大麦单粒种子起源的小孢子培养再生频率研究

为提高单株小孢子培养的再生效率,以大麦品种花30为材料,在人工气候室研究了离体穗、离体小花预处理时间和诱导培养基中无机氮、有机氮含量以及添加PEG对愈伤组织产量、绿苗产量和再生能力的影响。结果表明,离体穗5℃处理19 d的愈伤组织和绿苗产量及再生能力均优于32 d的,离体小花预处理1～2 d可促进愈伤组织的形成和绿苗的分化;降低无机氮浓度[KNO_3降至707.5 mg·L~(-1),(NH_4)_2SO_4降至115.75 mg·L~(-1)]可提高愈伤组织和绿苗产量及再生能力;提高有机氮浓度(谷氨酰胺从400 mg·L~(-1)提高到1 600 mg·L~(-1),水解酪蛋白从100 mg·L~(-1)提高到400 mg·L~(-1))可增加小孢子愈伤组织和绿苗产量;培养基中添加4%PEG可提高小孢子愈伤组织产量和质量。     

不同基因型大麦苗期耐低氮性状与产量性状的相关性

为给大麦耐低氮育种提供理论依据,利用溶液培养和大田产量试验相结合的方法探讨了大麦苗期和成熟期各相关性状在两种供氮条件下的变异情况。结果表明,苗期氮素生理利用效率、单株吸氮量、地上部干重和苗高在品种间存在极显著差异,籽粒产量在品种间存在显著差异,不同供氮水平对各性状都有极显著的影响。相对性状的基因型变异为：相对地上部干重＞相对分蘖数＞相对单株吸氮量＞相对籽粒产量＞相对氮素利用率＞相对苗高。相关分析表明,低氮胁迫下分蘖数与籽粒产量呈极显著正相关,苗期相对氮素生理利用效率、相对苗高和成熟期相对籽粒产量间互呈显著或极显著正相关。从各性状的相对值中可以看出,大麦品种BI04表现最好,具有较强的耐低氮性,BI45表现最差,对低氮胁迫相对比较敏感。     

白芦笋游离小孢子培养初报

以白芦笋的4个基因型为试材,对游离小孢子培养及植株再生进行了初步探讨。试验结果表明,供体基因型对成功诱导愈伤组织发生起关键作用;花蕾长度为2.1～3.1mm时,大部分的小孢子处于单核晚期或双核期,最易培养出愈伤组织;游离小孢子培养于含有NAA2.0 mg/L、6-BA 1.0 mg/L液体培养基中,产生愈伤组织效果最好;游离小孢子来源的愈伤组织通过转瓶培养和植株再生诱导,能分化出无根绿芽。     

不同施氮水平对花生结瘤与供氮和产量的影响

无机氮肥的施用量对花生根瘤的形成和发育有不同抑制作用,亩施氮2.5kg时,单株根瘤数和根瘤干重比对照显箸减少(p<0.05),根瘤形成时间推迟。随着施氮水平提高,抑制作用加强。花生植株氮素营养随不同施氮水平发生相应变化。苗期、花针期,植株含氮量随施氮水平提高而提高,成熟期植株含氮量随施氮水平提高而下降,而随植株根瘤数和根瘤干重增加而提高。结荚期为花生植株含氮高峰期,随后下降,但苗期施氮高时,植株含     

源于大麦F1小孢子氮胁迫培养自交一代的耐低氮性评价

为了探索快速改良大麦耐低氮性状的育种方法,以2份耐低氮亲本配制（正反交）杂交组合,游离其F₁代小孢子进行氮胁迫培养,获得85个加倍单倍体（Double haploid,DH）系。取其种子播种于正常供氮和降氮的土壤中,以亲本作对照,观察群体的形态特征表现,以此对耐低氮性进行初步的评价。同时,对耐低氮性明显超亲的基因重组体进行氮代谢相关的生理生化指标分析,以探讨其与有关农艺性状的相关关系。结果表明,（1）通过氮胁迫相关的形态特征鉴定,正反交DH系低氮胁迫响应的相对值优于亲本;（2）筛选到10份明显优于双亲的DH系,对其进行相关酶活力测定,发现在低氮胁迫下,谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活力相对值与成熟期单株产量存在极显著正相关性,可以初步作为成熟期氮素营养检测的生化指标。依据研究结果可以认为,运用杂交结合F₁小孢子氮胁迫培养方法,能够产生耐低氮性优于双亲的DH系。     

普通大麦(Hordum vulgare)未成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导和植株再生的初步研究

本文对五种基因型的普通大麦未成熟胚在离体培养下愈伤组织的诱导能力和植株再生能力进行了比较。初步结果表明:0.5—1.5毫米大小的未成熟胚为合适的培养材料,只要诱导培养基合适,各基因型都能诱导出愈伤组织,并达到较高的诱导率。但愈伤组织的质量在各基因型中存在显著差异。同时发现,再生植株诱导频率主要决定于愈伤组织的质量,而愈伤组织的质量直接由基因型和诱导培养基决定。不同的分化培养基在分化再生植株的作用上没有出现显著的差异。     

稻种资源苗期氮素营养效率的相关性状与筛选指标

运用SPSS统计分析软件,对不同氮素选择压力下的88份稻种资源苗期农艺性状与氮素营养效率进行分析。结果表明,稻种资源苗期氮素营养效率相关性状存在明显的基因型差异,且受氮素选择压力的影响。同一氮肥水平下,不同稻种资源间的单株根体积、地上部干重、吸氮量和根干重变异较大,而倒3叶SPAD值、氮素利用效率和绿叶数的变异较小;不同氮肥水平下,各性状的变异程度不同,单株根体积、根半径和冠根比的变异系数差异较大,而苗高、黄叶数和单株总干重的变异系数差异较小。在不同氮素选择压力下存在表征氮素营养效率的共同性状,与氮素利用效率偏相关显著的共同性状是倒3叶SPAD值,与氮素吸收效率偏相关显著的共同性状是倒3叶SPAD值和单株总干重。水稻苗期氮素利用效率筛选与鉴定的最佳施氮水平为高氮(60mg/kg),可行指标为倒3叶SPAD值;水稻苗期氮素吸收效率筛选与鉴定的最佳施氮水平为低氮(20 mg/kg),可行指标为倒3叶SPAD值和单株总干重。     

甘蓝型油菜苗期氮效率评价及基因型差异

为筛选氮高效油菜资源提供参考，本研究建立甘蓝型油菜苗期氮效率评价以及氮效率基因型差异的鉴别方法，以162份油菜育种品系为材料，设置正常氮供给（氮浓度为9 500μmol/L）和低氮胁迫（氮浓度为237.5 μmol/L）两个氮水平处理，采用营养液培养方法，研究不同氮水平下油菜苗期生物学性状及氮累积量，并对所有品系进行氮效率评价和基因型差异分类。两年试验结果显示，油菜生物量、主根长、侧根长、根冠比、氮累积量及氮吸收和利用效率在不同氮水平处理间差异极显著。不同氮水平下，油菜苗期生物量与氮累积量、氮利用指数、氮吸收效率极显著正相关，与侧根长显著正相关。低氮胁迫下油菜主根长、侧根长和根冠比增加，且根冠比与侧根长显著正相关，说明低氮胁迫下侧根伸长是油菜苗期适应低氮胁迫的重要途径之一。相比氮利用效率，氮吸收效率对油菜苗期生物量的形成影响更大，油菜苗期生物量与氮吸收效率存在极显著相关性，侧根长、氮累积量、氮利用指数与氮吸收效率存在显著正相关。因此，生物量可作为评价油菜苗期氮效率的主要指标，侧根长、氮积累量、氮利用指数可作为辅助指标。以不同氮水平下植株生物量的平均值为阈值，对162份供试油菜品系氮效率进行分类，其中双高效型油菜基因型23份、双低效型油菜基因型28份、中间型油菜基因型111份。进一步分析表明，双高效型油菜生物量、氮累积量、氮吸收效率均高于双低效型油菜，低氮胁迫下双高效型油菜在氮吸收累积方面更有优势。     

施氮对高淀粉玉米子粒产量形成的影响

采用田间试验、植株生理生化分析方法,研究了不同施氮量对高淀粉玉米吉单535和普通玉米军单8号子粒产量形成的影响。结果表明,高淀粉玉米粒重的增长符合Logistic方程;营养体干重随时间的变化符合回归方程Y=axe^bx;生物产量依子粒产量和营养体干重变化符合回归方程Y=exp(a+b₁x₁+b₂x₂)。与普通玉米军单8号比较,高淀粉玉米吉单535营养体干重增长期较长,干重下降速率低,即由营养体干物质向子粒转运量较低。适宜的施氮量可有效地促进高淀粉玉米植株生育前期总生物量的积累以及生育后期干物质从营养体向子粒的转移,从而获得较高产量。高淀粉玉米吉单535的适宜施氮量为200 kg/hm²。     

小麦苗期耐低氮胁迫的基因型差异

为了确定适宜的小麦耐低氮基因型筛选指标,采用温室水培方法系统评价了不同年代的32个小麦品种苗期耐低氮胁迫的基因型差异.结果表明,低氮条件下小麦形态和生理指标有显著的基因型差异.主成分分析表明.植株干重、植株氮积累量、地上干重、植株氮舍量、根冠比、根长的耐性指数在四个主成分中占较大比重;相关性分析表明,植株氮积累量与植株干重、植株氮含量耐性指数相关达到极显著水平.地上干重与根冠比和根长的耐性指数相关达到显著水平;不同小麦基因型的植株氮积累量与地上干重耐性指数存在较大变异(CV>15%).因此,植株氮积累量以及地上干重的耐性指数适合作为筛选指标.这32个小麦品种可分为低氮敏感型、中间型和耐低氮型.     

氮素形态配比对玉米氮素积累及转运的影响

通过田间试验,研究6种(N_1~N_6)硝态氮与铵态氮配比处理对旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米植株氮素积累、转运、氮素利用及子粒产量的影响。结果表明,单施硝态氮时玉米的养分吸收、氮素利用及产量均最低。N6(硝态氮与铵态氮3∶1配比)处理下玉米全生育期氮素积累量最高,氮素吸收强度较单施硝态氮处理高55.19%~73.28%(P0.05),该处理下叶片和茎中氮素转移量较单施硝态氮处理高78.99%和93.52%(P0.05);叶片和茎中分别有66.50%~71.89%和43.44%~55.59%的氮素转移到子粒中;叶片和茎对子粒的氮素贡献率分别较单施硝态氮处理高43.80%和56.00%(P0.05);玉米子粒产量、氮素吸收效率及氮肥偏生产力较其他处理显著增加3.31%~9.94%、4.62%~33.89%和3.31%~9.93%。硝态氮和铵态氮配施对玉米的养分吸收有明显的促进作用,提高硝态氮的施用比例有利于提高玉米叶片和茎对子粒氮素的贡献率,硝态氮与铵态氮按3∶1比例配施有利于提高当地玉米子粒产量。     

氮磷钾优化施肥对夏大豆产量的影响

氮磷钾优化施肥试验研究表明:夏大豆籽粒产量和单株粒数与氮磷钾施肥量呈二次曲线关系,籽粒产量和单株粒数随着施肥量的增加而增加,增加到一定水平后又开始下降。大豆籽粒产量和单株粒数受施氮量的影响最大,磷肥次之,钾肥更次之。在土壤供肥能力1 568.6 kg/hm2,密度为18万株/hm2的条件下,当施氮量为65.56 kg/hm2,施磷量63.73kg/hm2,施钾量39.25 kg/hm2时,濉科998产量最高,最高产量为2 745.7 kg/hm2;当施氮量为64.80 kg/hm2,施磷量59.42kg/hm2,施钾量37.11 kg/hm2时施肥效益最高,经济产量为2 743.7 kg/hm2。     

缓释掺混肥配比对稻茬小麦产量、氮素利用和籽粒品质的影响

为探究不同缓释掺混肥配比对稻茬小麦生产的影响，在沿淮下游地区，以淮麦52和淮麦920为材料，通过随机区组试验，以缓释掺混肥（SRF，N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O＝26∶12∶12）和丰卉尿素（U，46%N）为供试肥料,设置U四次分施（M₁）、SRF一次基施（M₂）、60%SRF基施+40%U拔节期追施（M₃）、60%SRF基施+40%SRF返青期追施（M₄）、M₃模式减氮15%（M₅）和M₄模式减氮15%（M₆）6种施肥模式，分析了不同处理下小麦产量、氮素积累及利用、干物质转运和品质等的差异。结果表明，缓释掺混肥一次基施（M₂）和减氮15%条件下两次分施（M₅和M₆）较常规肥料处理（M₁）均能实现稳产。缓释掺混肥两次分施（M₄）可有效促进稻茬小麦花后光合物质生产和氮素向籽粒运转，增加籽粒氮素积累量，提高氮肥利用率，氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率、氮素生理效率和氮收获指数分别较M₁处理增加16.49%、11.09%、4.86%和4.72%，较M₂处理增加21.31%、15.19%、5.32%和18.60%；M₄处理较M₁处理增产9.01%和6.78%，较M₂处理增产11.43%和12.10%，实现产量提升的同时显著改善小麦籽粒蛋白品质。综上，60%缓释掺混肥基施和40%缓释掺混肥返青期追施有助于实现小麦的高产优质高效生产，适宜在沿淮下游稻茬麦区推广应用。     

玉米施肥量优化模型与土壤无机氮变化特征

对"3414"田间试验各处理玉米产量和不同氮水平(N0=0、N1=93.75、N2=187.5、N3=281.25 kg/hm~2)下测定土壤无机氮,探究N、P、K不同配比施肥对玉米产量的影响和不同氮水平下土壤无机氮的变化特征。结果表明,施氮对玉米产量的影响达到差异显著水平,施磷、钾肥对玉米产量的影响差异不显著。随着施氮量升高,玉米产量先升高后稳定,通过方差分析确定当地最佳推荐施氮量变化范围为93.75～281.25 kg/hm~2。施氮可以提高1 m土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的积累量。铵态氮易被固定,拔节期以后,土壤中铵态氮积累较为稳定。硝态氮在土壤中变异较大,尤其在高施氮量(281.25 kg/hm~2)时,1 m土体中硝态氮积累量显著增加。无机氮总量与施氮量显著相关,当施氮量为281.25 kg/hm~2时,大大增加中期(抽雄期)氮素损失风险,确定安全施氮量处于187.5～281.25 kg/hm~2。提高产量、减少氮素损失的生产目标,207.27 kg/hm~2的施氮量为当地经济安全施氮量。     

施肥和群体密度对春小麦产量与品质形成的调控效应

为给春小麦养分科学管理提供参考,采用大田小区试验,以春小麦品种龙麦26和克旱16为材料,研究了肥料施用量对小麦不同密度群体籽粒产量与品质形成的调控效应。结果表明,施肥与群体密度对春小麦产量具有明显的互作效应。低施肥水平下,春小麦产量随群体密度的增加而增加;中高施肥水平下,产量随群体密度增加出现波动,但均高于低施肥水平的产量。群体密度的增加降低了收获穗数饱和度、穗粒数及籽粒面筋含量,但增加了籽粒容重;施肥量的增加提高了穗粒数、千粒重和面筋含量;群体密度和施肥量对小麦加工品质的影响较为复杂,且对不同基因型品种的调控效应不同。     

Evaluating pea and barley cultivars for complementarity in intercropping at different levels of soil N availability

Two field experiments were carried out on a temperate sandy loam using six pea (Pisum sativum L.) and five spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars to determine cultivar complementarity in the intercrop for grain yield, dry matter production and nitrogen (N) acquisition. Crops were grown with or without the supply of 40 or 50 kg N ha⁻¹ in the two experiments. Cultivars were grown as sole crops (SC) and as mixed intercrops (IC) using a replacement design (50:50). The land equivalent ratio (LER), which is defined as the relative land area under SC that is required to produce the yields achieved in intercropping, were used to compare cultivar performance in intercropping relative to sole cropping.Barley was the stronger competitor in the intercrops and as a result barley grain yield and nitrogen uptake in IC were similar to SC. The per plant pea grain production and aboveground N accumulation in IC were reduced to less than half compared to SC pea plants due to competitive interactions.Application of N caused a dynamic change in the intercrop composition. Competition from barley increased with N application and the pea contribution to the combined intercrop grain yield decreased. The LER values showed that in the intercrop plant growth resources were used on average 20% more efficient without N application and 5–10% more efficient with N application.The choice of pea cultivar in the intercrop influenced the intercrop performance to a larger degree than the choice of barley cultivar. Furthermore, pea cultivar×cropping systems interactions was observed, indicating that cultivars performed differently in sole and intercrops. An indeterminate pea cultivar competed strongly with barley causing a greater proportion of peas in the intercrop yield, but caused a reduced N uptake and yield of barley. Determinate peas with normal leaves caused the highest degree of complementary use of N sources by allowing barley to exploit the soil N sources efficiently, while they contribute with fixed N₂. However, difference in performance among cultivars was observed. Using the indeterminate pea cultivar combined IC grain yield was in general lower than the greatest sole crop yield and vice versa for the determinate pea cultivars. Up to 22% (LER=1.22) greater combined IC grain yield was observed in several mixtures using determinate pea cultivars.From the present study, it is was concluded that there is a need for breeding suitable pea cultivars for intercropping purposes, since cultivars bred for sole cropping may not be the types, which are the most suitable for intercropping. For optimized N-use in pea–barley intercrops it is concluded that important traits for the intercropped pea are: (1) determinate growth, (2) a medium competitive root system for soil inorganic N and other nutrients during early growth, (3) high light absorption capacity by peas growing underneath the canopy of the higher barley component and (4) early establishment of symbiotic N₂ fixation to support a high growth rate during early growth stages.Fertilized pea–barley intercrops gave a 15% higher net income than fertilized barley sole cropping and is regarded as a better safeguard for the farmer’s earnings compared to pea sole cropping known for variable yields and poor competitive ability towards weeds.     

不同施氮方式对夏玉米产量、氮素吸收与利用的影响

大田条件下以不施氮处理为对照(CK),设置农民传统施肥(FP)、水肥一体化(WF)以及水肥一体化减氮20%(WF-N)4种水氮管理模式,研究氮肥用量及施氮方式对玉米产量形成、氮素吸收及其利用效率的影响。结果表明,同等施氮量下,与FP处理相比,WF处理的子粒产量、穗粒数、千粒重和完熟期植株干物质积累量分别增加9.57%、7.45%、2.41%和9.14%;完熟期植株氮素积累量增加8.77%,氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)、氮肥农学效率(AEN)、氮肥利用率(NUE)分别增加9.57%、45.28%、28.65%。减氮20%条件下,水肥一体化施氮处理的玉米产量及产量构成、完熟期植株干物质积累量与FP处理间无显著差异,其PFPN、AEN、NUE较FP处理分别增加24.34%、21.87%和21.38%。     

Influence of liming and form of nitrogen fertilizer on nutrient uptake,growth, yield,and quality of Virginia (flue-cured) tobacco

Soil acidity is a limiting factor affecting the growth and yield of many crops all over the world. It is recognized that liming is the most common management practice of profitable crop production on acid soils. On the other hand, it is well-known that the form of nitrogen may affect tobacco yield and quality. In this work, the impact of the interaction between three hydrated lime (HL, Ca(OH)₂) rates (0, 1.5 and 3 t HL ha⁻¹) and three nitrogen fertilizer forms (NO₃-N 100%, NH₄-N 100% and NO₃-N 50% plus NH₄-N 50%) on growth, yield and quality characteristics of Virginia (flue-cured) tobacco was investigated in a 4-year (1995–1998) field experiment established in an acid soil (pH_{water 1:1} 5.3) located in Northern Greece. Lime was applied only once in December 1994, while nitrogen fertilizer was applied annually before transplanting. The results showed that the effect of liming on tobacco growth was not dependent on time, weather conditions and form of nitrogen fertilizer. Liming increased soil pH, enhanced the early growth of tobacco (within 30 days after transplanting (DAT)) and finally increased the total gross and trade yield of tobacco proportionally to the amount of HL added. However, the quality index (organoleptic characteristics) of the cured product was improved only at the HL application rate of 3 t HL ha⁻¹. Furthermore, liming significantly increased Ca and P concentrations but decreased K concentration in cured tobacco leaves. Tobacco yield increase was attributed to the increase of P uptake. Liming also increased the ash content of cured leaves, whereas it did not significantly affect nicotine, total nitrogen and reducing sugars. The use of ammonium N in fertilizer delayed the early growth of tobacco, reduced the nicotine concentration and increased the reducing sugars concentration of the cured product. Total-N, P, K and Mg concentrations of cured leaves were not significantly affected by the form of nitrogen fertilizer used. The results suggested that an initial application of hydrated lime at a rate of 3 t HL ha⁻¹ may ameliorate soil acidity and increase the yield and quality characteristics of Virginia tobacco at least over a 4-year period after application, independent of the form of N fertilizer used.     

增施有机肥对夏玉米物质生产及土壤特性的影响

2015和2016年在大田试验条件下,研究不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(NPK)、常规施肥+有机肥(增施鸡粪1 500 kg/hm~2,NPKM)对夏玉米物质生产及土壤特性的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,NPK和NPKM处理2015和2016年玉米产量分别增加13.62%和18.61%、36.75%和44.93%。植株叶片SPAD值、植株根系和地上部生物量均表现为NPKMNPKCK。与CK相比,增施有机肥后,土壤呼吸、硝态氮、铵态氮含量、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均显著增高,过氧化氢酶活性降低。相关分析表明,连续两年玉米子粒产量均与拔节期、吐丝期、成熟期的SPAD值和硝态氮含量呈显著正相关,与吐丝期和成熟期的根系生物量、地上部生物量、蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关。