冀东地区干乳期奶牛日粮中微量元素盈缺分析

该试验应用原子吸收光谱法对冀东地区干乳期奶牛基础混合日粮中的铜、铁、锰、锌含量进行测定和盈缺分析,以便为干乳期奶牛日粮配制提供借鉴。试验结果表明,基础混合日粮中铁、铜、锰和锌含量分别为299．87,14．38,37．70和32．67mg／kg。其中,铁含量为NRC（2001）报道干乳期奶牛铁需要量的16倍,是其他文献报道需要量的3倍;铜含量达到干乳期奶牛需要量;锰、锌的含量达到NRC（2001）报道干乳期奶牛铁需要量,而低于文献推荐需要量。     

22～42日龄肉鸡铜、铁、锌、锰不同用量组合的研究

本试验旨在研究饲粮中铜、铁、锌、锰含量对22~42日龄肉鸡生长性能和粪中铜、铁、锌、锰排泄量的影响,进而对微量元素的平衡模式进行探讨。选取940只1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉公鸡,1~21日龄统一饲喂铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为16.96、166.66、46.01、60.26 mg/kg的玉米-豆粕型饲粮。试验选用22日龄、体况良好、体重接近的AA肉公鸡900只,随机分为15组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,基础饲粮中铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为8、125、40、60 mg/kg,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中按照均匀设计原则添加2~8 mg/kg铜、10~35 mg/kg铁、10~40 mg/kg锌、15~60 mg/kg锰组成的14种试验饲粮。测定肉鸡试验期生长性能,并于38~42日龄时采集粪样测定铜、铁、锌、锰含量。结果表明:1)饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量在NRC推荐量至2倍NRC推荐量范围时,对22~42日龄肉鸡的平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)无显著影响(P0.05)。2)由最优解分析得出,粪中铜排泄量最低为23.11 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为7.15、116.28、82.82、60.95 mg/kg;铁排泄量最低为438.34 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为14.78、116.81、38.15、63.72 mg/kg;锌排泄量最低为102.60 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为7.69、127.40、40.70、133.26 mg/kg;锰排泄量最低为159.37 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为11.07、136.97、46.13、59.05 mg/kg;粪中铜、铁、锌、锰总排泄量最低为218.94 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为7.36、125.74、38.23、62.76 mg/kg。综上所述,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量在NRC推荐量至2倍NRC推荐量范围时对22~42日龄肉鸡的生长性能无显著影响;粪中铜、铁、锌、锰任一元素的排泄量均受饲粮中其他微量元素添加量的影响,且针对不同元素最低排泄量存在不同的最佳组合;饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰的含量分别为7.36、125.74、38.23、62.76 mg/kg时,能够满足肉鸡微量元素需要量,同时粪中铜、铁、锌、锰总排泄量最小。     

有机铜、锌、锰元素对奶牛生产性能、健康状况及繁殖性能的影响

文章旨在研究日粮添加氨基酸螯合铜、锌和锰对奶牛生产、繁殖性能及健康状况的影响。试验选择健康荷斯坦(60 d干乳期)奶牛300头,随机分为两组,每组150头,干乳期间,对照组日粮添加400 g/kg硫酸盐形式的铜、锌和锰,有机矿组添加400 g/kg复合氨基酸矿(铜、锌和锰);哺乳期,对照组日粮添加600 g/kg硫酸盐形式的铜、锌和锰,有机矿组添加200 g/kg复合氨基酸矿。结果显示:有机矿组初乳中免疫球蛋白的含量显著高于对照组(P 0.05);奶牛的胎次对初乳中钠、锌和钴的含量具有显著影响(P 0.05)。在150 d的泌乳期,有机矿组较对照组显著提高了乳中脂肪的含量(P 0.05);胎次显著影响1～150 d奶牛的体况评分(P 0.05)。有机矿组较对照组显著提高配种奶牛头数与怀孕奶牛头数的比例(P 0.05),对奶牛的其他繁殖指标无显著影响(P 0.05)。有机矿组显著降低产仔死亡头数(P 0.05),对其他组织器官疾病和蹄病无显著影响(P 0.05)。结论 :日粮添加有机矿(氨基酸螯合锌、铜和锰)可以提高奶牛干乳期和泌乳期初乳免疫球蛋白含量,降低出生犊牛的死亡率。     

泌乳奶牛补充蛋氨酸羟基螯合物形式以及硫酸盐形式的铜、锰、锌的免疫反应对免疫的影响(二)

<正>(接《新饲料》2014年第01期45页)3结果和讨论每个处理组的奶牛都饲喂平衡日粮,包括铜275mg/d、锰350mg/d以及锌1,400mg/d,这个浓度完全满足NRC(2001)对于硫酸盐的推荐量的。无机处理分别提供166%、334%及176%的可吸收铜、锰、锌的需要量(NRC,2001)。有机螯合处理没有进行类似的配方计算,因为有机螯合物的吸收系数在奶牛上还没有确定。尽管如此,与无机处理类似,有机螯合处理组的元素可吸收量也超过了NRC(2001)。两个处理的TMR预计包含铜、锰、锌分别为17mg/kg、36mg/kg、76mg/kg,其中10mg/kg、13mg/kg及51mg/kg的铜、锰、锌来自于额外添加。结果分析,微量元素含量接近或略高于预测(表3)。就日粮设计而言,无机组TMR提供     

唐山地区奶牛微量元素营养状况分析

为研究奶牛养殖场(户)所用浓缩饲料或精料补充料中微量元素铁、铜、锰和锌的营养状况,利用原子吸收光谱法对从唐山市奶牛养殖场和市场上采集到的浓缩饲料和精料补充料样品中铁、铜、锰和锌含量进行测定,并根据奶牛典型饲料配方进行盈缺分析.结果显示:对于产奶牛用浓缩饲料或精料补充料,锰和锌营养能满足产奶牛营养需要,而铁和铜营养偏高,在配制时应适当降低铁和铜的添加量;对于育成牛用浓缩饲料或精料补充料,铁、铜、锰和锌含量均较高,已超出育成牛的营养需要量范围,在配制时应适当降低添加量;对于干奶牛用浓缩饲料或精料补充料,锰和锌含量能够满足干奶牛营养需要,铁和铜含量高于干奶牛营养需要量,在配制时应适当降低添加量.     

铜、铁、锌、锰添加量对0～3周龄肉鸡生产性能和免疫器官发育的影响

将960只1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡随机分为16组,每组4个重复,每重复15只;采用D-最优设计,以基础日粮含量为最低水平,以2倍NRC(1994)推荐量为最高水平,按16种方案添加铜、铁、锌、锰,研究不同添加水平对0～3周龄肉鸡生产和免疫器官发育的影响,以确定0～3周龄肉鸡日粮铜、铁、锌、锰的适宜添加水平。结果表明:不同铜、铁、锌、锰添加水平对0～3周龄肉鸡日增重、耗料量、料肉比、死淘率及免疫器官发育均无显著影响(P>0.05),说明基础日粮中的铜、铁、锌、锰含量能够满足0～3周龄肉鸡生长和免疫器官发育的需要。     

奶牛微量矿物元素的营养研究进展

2.2 铁 铁的需要量建议为50mg/kg,从现实角度来看,奶牛日粮中并不缺铁,并且常常是过量的。日粮中的铁含量超过100mg/kg也是常见的。过量的铁(>100mg/kg)会对其它矿物质元素的生物利用率产生不利影响,如:降低铜、锌的吸收。据报道铁、铜、锰有协同作用,铁的利用必须有铜的存在。许多情况下,奶牛可从环境中直接摄入大     

日粮中添加不同水平铜、铁、锌添加剂对奶牛产奶性能的影响

为了研究在现有饲养模式下的日粮中继续添加铜、锌、铁是否能够提高产奶量和牛奶中铜、铁及锌含量,增加经济效益,试验选择山东省莱芜市某奶牛场体重、胎次、产犊日期与产奶量相同或相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛35头,分为7组,日粮分3个铜水平(21.5,31.5,41.5 mg/kg)、3个铁水平(336.3,386.3,436.3 mg/kg)和3个锌水平(50.15,90.15,130.15 mg/kg),铜、锌、铁的最低水平为基础日粮(含铜21.5 mg/kg,含铁336.3 mg/kg,含锌50.15 mg/kg),测定奶牛产奶量、乳成分及血清、乳清铜锌超氧化物歧化酶活性。结果表明:1)在日粮中铜、铁、锌水平分别为21.5,336.3,50.15 mg/kg时,再提高铜、铁、锌水平不影响乳脂、乳蛋白、乳糖含量(P>0.05),对产奶量也无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)在日粮铜水平为21.5 mg/kg的基础上,随着日粮铜水平的不断提高,乳清Cu-Zn-SOD活性显著提高(P<0.05),41.5 mg/kg日粮铜可以明显提高乳清Cu-Zn-SOD活性;不同日粮铜水平对乳铜、乳锌、乳铁均无显著性影响(P>0.05)。3)在...     

日粮添加益生菌对干乳期奶牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵及氮平衡的影响

本研究旨在评估全混合日粮添加益生菌对干乳期奶牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵及氮平衡的影响.试验将体重为(440.92±3.33)kg、平均干乳期为42?d的60头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为2组,每组5个重复,每个重复6头.对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型全混合日粮,处理组饲喂基础全混合日粮+200?mg/kg益生菌(枯草芽孢杆菌含量:1×106?...     

鲁西南地区奶牛饲料中铜铁锌营养状况分析

本研究在对鲁西南地区奶牛饲料资源调查的基础上,对17种饲料原料中的铜、锌、铁含量进行了比较分析,结果表明：同一常用原料中铜、锌、铁3种元素含量与中国饲料营养成分及营养价值表差异较大,青贮玉米秸中铜、锌、铁含量均高于国标值;麸皮、花生秧中铜、锌含量低于国标值;地瓜秧中铜含量低于国标值、锌含量高于国标值;所有饲料中铁含量普遍高于国标值。通过对8种奶牛常用日粮中铜、锌、铁盈缺情况分析,与NRC(1988)推荐量比较,结果表明:铜平均缺少16.40％,锌平均缺少39.0％,而铁水平是推荐量的479.8％;因此,在目前奶牛的饲养过程中,日粮中普遍缺铜和锌,需要在日粮配方中添加铜制剂和锌制剂予以补充,以提高奶牛的生产性能。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。