cultivar was the main parameter which influences the physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity in pomegranates.     

Comparison of Nutritional Value,Antioxidant Potential,and Risk Assessment of the Mulberry (Morus) Fruits

Ethnomedicinal uses, chemical composition (major nutrients, essential/toxic metals, phytochemical constituents), and antioxidant properties of the fruits of five Morus species (M. alba, M. laevigata, M. macroura, M. nigra, and M. serrata) were evaluated in this study. Standard methodology was used for the analysis of the nutrients, major/trace metals, phytochemicals, and antioxidant potential of the fruits. Highest average contents of the proteins (13.1%), fats (12.4%), fibers (8.02%), and carbohydrates (80.5%) were found in M. macroura, M. laevigata, M. nigra, and M. serrata, respectively. Among the metals, highest concentration in the fruits was shown by K (1080–1230 mg/kg), followed by Mg (84.4–207 mg/kg), Ca (54.8–146 mg/kg), Fe (13.6–59.0 mg/kg), Na (5.43–14.8 mg/kg), and Zn (2.15–5.57 mg/kg). The phytochemicals and antioxidant activities were measured in the water and acetone extracts of the fruits. Relatively higher total phenolics (85.6 mg GAE/100 g, FW), flavonoids (85.8 mg RE/100 g, FW), flavonols (99.8 mg RE/100 g, FW), and ascorbic acid (4.12 mg AAE/100 g, FW) contents were found in M. nigra, which also revealed significantly higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition (93.8%). Considerably higher OH radical and H₂O₂ scavenging activities were observed in M. macroura and M. alba, respectively. Comparatively higher ferrous ions chelating activity (37.8%) was noted in M. serrata, which also showed highest value for phosphomolybdenum assay (183 µM AAE/100 g, FW). Highest ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (69.9 µM GAE/100 g, FW) was found in M. leavigata. The Morus fruits were a good source of the nutrients, minerals, and phyotchemicals along with superior antioxidant potential. Health risk assessment showed no significant non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic health risk associated with the consumption of these fruits.     

Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of selected fig (Ficus carica L.) accessions from the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey

Fig has been a typical fruit component of the health-promoting Mediterranean diet for a very long time. Phytochemical characters and antioxidant capacity of green-, yellow-, brown-, purple-, and black-fruited fig (Ficus carica L.) accessions were investigated. In this study, total phenolics (TP), total anthocyanins (TA), fructose (FRUC), glucose (GLUC), sucrose (SUC), and variables (such as L*, a*, C*, and hue°) describing fruit skin colors were examined. Also, the antioxidant capacity (TAC) of fig fruits was determined by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Antioxidant capacity was significantly correlated with the polyphenol and anthocyanin (r = 0.74 and 0.63, respectively) contents of fruits. Black fig accessions had the highest TAC (range of 7.9–16.1, mean 12.4 Fe²⁺ mmol/kg FW), TA (range of 32.3–356.0, mean 128.4 μg cy-3-rutinoside/g FW), and TP content (range of 69.1–220.0, mean 118.9 mg GAE/100 g FW). These black-fruited accessions had 2-fold greater TAC, 15-fold greater TA, and 2.5-fold greater TP than green and yellow fig accessions. However, the FRUC, GLUC, and SUC content of brown and purple fig accessions were higher than those of other color groups. The predominant sugars present were fructose (∼56%) and glucose (∼43%), as determined by HPLC.     

Nutrient uptake of pepino plants in soilless cultivation

Summary

This study addresses vegetative growth and the uptake of nutrients and their accumulation in the vegetative and reproductive tissues of pepino (Solanum muricatum Ait.). The study was conducted in soilless plastic house conditions, with a planting density equivalent to 25.000 plants ha^–1 during two seasons (1997–98 and 1998–99). The plants were sampled, fractionated into leaves, stems, fruits and roots, then dried and weighed and the macronutrient content was analysed every 30.d for 300.d after transplanting. The yield obtained was 2.kg of fruit per plant, which is 30% of the total dry weight. The relative growth rate (RGR) ranged from 0.0028 to 0.0451.d^–1. The highest N, K, Ca and Mg concentrations were recorded in the leaves, and the highest P concentration in the roots. The nutrient accumulation of this yield was 10.64, 1.12, 16.06, 10.0 and 1.58.g of N, P, K, Ca and Mg per plant respectively. The highest accumulation of all nutrients was found in the leaves. The nutrient with the highest specificuptake rate was K, which ranged from 0.0037 to 0.0838.g g^–1 d^–1.     

Physical and Chemical Characterization of Dovyalis Fruits

Abstract

The objective of this work was to establish physical and chemical characterizations of dovyalis hybrid fruits (Dovyalis abyssinica and D. hebecarpa). Samples of 25 fruits were characterized by evaluation of length and width, weight, percentage and number of seeds per fruit, peel percentage, pulp percentage, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C and TSS/TA ratio. Dovyalis fruit has good physical quality for market with an average of 75% pulp. Vitamin C content averaged 120.3 mg/100 g of fresh fruit, characterizing dovyalis as a good source of vitamin C.     

Some Physicochemical Characteristics,Bioactive Content and Antioxidant Characteristics of Non-Sprayed Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) Fruits from Turkey

Increasing consumer demands for indigenous, non-sprayed with pesticides and less-known or “forgotten” fruits necessitate knowledge on their breeding, cultivation, biochemical content, harvesting and marketing. Anatolia is rich for wild edible fruit species and barberry is abundant throughout Anatolia. The aim of this study was to determine some important physicochemical characteristics, bioactive content and antioxidant capacity of fruits from nineteen promising barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) genotypes grown in the Coruh valley, Northeastern Anatolia. The results indicated genotype-specific differences for most of the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity and the content of some bioactive compounds. Fruit mass ranged from 0.073 (‘Coruh-7’) to 0.267 g (‘Coruh-11’). Total phenolic content ranged from 2532 (‘Coruh-’) to 3719 mg GAE per liter fruit juice (‘Coruh-11’). The genotype ‘Coruh-12’ had the highest total monomeric anthocyanin content (1004 mg per liter fruit juice) as cyanidin-3-glucoside. The highest total antioxidant capacity was observed in fruits of ‘Coruh-8’ and ‘Coruh-9’ genotypes with all three antioxidant-determining methods. We conclude that the barberry fruits represent a good source of bioactive phytochemicals because of their high phenolic and anthocyanin contents.     

Berberis buxifolia fruiting: Kinetic growth behavior and evolution of chemical properties during the fruiting period and different growing seasons

This work studied the growth of Berberis buxifolia fruits and some of their chemical attributes during the fruiting period and different growing seasons (2004/2005, 2005/2006, 2006/2007) from November (14 days from full flower phase) till March (126 days from full flower phase) for plants growing in a natural environment near Ushuaia city (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina). B. buxifolia fruit growth and composition presented significant changes during the fruiting period and the studied growing seasons. Fresh and dry weight of B. buxifolia fruits exhibited a typical double sigmoid curve. The first period of rapid growth was from full flower phase till 42–56 days after, while the second phase of rapid growth began around the 56–70 days from full flower and ended approximately 4 months later. On a dry weight basis the maximum fruit biomass (119.5 mg) was reached 112 days after full flower while maximum fresh weight fruit biomass (424.3 mg) occurred by day 84. Evolution of fruit growth was related with the compositional changes evaluated. By day 126 from full flower, soluble solids (24.9°Brix) and anthocyanin concentration (761.3 mg/100 g fruit fresh weight) were at their maximum values, while at this time the total titratable acidity was at a minimum value (2.56%). The results obtained not only contributes to the knowledge of the quantitative content of anthocyanin, a metabolite with nutraceutical value but, gives some tools for the definition of the optimal harvest time of B. buxifolia fruits, what it is important for fruit destination.     

Evaluation of Physico-Chemical Properties and Bioactive Compounds of Some Iranian Pomegranate Cultivars

Persia is one of the main origin centers of pomegranate; hence, a diverse germplasm has evolved in the area over the past centuries. This study was conducted to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of fruits of ten Persian pomegranate cultivars. The plants used for this experiment had been collected from different parts of Iran and were established in a repository. Wide variations in the main properties of the ripe fruits of the cultivars were observed. The size, weight, skin thickness and weight, and juice content of the fruits were within the range of 55.14–71.76 mm, 98.55–199.40 g, 1.07–3.93 mm, 28.96–66.95 g, and 2.00–89.33 ml, respectively. Seed weight, Aril numbers, fresh and dry weight of 100 arils were 33.80–72.90 g, 170.70–570.30, 23.16–42.82 g, and 17.22–33.87%, respectively. The levels of total anthocyanin, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid, total phenolics, electrical conductivity, and TSS/TA ratio were ranged between 5.91–180.70 mg/100 g, 9.35–13.93 °Brix, 0.16–2.28%, 7.15–1061 mg/100 ml, 3578–5108 mg/100 g, 2.51–4.93 dS/m, and 4.09–80.34, respectively. The results emphasized on the role of plant genotype on fruit taste parameters, bioactive compounds, and yield. The variations in the fruits indicated differences in nutritive quality, which may satisfy diverse consumer acceptance in different areas. Moreover, it provides great opportunities for improving crop yield and quality.     

Antioxidant Compounds,Nutritional Quality and Colour of Two Strawberry Genotypes from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fragaria</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ananassa</Emphasis>

In this study, average weight, colour, soluble solids content and titratable acidity were determined as quality parameters of strawberry fruits while ascorbic acid, total anthocyanins, total phenolics, total flavonoids, minerals and trace elements content as nutritional parameters. All these attributes along with the DPPH radical scavenging activity were screened in two strawberry genotypes grown on the same site at the ripe stage. Also, the phenolic profiles of the strawberry fruits were obtained by HPLC. Except colour, results showed no significant differences between cultivars in quality parameters. Ascorbic acid found for ‘Premial’ cv. (81.62?mg/100?g) was twice the amount found in ‘Magic’ cv. (42.15?mg/100?g), total phenolics varied from 207.95 (cv. ‘Premial’) to 249.98 (cv. ‘Magic’) mg GAE/100?g while total flavonoid content in fruits of ‘Magic’ cultivar (79.56?mg/100?g) was 2?fold higher than the one of the ‘Premial’ cv. The quercetin content ranged from 2.72 to 4.66?mg/100?g, whereas free ellagic acid ranged from 6.79 to 9.03?mg/100?g. The pale shiny fruits of ‘Premial’ cv. (higher L*, h^o and chroma index) had a lower total anthocyanin content (19.07?mg CG/100?g) than the bluish fruits of the ‘Magic’ cv. (23.96?mg CG/100?g). An inverse relationship between the levels of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin contents was also noticed in strawberry samples. Significant differences were found also in minerals and trace elements content of the two strawberry cultivars. The results revealed the importance of genetic background for the content of antioxidant compounds in strawberry fruits.     

Glutamine and glutamate levels and related metabolizing enzymes in tomato fruits with different shelf-life

Free amino acids composition and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutamine synthetase (GS) levels were evaluated in fruits of Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum genotypes having standard (cv. Caimanta) and altered (nor and rin mutants) ripening characteristics. Two accessions of the wild L. esculentum var. cerasiforme (LA1385 and LA1673) were also assayed. Shelf-life (SL) of these fruits ranged from 12 (cv. Caimanta) to 36 (nor mutant) days. The relative glutamate content (as percentage of total free amino acid content) of ripe mature fruits differed considerably among lines, having cv. Caimanta and the nor mutant the highest and the lowest values, respectively. A negative correlation between the relative glutamate content and fruit SL was also found. In the standard ripening cv. Caimanta, GS was principally present in green mature fruits while GDH was found in ripe mature fruits. In the other lines, GS and GDH were detected at both maturation stages. Summarizing, standard SL correlates with higher relative glutamate content and reciprocal induction pattern of GS and GDH, while long SL is associated with lower relative glutamate content and simultaneous presence of both enzymes in the pericarp of tomato fruits. These data suggest that the regulation of the level of glutamate, GS and GDH during fruit ripening is related to the final SL of fruits.     

Variation in total phenolics and antioxidant capacity among European plum genotypes

Our objective was to determine the amount of variation in total phenolics and antioxidants present in European plum fruits, so that it can be utilized in breeding programs to enhance the health benefits. Total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of the fruit, and the fruit skin color were determined in 20 genotypes, comprising of released varieties and advanced selections of European plums. Among the 20 genotypes, the total antioxidant capacity ranged from 105 to 424 mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/100 g fresh weight (FW) while the total phenolic content was 86–413 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g FW. The two parameters had a strong correlation of r² = 0.96. A direct correlation between skin color intensity and total phenolic content could also be observed. This study demonstrates that there is adequate variation in total phenolic compounds and antioxidants within European plums and hence there is potential for improvement towards enhancing these health-promoting phytochemicals in this fruit.     

Influence of growth regulators on setting,retention and weight of fruits in two cultivars of litchi

Investigations were undertaken to explore the possibility of improving setting, retention and weight of fruits in ‘Early Seedless’ and ‘Calcuttia’ cultivars of lichi (Litchi chinensis) by means of growth regulators. Indole acetic acid (IAA) at 20, 40 and 80 mg l^?1, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) at 2,4 and 8 mg l^?1 and gibberellic acid (GA₃) at 50, 100 and 150 mg l^?1 were sprayed on panicles in the first fortnight of April, when 50–100% flowers had opened. All 3 growth regulators caused a favourable effect on fruit setting, fruit retention and weight of individual fruits, but IAA at 20 mg l^?1 proved the best for enhancing setting, GA₃ at 50 mg l^?1 for increasing retention and GA₃ at 100 mg l^?1 for improving fruit weight. IAA and GA₃ should, therefore, be used in combination. Between the 2 cultivars tested, ‘Calcuttia’ proved superior to ‘Early Seedless’ in fruit setting, fruit retention and weight of individual fruits.     

优质耐贮中华猕猴桃新品种‘丰悦’、‘翠玉’

 ‘丰悦’、‘翠玉’是从野生猕猴桃资源中选育出的优质良种, 均果大质优, 平均单果质量均为90 g 左右, 最大127. 8 g、129 g。肉质细嫩多汁, 味甜, 香气浓, 可溶性固形物含量分别达13. 5%~ 15. 8%和14. 5%~ 17. 3%, 最高达19. 0%和19. 5% , 维生素C 含量分别达840~ 1 630 和930~ 1 430 mg/ kg。果实耐贮藏, ‘翠玉’20℃下可贮藏30 d 左右。在长沙‘丰悦’9月中下旬成熟; ‘翠玉’10月上旬成熟。     

Spritzungen mit Calciumchlorid erhöhen die Calcium- und reduzieren die Kaliumkonzentrationen der peripheren Schichten von Apfelfrüchten

Eight year old apple spindle trees (‘Elstar’, ‘Gala’, ‘Karmijn de Sonnaville’, ‘Pinova’, ‘Pilot’) were sprayed 12 times with aqueous CaCl₂ (400?l/ha) from July through September 2004. Controls (Fu) were trees sprayed with fungicides only (Captan 80, Dithane Ultra, Euparen M and Malvin). The treatment (FuCa) was sprayed with fungicides plus CaCl₂ (increasing concentrations from 5 to 25?g/l during the season) and the treatment FuCaTe contained in addition the surfactant Plantacare 1200 UP, which reduced surface tension to 29–30?mN/m. Ca concentration in the first layer (0–5?mm) of the control fruits (Fu) ranged from 7.6 (‘Elstar’) to 9.8?mg/100?g fresh weight (‘Pilot’). Ca concentrations in the second layer (5–10?mm) were lower and ranged from 4.5 (‘Pinova’) to 6.2?mg/100?g (‘Karmijn de Sonnaville’). CaCl₂ applications to fruits (FuCa) increased Ca concentrations in the first layer to 12.7 (‘Elstar’) or 14.2?mg/100?g (‘Pinova’ and ‘Pilot’). Ca concentrations in the second layer were also increased by the treatments. They ranged from 5.4 (‘Karmijn de Sonnaville’) to 9.1?mg/100?g (‘Pinova’). Adding the surfactant (FuCaTe) further increased Ca concentrations (‘Pilot’) up to 17.4 and 10.6?mg/100?g in the first and second layers, respectively. This effect of the surfactant was the result of faster penetration into fruits of CaCl₂ which reduced losses by rain shortly after spraying. Potassium concentrations were about 70?mg/100?g in both layers. Treatments with CaCl₂ leading to higher Ca concentrations in the fruits resulted in a decrease in K concentrations to 21 (first layer) or 50?mg/100?g (second layer). It is not clear if this was caused by a reduced K-influx into fruits or by displacement of K from peripheral into deeper layers of the fruits.     

临夏地区的野生果树种质资源

作者1984—1986年在自治州全境进行调查。基本查明,临夏地区分布有53种野生果树,分别隶属于13科26属。其中木本50种,草本3种;蔷薇科野果最多,有31种,占58.5％。对19种主要野果的糖、酸、维生素C、氨基酸及钙、磷、钾、镁、铁、铜、锌、钼等无机盐和微量元素进行了分析。其中维生素C含量在500mg/100g以上的有8种。特别是西北蔷薇(Rosa davidii Crep),其果实的维生素C含量高达2354 mg/100g,为传统水果的数十至数百倍,远高于沙棘和猕猴桃。此外,并含有人体必需的多种氨基酸和矿物质,是一种高营养野果。它分布广泛,蕴藏量较大,具有很高的开发利用价值。     

Water use and fruit yield of mango (Mangifera indica L.) grown in a subtropical Mediterranean climate

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important fruit crops in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. On the coast of Granada and Malaga (SE Spain), irrigated subtropical fruit species have been introduced and cultivated on terraces with a considerable economic importance as the only European production region. The subtropical fruit production in this zone is possible with intensive irrigation on terraces, which are economically more profitable than traditional rainfed crops (almond and olive), which have been replaced or abandoned. A 2-year monitoring period was conducted using drainage lysimeters to determine the crop coefficients (Kc) and fruit yield in mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Osteen) orchards. Also, some quality parameters such as titratable acidity, total soluble solids, and vitamin C were evaluated under these conditions. The averaged Kc values of mango trees varied within production cycle of 0.43, 0.67, and 0.63 at flowering, fruit set, and fruit growth, respectively. In this study, the fruit yield under full water requirements (100% ET_C) averaged 24.1 kg tree^?1, amounting to 21.2 kg ha^?1 mm^?1 in terms of water-use efficiency. The quality parameters of the mango fruits harvested in the study area were satisfactory. Thus, this study highlights the need to optimize the irrigation-water use according to actual mango requirements, thereby achieving more sustainable Mediterranean subtropical farming in orchard terraces.