太平洋褶柔鱼渔业资源及渔场学研究进展

太平洋褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)是典型的温带大洋性头足类,主要由秋生群体和冬生群体组成。目前该物种的主要栖息地分布于日本海及太平洋沿岸海域,而我国黄海和东海外海为该物种的主要产卵场,调查发现此海域的太平洋褶柔鱼资源量呈逐年上升趋势,已经成为潜在的重要种类之一。为了后续更好地开发和利用该物种,整理了前人对太平洋褶柔鱼多方面的研究,从基础生物学、渔业及其与海洋环境的关系和资源评估管理等几个方面进行了回顾和总结。结果认为,目前太平洋褶柔鱼主要捕获海域仍然集中在日本和韩国沿岸,产量在80年代后期和90年代前期经历了较大的波动后,近十多年保持在40×104t左右。不同群体有着不同的洄游路径,其受环境影响的程度也有所不同。目前对日本沿岸太平洋褶柔鱼的年龄、生长、繁殖等特性有着较为全面的研究,但仍然需要对其进行长期监控。大尺度海洋环境变化会对太平洋褶柔鱼的CPUE有较大的影响,而通过对其资源状况的评估,可以更好地管理该资源,实现可持续利用。本文可对我国今后在东黄海海域合理开发该资源提供相关依据,也可为今后我国在与邻国的渔业谈判中提升更多的话语权。     

浅析日本海中南部海域太平洋褶柔鱼的一些生物学特性

本文根据１９９０年－１９９４年６月－１２月我国鱿钓铅的生产与调查情况，对分布在日本海中南部海域的太平洋褶柔鱼的一些生物学特性作了分析。其体重与胴长关系式为Ｇ＝０．０３６５ＭＬ＾２８１０（Ｇ：克；ＭＬ：厘米），其中属于均速生长型。所捕群体基本上属秋生群，约占总渔获量的８０％，该群体春夏季北上索饵，秋季南下产卵。     

太平洋褶柔鱼胆固醇与牛磺酸含量分析

采用生化方法,对太平洋褶柔鱼不同规格、不同部位的胆固醇和牛磺酸含量进行分析研究,实验结果表明:太平洋褶柔鱼可食用部位的胆固醇平均含量为382.8mg/100g,牛磺酸平均含量为370.8mg/100g,为其营养和食用价值提供科学依据。     

厄尔尼诺事件对西北太平洋柔鱼种群动态的影响

为了解西北太平洋柔鱼资源量变动与气候变化如厄尔尼诺事件等的关系,实验假设尼诺指数 (oceanic Ni?o index,ONI) 影响柔鱼种群动态参数内禀自然增长率 (intrinsic rate of growth, r) 和最大环境容纳量 (carrying capacity, K) 并分别建立 4 种剩余产量模型 (SP、E_r-EDSP、E_K-EDSP、E_r- E_K-EDSP) 探索厄尔尼诺事件影响下西北太平洋柔鱼的种群资源状态变化趋势。结果发现, E_r-EDSP、E_K-EDSP、E_r-E_K-EDSP 等 3 个加入气候因子模型的偏差信息准则 (deviance information criterion,DIC) 值小于传统剩余产量模型的 DIC 值,其中 E_rE_K-EDSP 模型 DIC 值最小,模型精度最高,估计的最大可持续产量 (maximum sust...     

2018年春季拉尼娜发生期东海太平洋褶柔鱼的渔业生物学特性

根据拉尼娜发生期春季(2018年1—3月)在东海采集的1 840尾太平洋褶柔鱼样本,对其渔业生物学特性进行了研究。结果显示,不同性别间太平洋褶柔鱼的胴长和体质量组成不同,雌、雄胴长范围分别为92～270 mm和103～267 mm,优势胴长组分别为180～240 mm和140～220 mm,分别占样本总数的71.44%和89.31%;雌、雄体质量范围分别为21～453 g和21～465 g,优势体质量组分别为120～270 g和60～180 g,分别占样本总数的66.54%和81.26%。太平洋褶柔鱼体型瘦小,净重比例介于21.89%～87.76%,平均为49.14%。太平洋褶柔鱼的胴长与体质量、胴长与净重的生长不存在性别间显著性差异,且均最适合用幂函数表示。样本的雌、雄比例为1∶1.255,且性成熟明显,Ⅲ期及以上个体分别占雌雄样本总数的50.86%和54.78%。样本胃饱满度以0～2级为主,占样本总数的64.24%,胃含物主要由鱿鱼类、甲壳类和仔鱼组成。研究表明,拉尼娜发生期春季东海太平洋褶柔鱼个体稍小、生长稍快、性成熟度提前。     

东黄海鱿鱼资源及渔业管理建议

太平洋斯氏柔鱼(Ommastrephes sloani pacificus)又称太平洋褶柔鱼(Todorodes pacicus Steenstrup),俗称火箭鱼(以下简称鱿鱼)。鱿鱼是一种经济价值较高的头足类,其营养丰富,味道鲜美,是出口创汇的重要品种。东黄海区鱿鱼资源丰富,渔场分布面广。我国鱿鱼生产主要是拖网和流刺网,特别是拖网生产,渔期长,产量高,效益好。现将如何合理开发利用和保护鱿鱼资源作一探讨。     

北太平洋海区柔针生物学特征分析

本文根据１９９７年６－１１月北太平洋柔鱼生物学特征分析：中部海区渔获胴体组成明显大地西部海区且主要由雌性柔鱼组成;不同月份钓获的雌、雄性柔鱼群体组成有较大的差异;两海区随着生产月份的延续,所渔获的柔鱼胴体范围有扩大的趋势;平均纯体重,雌性柔鱼占平均体重的８２．５１－８４．７９％,而雄性柔鱼占平均体重的８３．８８－８５．６０％;柔鲆的性腺发育程序随着生产月份的推迟,发育程度也越高,而在相同月份雄性柔     

东海太平洋褶柔鱼的数量分布及其与环境的关系

利用1997～2000年在东海4个季节的拖网以及温盐度调查资料,分析了东海太平洋褶柔鱼的数量分布及其与环境条件的关系。结果表明：东海太平洋褶柔鱼分布水深在40～175m,集中分布水深范围在80～150m。春、夏、秋三个季节的平均资源密度最高值都出现在北部外海,冬季的平均资源密度最高值转移到南部外海。四季都有生殖群体的存在,从春季到冬季,生殖群体的重心位置由北部外海向南部外海转移。四季生活海域的表层水温为13．63～28．38℃,生物量高区的表层水温为22～26℃;表层盐度为27．72～34．72,集中分布海域的盐度为32．5～34．7。因此,东海太平洋褶柔鱼属于暖水性外海高温高盐种。     

东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼主要生物学特性比较研究

根据中国远洋鱿钓船于2018年2—4月在东太平洋赤道(110°W～114°W、2°40'S～2°N)作业期间现场取样的1200尾茎柔鱼(Dosidicusgigas)样本进行研究,利用频率分布法分析了2—4月胴长、体重、性腺成熟度和摄食等级的分布,并通过拟合求出了胴长-体重的关系和初次性成熟胴长。根据采样海域的遥感温度,讨论了茎柔鱼不同月份雌雄个体生长的差异。结果显示, 2—4月雄性茎柔鱼优势胴长依次为26～28 cm (19.33%)、30～32 cm (26.46%)、28～30 cm (31.82%),雌性分别为24～26 cm (16.8%)、28～30 cm (24.95%)、26～28 cm (21.79%); 2—4月雌雄茎柔鱼优势体重均依次为400～600 g (28%、20.67%)、600～800 g (29.14%、28.25%)、600～800 g (25.64%、31.82%)。协方差表明3月雌性茎柔鱼与同月雄性茎柔鱼以及2月、4月的雌性茎柔鱼生长模式均存在显著性差异(P_30.01, P_(2-3)0.01,P_(3-4)0.05)。2—4月雌、雄性茎柔鱼摄食等级均以1～2级为主,高摄食等级占比逐月降低。雄性茎柔鱼性腺发育均以Ⅱ期为主,性成熟比例逐月升高,初次性成熟胴长为32.72cm;雌性性腺发育缓慢,各月发育均以Ⅰ期为主,未成熟比例占97%以上,茎柔鱼胴长和体重随性腺等级的提高呈逐级增长状态。综合判断雄性茎柔鱼性成熟比雌性早,性成熟雄性个体或因交配正在离开赤道海域开始向美洲沿岸洄游。     

基于海表温因子的太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群资源丰度预测模型比较

太平洋褶柔鱼是世界上重要的大洋性经济柔鱼类资源,其资源易受海洋环境因子的影响,科学预测其资源丰度有利于科学生产和管理。本实验依据2000—2010年太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE),以及产卵期间(1—3月)产卵场(28°~40°N、125°~140°E)的海表温(SST)数据,进行SST与CPUE的相关性分析,选取统计学有意义的SST作为影响资源丰度的因子,分别建立多元线性和BP神经网络的资源丰度预报模型,并利用2011和2012年的CPUE进行验证。结果显示,CPUE与产卵场1—3月SST相关系数较高的海域分别为1月的S1(30.5°N,136.5°E)和S2(31.5°N,136.5°E),2月的S3(30.5°N,137.5°E)和S4(30.5°N,135.5°E),3月的S5(37.5°N,129.5°E)和S6(37.5°N,130.5°E)。在多元线性及不同结构的BP神经网络等5种预报模型中,结构为6-4-1的BP神经网络模型预测精度最高,2011—2012年CPUE预测值精度平均为98%。研究表明,30°~32°N、135°~138°E和37°~38°N、129°~131°E附近海域的6个环境因子代表着1—3月产卵场暖流(黑潮和对马海流)势力的强弱,决定着当年太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群资源丰度,所建立的BP神经网络模型可作为其资源丰度的预测模型。     

夏季东海太平洋褶柔鱼群体结构的年际变化

依据2009―2012年连续4年在东海进行的夏季(6月)渔业资源调查资料, 分析了太平样褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)的资源密度、性比、胴长结构、胴长与体质量的关系、初次性成熟胴长等基础生物学参数的年际变化, 阐述了东海太平洋褶柔鱼的群体结构动态。结果表明: (1)夏季东海太平洋褶柔鱼的出现率较高, 但资源密度分布不均。在调查的4年间, 2009年的平均资源密度最高, 2010年最低。(2)各年度的雌雄比例均符合1∶1的关系(P>0.05)。(3)夏季渔汛期的太平样褶柔鱼个体较小。相比较而言, 2012年的优势胴长组最大, 2011年最小。但各年度的优势胴长均小于200 mm。(4)雌、雄个体胴长与体质量的关系符合指数生长曲线, 年间差异极显著(P<0.001)。(5)渔获个体以性未成熟幼体为主, 性腺成熟度随胴长增加而升高。各年度雌性个体的初次性成熟胴长均大于雄性。分析认为, 2009—2012年东海太平洋褶柔鱼夏季渔汛期均以秋、冬生群的性未成熟幼体为主, 夏生群的性成熟大个体较少。各年度太平洋褶柔鱼的生长发育速度以及群体结构有所不同。本研究可为掌握该物种资源的变动规律, 实现资源的合理利用提供基础资料。

     

东海区太平洋褶柔鱼生殖群体结构特征的季节差异

依据1997~1999年东海区春、夏、秋3个季节的底拖网资料,分析了东海区太平洋褶柔鱼生殖群体的性别组成、性腺成熟度和初次性成熟胴长等群体结构特征。结果表明:在东海区春、夏、秋三季均存在太平洋褶柔鱼的生殖群体。各季节生殖群体的雌雄比例均不符合1∶1的关系(P<0.05),雌性比例小于雄性。生殖群体中性成熟个体胴长的季节性变化较为明显,雌、雄平均胴长均以秋季最大,夏季最小。雌性个体的平均胴长均显著大于雄性。各季节太平洋褶柔鱼生殖群体中胴长与体重关系的性别差异极显著(P<0.01)。此外,不同季节雌、雄太平洋褶柔鱼的初次性成熟胴长差异较大,雌性为:春季223.4 mm、夏季170.4 mm、秋季202.3 mm;雄性为:春季174.0 mm、夏季164.3 mm、秋季165.3 mm。雄性初次性成熟胴长小于雌性,夏季雌、雄初次成熟胴长均小于春、秋季。依据春季生殖群体的胴长范围、初次性成熟胴长等群体结构特征推测,在东海区可能存在着小规模的春生群。     

Long-term changes in zooplankton and its relationship with squid, Todarodes pacificus, catch in Japan/East Sea

Long‐term change in zooplankton biomass and composition of major zooplankton assemblages was studied with a focus on climate change and squid catch in the Japan/East Sea. This study deals with data sets of zooplankton biomass, abundance of major zooplankton assemblages, and sea surface temperature (SST) obtained during the period from 1965 to 1998, and the catch of squid, Todarodes pacificus, from 1978 to 1998. Based on its physical characteristics, the study area was divided into two subregions, a northern and southern region. The SST during the winter and spring (February and April) steadily increased after the late 1980s in the southern region. On the other hand, the northern region did not have a warm winter and had higher interannual fluctuations. Zooplankton biomass also showed an increasing trend and major zooplankton assemblages have shifted in their composition since the early 1990s. The northern region exhibited a greater increasing trend than the southern region in zooplankton biomass. Macrozooplankton such as chaethognaths, euphausiids and amphipods gradually increased after the early 1990s. In the Japan/East Sea, squid catches increased continuously after the early 1990s. The squid catch for the autumn of year n is significantly associated with the zooplankton biomass collected in October and December of year n ? 1 (r=0.864 in the northern region and r=0.818 in the southern region, P < 0.001) and macrozooplankton, especially euphausiids (r=0.578 in the northern region and r=0.840 in the southern region, P < 0.05) and amphipods (r=0.695 in the northern region and r=0.648 in the southern region, P < 0.05).     

Density and sound speed contrasts of the Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus and their influence on acoustic target strength

ABSTRACT:   In this study, density and sound speed contrasts were measured for the Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus . Target strength (TS) data derived from an acoustic scattering model based on measurements of these two parameters were compared with TS values based on acoustic measurement data to determine whether the measured parameters are reasonable values for theoretical scattering model. Density contrast ( g ) was measured from the displacement volume and wet weight, while sound speed contrast ( h ) was measured from the acoustic measurements of travel time (time-of-flight method). The Kirchhoff ray mode model, which represents the squid body as a set of fluid-filled cylinders, was used to calculate theoretical TS. Mean g- and h -values of the squid were 1.029 and 1.041, respectively. Comparison with previous data showed that g was similar, whereas h was relatively high. The difference in the TS between the theoretical model using measured parameters and the acoustic measurement was within 3 dB. Thus, the measured g- and h -values are acceptable for theoretical models of squid.     

Purification of serine carboxypeptidase from the hepatopancreas of Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus and its application for elimination of bitterness from bitter peptides

ABSTRACT:   An acidic serine carboxypeptidase (CPase Tpa) from the hepatopancreas of Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus was purified. Purified CPase Tpa had a molecular mass of 36 kDa on sodium dodecylsulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and an isoelectric point of 6.0. The optimum pH of CPase Tpa was pH 4.0. In investigating the specificity of CPase Tpa for several peptide substances, it was found that peptides with hydrophobic or bulky amino acid residues at the P₁ position reacted well. The enzymatic activity was almost completely inhibited by p -chloromercuribenzoic acid, monoiodoacetic acid, diisopropylfluorophosphate and HgCl₂. This is the basis for its grouping in the serine carboxypeptidase family (EC 3. 4. 16. 5). The substrate specificity of CPase Tpa can be used to eliminate the bitterness of bitter peptides. In this study, the bitterness-reductive effect using bitter peptides prepared by hydrolyzing soy protein, casein and corn gluten with pepsin or trypsin was tested. The bitterness of soy peptide digested with pepsin was completely eliminated by treatment with CPase Tpa, whereas the bitterness of casein digested with trypsin and corn peptide digested with pepsin were somewhat less efficient. On the basis of these results, it is anticipated that CPase Tpa would be effective in eliminating the bitterness of some bitter peptides.     

Characterization of 38 kDa and 42 kDa chitinase isozymes from the liver of Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus

ABSTRACT: Characterization was investigated on the 38 kDa and 42 kDa chitinase (EC3.2.1.14) isozymes from the liver of Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus . Optimum pH toward colloidal chitin was observed at pH 3.0 for the 38 kDa chitinase, and pH 3.0 and 9.0 for the 42 kDa chitinase. K _m and k _cat of the 38 kDa and 42 kDa chitinases toward a longer substrate, glycol chitin, were 0.071 mg/mL and 1.22/s, and 0.074 mg/mL and 0.196/s, respectively. Alternatively, strong substrate inhibition of both chitinases were observed toward a short substrate, N -acetylchitopentaose (GlcNAc₅). Both chitinases decomposed not only chitin but also chitosan (D. A. 95%). The cleavage pattern and reaction rate were investigated using N -acetylchitooligosaccharides (GlcNAc_n, n  = 2–6). Both chitinases hydrolyzed GlcNAc_n ( n  = 4,5, and 6). The release of GlcNAc was not observed. The speed of the reaction was observed to be in the following order: GlcNAc₄ > GlcNAc₅ > GlcNAc₆ for the 38 kDa chitinase, and GlcNAc₆ > GlcNAc₅ > GlcNAc₄ for the 42 kDa chitinase. Both the chitinases released p -nitrophenol from p -nitrophenyl GlcNAc_n ( n  = 2, 3, and 4). N-terminal amino acid sequences of the 38 kDa and 42 kDa chitinases were YLLSXYFTNWSQYRPGAGKYFPQNI and EYRKVXYYTNWSQYREVPAKFFPEN, respectively.     

Effect of water temperature on gonadal development and emaciation of Japanese common squid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Todarodes pacificus</Emphasis> (Ommastrephidae)

ABSTRACT:   In this study, the site of spawning ground and the relationship between oceanographic conditions and gonadal development and emaciation of the Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus were examined based on data from research cruises. The research cruises were conducted in the south-western part of the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea in the winter of 1999. Sea surface temperature (SST) ranged 12.7–23.2°C in the survey area. Mature females concentrated on the continental shelf of the East China Sea, suggesting a major spawning ground was formed in this area. Gonadal development of the collected squid was examined using ovary somatic index (OSI) and oviduct somatic index (ODSI) in females, and emaciation was examined using mantle muscle somatic index (MI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI). Mean OSI and ODSI increased with SST at the stations where SST was greater than 15°C, particularly where SST ranged between 15 and 18°C. In contrast, mean MI and HSI decreased with increase in SST at the stations where SST was above 15°C. These results indicate that female gonads develop rapidly at SST above 15°C, and at the same time adult squids tend to be emaciated at this temperature condition.