Nitrogen Distribution and Dry Matter Accumulation in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) as Influenced by N Nutrition

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study N distribution and dry matter accumulation in oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L. cv. Callypso ) in relation to N supply. Three levels of N supply (30, 100 or 170 ppm N) were tested as treatments. Stem and leaf dry weights increased at higher N fertility up to 170 ppm N but root dry weight did not respond to N. Dry matter yield during the vegetative phase was seriously depressed by N deficiency. Most of the plant dry matter was accumulated in the lower segments of the stem and roots. Dry weights of stem and axillary branches increased significantly as N supply increased up to 100 ppm N. Although hull dry weight increased with N supply up to 100 ppm N, seed dry weight did not respond to N. High root N concentration was maintained at 100 or 170 ppm N; but declined as plants advanced in age. N content of leaf and stem also declined with time. Leaf growth was particularly responsive to N fertility and N was mobilised from the older to the younger leaves over time. Nitrogen content of hulls and seeds increased significantly with N supply but N was translocated from the vegetative into the generative organs or from older into younger tissues during pod development. There is need for proper N fertility management in order to achieve successful rape production.     

Macro-nutrient Status of Brassica napus and Brassica juncea Grown Under Swedish Conditions

Concentrations and amounts of macro-nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) in shoots, vegetative and generative plant parts in B. napus and B. juncea and nutrient inflow per unit root length in B. napus were studied in a field experiment at Uppsala, Sweden. Concentrations in vegetative plant parts were, except for Ca in B. napus, highest at the beginning of the season, and N and K were higher in B. napus than in B. juncea. The higher N concentration in vegetative parts (leaves, stems and pods) in B. napus was probably due to differences in growth pattern between the species. Seed concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg and, most pronounced of all, S were higher in B. juncea. Nutrient amounts were, with the exception of K, throughout the season higher in B. juncea than in B. napus due to a higher dry matter production. Nutrient inflow per unit root length in B. napus was highest during the rosette stage for all nutrients. During flowering, the inflow decreased for N and K and increased for P and Ca. After root growth had stopped, no net inflow of K and S was found and inflow rates of other nutrients were at very low levels.     

Leaf Growth and Chlorophyll Content of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) as Influenced by Nitrogen Supply

An experiment was conducted using a greenhouse hydroponics system to investigate the influence of N nutrition on leaf growth and chlorophyll content in oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.) during both vegetative and generative growth. Plants were treated continuously with one of three levels of N supply (30, 100 or 170ppm N). Leaf expansion in terms of lamina area of individual leaves and leaf area per plant, and chlorophyll content of leaves during both growth phases were increased significantly by N supply up to 100 ppm N, which was found to be the optimum level for oilseed rape. N supply of 30 ppm N resulted in N stress while 170 ppm N represents an excessive supply. N supply of 100 ppm N enhanced leaf expansion during H–6 weeks after transplanting by 88–260 % over that of 30 ppm N. Lamina areas of younger leaves responded to N nutrition better than did those of older leaves. Leaf area per plant increased 155–194 % due to increasing N supply but leaf number was increased less remarkably (by 25–44 %). N supply enhanced the contents of leaf chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , and total chlorophyll but had very little influence on chlorophyll a/b ratios; except that increasing N supply tended to reduce these ratios. Results suggest that variation in leaf chlorophyll content of rape plants in response to N nutrition is a function of leaf age and position. The significance of these results in terms of certain physiological implications for the rape plant is discussed.     

不同形态氮素对番茄幼苗体内营养元素含量的影响

应用溶液培养法,采用全根和分根两种培养方式,研究了不同NO3-、NH4+配比处理下,番茄幼苗不同部位中12种营养元素含量的差异。结果表明,在全根和分根培养下,番茄体内总N浓度：花 > 叶、根 > 茎。在全根培养下,叶片和茎中总N浓度随营养液中NH4+比例增加而增加,适量增铵（NO3-:NH4+=75:25）显著提高了根系中P和K含量;在分根培养下,局部根系供单一NH4+营养显著降低了花和茎中总N浓度,提高了自身根系中总N浓度,但降低了两侧根系中P和K浓度。全部和局部根系供单一NH4+和NO3-、NH4+混合营养均降低了番茄幼苗各部位中Ca和Mg含量,但增加了叶片中S含量。在全根培养下,增加营养液中NH4+比例,增加了叶片中B和Mn含量,同时增加了叶片和根系中Zn和Mo含量。在分根培养下,局部根系供单一NH4+营养显著增加了根系中Fe、B、Zn、Cu和Mo含量。另外,全部和局部根系供混合N素营养（NO3-:NH4+=75:25）提高了N、P和K在体内总积累量。     

锌对茶树体内无机元素含量及分布的影响

测定了不同浓度处理的水培茶苗根、茎、叶中及土施和喷施Zn的茶树叶中P、K、S、Ca、Mg、Mz、Al、Zn、Mo、Na、B、Cu、Fe的含量。结果表明，茶苗对Zn有较强的吸收能力，Zn处理＜0.50ppm时，茶苗体内Zn大多运往叶中；当叶中达生理需要量后，Zn也在根、茎中积累；当生长介质中Zn达一定量后，Zn在叶中积累。茶树Zn-P间有明显的拮     

番木瓜典型缺硼症的相关营养元素分析

针对玉溪市元江县番木瓜生产上发生的严重的番木瓜典型缺硼症,以根际土壤及植株各部位器官等为探索对象,采用对比分析法探讨了番木瓜典型缺硼症的相关营养元素含量状况。结果表明,番木瓜发生缺硼症后,不但外部表现典型症状,而且内部相关营养元素也发生了明显的变化。除根部含B量、果实和中上部茎的含K量、果实和下部无叶茎的Ca、Mg含量,缺硼株与正常株的差异不明显外;顶端心叶、中上部的叶和叶柄、中上部茎、下部无叶茎及果实等部位的含B量,番木瓜缺硼株均明显低于正常株;顶端心叶、中上部的叶和叶柄、下部无叶茎及根等部位的含K量,番木瓜缺硼株也明显低于正常株。而顶端心叶、中上部的叶和叶柄、中上部茎及根等部位的Ca、Mg含量,则番木瓜缺硼株明显高于正常株。从Ca、Mg与B的协调性来分析,番木瓜各个部位的Ca/B及Mg/B的比值,缺硼株均明显的高于正常株。说明番木瓜缺硼症的发生,除与土壤有效B缺乏有关外,Ca/B及Mg/B比值过高也是导致该症发生的一个重要原因。     

Fatty Acid Composition of Oil from Erucic Acid-Free Summer Rape Seed (Brassica napus L.) in Relation to Nitrogen Nutrition and Raceme Position

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen supply (30, 100 or 170 ppm N) and raceme position on the fatty acid composition of oil extracted from erucic acid-free summer rape seed ( Brassica napus cv. Callypso ). The seven fatty acids analyzed for include palmitic, palmitolcic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolemc, and eicosenoic acids; of which oleic (59.54–64.84 %) and palmitoleic (0.36–0.4 %) acids were the highest and lowest levels respectively. Generally, N nutrition influenced fatty acid pattern only to a little extent. Palmitic, palmitoleic and stearic acid levels were increased by 170 ppm N, depending on raceme position, but oleic and linolenic acids were unaffected. Similarly, 170 ppm N produced the highest fatty acid levels in seeds on the lower portions of racemes, with the exception of oleic acid. This was also true in the case of the upper portions of racemes, except that 30 ppm N produced the highest levels of oleic and linoleic acids in rape seeds. Under the optimum N supply level (i.e. 100 ppm N), position of raceme on the rape plant did not greatly influence the levels of different fatty acids in lipids.     

砂姜黑土夏花生氮磷钾吸收与分配特征研究

了解砂姜黑土地区花生养分的吸收特征,根据花生的需肥特点进行合理施肥,从而提高该地区花生产量和肥料利用率,为该地区花生生产合理施肥提供理论依据。通过田间试验,在花生不同生育时期取样分析植株不同器官养分累积量,研究砂姜黑土地区夏花生养分吸收与分配特征。结果表明：(1)随着花生的生长发育,营养器官根、茎、叶中的氮素含量总体呈下降趋势,并在成熟期降到最低值;磷素含量总体呈现平稳的趋势;茎、叶中的钾素含量呈现S型变化,根中钾素含量呈先降后增的趋势。营养器官氮素含量叶片>根>茎;钾素含量茎>叶>根。荚果中氮、磷、钾的含量分别高于根、茎、叶中氮、磷、钾的含量。(2)花生植株氮、磷、钾的累积吸收量随着生育期的推进和生物量的不断增加而逐渐增加,收获期吸收量达到最大值,氮: 磷: 钾的吸收比例为1.00：(0.20～0.32)：(0.47～0.95)。(3)氮、磷、钾在砂姜黑土夏花生各器官中的分配比例,苗期均以茎叶为主,根的分配量相对较少;结荚期开始主要以荚果为主,根、茎、叶中的养分累积量逐渐减少,并向荚果中转移;成熟期荚果中的氮、磷、钾累积量达到最大值,氮素累积量占整株的93.50%、磷素为89.16%、钾素为69.30%,氮、磷、钾在根、茎、叶和荚果中的分配比例分别为0.47%:4.05%:1.98%:93.50%、0.66%:8.32%:1.87%:89.16%和1.32%:24.04%:5.26%:69.39%。综上,结荚至饱果期是花生养分吸收的高峰期生产上应根据花生不同生育时期的需肥特性,合理安排施肥,确保满足生长后期的养分需求,以增加产量。     

盛果期金红苹果树(GM256中间砧)矿质营养及施肥研究

为了解矮化苹果营养状况及合理施肥,对盛果期矮化金红（GM256中间砧）不同施肥量、不同树势叶片及土壤的矿质营养状况进行了分析。结果表明：不同树势和不同施肥处理的叶片均表现为氮适量,磷严重不足,钾缺乏,营养失调;叶片中钙、镁、铁、锌、铜、硼适量或富足,钼严重不足。综合土壤和叶片的营养状况,建议生产中氮、磷、钾三要素施肥比例以2：1．5：1．5～2为宜。     

Dynamic change of mineral nutrient content in different plant organs during the grain filling stage in maize grown under contrasting nitrogen supply

The introduction of new hybrids and integrated crop-soil management has been causing maize grain yield to increase. However, less attention has been paid on the nutrient concentration of the grain; this aspect is of great importance to supplying calories and nutrients in the diets of both humans and animals worldwide. Increasing the retranslocation of nutrients from vegetative organs to grain can effectively increase the nutrient concentration of grain and general nutrient use efficiency. The present study involved monitoring the dynamic change of macro- and micronutrients in different organs of maize during the grain filling stage. In addition, the mobility of different elements and their contribution to grain nutrient content were evaluated in a 2-year experiment under low (LN, no N supplied) and high N (HN, 180 kg N ha⁻¹) supply. Under HN supply, the net remobilization efficiency (RE) of the vegetative organs as a whole (calculated as nutrient remobilization amount divided by nutrient content at silking) of N, P, K, Mn, and Zn were 44%, 60%, 13%, 15%, and 25%, respectively. The other nutrients (Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, and B) showed a net accumulation in the vegetative organs as a whole during the grain filling stage. Among the different organs, N, P, and Zn were remobilized more from the leaves (RE of 44%, 51% and 43%, respectively) and the stalks (including leaf sheaths and tassels) (RE of 48%, 71% and 43%, respectively). K was mainly remobilized from the leaves with RE of 51%. Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Cu were mostly remobilized from the stalks with the RE of 23%, 9%, 10%, 42%, and 28%, respectively. However, most of the remobilized Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were translocated to the husk and cob, which seemingly served as the buffer sink for these nutrients. The REs of all the nutrients except for P, K, and Zn were vulnerable to variations in conditions annually and were reduced when the grain yield and harvest index were lower in 2014 compared with 2013. Under LN stress, the RE was reduced in P and Zn in 2013, increased in Cu and unchanged in other nutrients. The concentration of these nutrients in the grain was either unchanged (P, K, Ca, Zn, and B) or decreased (N, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cu). It is concluded that grain N, P, K, Mn, and Zn, but not Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, and B concentration, can be improved by increasing their remobilization from vegetative organs. However, enhancing the senescence of maize plant via LN stress seems unable to increase grain mineral nutrient concentration. Genetic improvement aiming to increase nutrient remobilization should take into account the organ-specific remobilization pattern of the target nutrient.     

Agronomic Performance and Nutrient Concentration of Maize (Zea mays L.) as Influenced by Nitrogen Fertilization and Plant Density

A field experiment was conducted at Samaru, Nigeria to study the influence of nitrogen fertilization and plant density on the agronomic performance and nutrient concentration of maize ( Zea mays L.). The treatments were factorial combinations of five nitrogen fertilization rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N/ha) and three plant density levels (25000, 50000 and 75000 plants/ha).
Nitrogen fertilization up to 150 kg N/ha enhanced grain and stover yields and increased kernel number and weight up to 100 kg N/ha. Nitrogen supply also increased maize ear length. Increased N fertilization rates increased concentrations of N, K and Mg but had no effect on P and Ca concentrations. Higher grain yield was closely associated with higher N concentration in ear leaf; with 0.1 % change in N concentration causing 177 kg/ha change in grain yield. Increased plant density increased stover yield up to 50 or 75 thousand plants/ha but depressed kernel number and weight and ear length.     

中国木薯施肥研究进展

摘要：中国木薯施肥研究表明,氮磷钾三大营养元素的重要性排序是N＞K2O＞P2O5,当连作木薯时,推荐N︰P2O5︰K2O配比为2～4︰1︰2～4,随着连作年份的延长而相应提高氮钾配比,推荐中等地力的土壤施肥量为50～100 kg/hm2的N和K2O,25～50 kg/hm2的P2O5。同时,根据各地的土壤化学分析,结合木薯营养需求指标,选择施用Ca、Mg、S、B、Zn和Cu等中微量肥料,建议施用硫酸钾镁肥、钙镁磷肥、生物有机肥、火烧土和各种有机肥,以及把间套种作物和木薯的废茎秆还田,从而提高土壤有机质和补充中微量肥料,可适当采用植物生长调节剂,注意施用基肥和重施苗肥。     

外源N、P、K肥对扁桃叶片矿质营养元素含量的影响

为探明N、P、K肥对扁桃叶片中各矿质营养元素含量的影响,给新疆扁桃营养诊断平衡施肥技术提供理论参考依, 2009—2010连续2年在结果期扁桃园内萌芽前分别土施不同浓度梯度的N、P、K肥,在扁桃果实膨大期采集叶片,通过对其中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu 10种矿质营养元素含量的测定分析。结果表明：土施N、P、K肥能分别提高叶片中相应元素的含量,其中N还促进P、B、Fe、Zn、Cu的吸收,但与K、Ca、Mn发生拮抗;P促进了N、K、Mg、Mn的吸收,但与Zn、Fe发生拮抗;K促进了B、Fe、Zn的吸收,但与N、P、Ca、Mg发生拮抗。土施不同浓度梯度N、P、K肥能显著或极显著提高扁桃叶片中N、P、K含量,且施用量和叶片吸收的元素含量间存在线性关系,而N、P、K肥对扁桃叶片中其他9种矿质元素含量分别形成促进和拮抗双重关系。     

梨树叶片营养状况的诊断与评价

研究湖北省利川市‘长十郎’梨树叶片营养状况,为科学施肥提供依据。采用叶片营养诊断和主成分分析的方法,2017—2018年对利川市‘长十郎’梨9个梨园的叶片营养状况进行营养诊断和评价。结果表明,‘长十郎’梨树叶片的Ca、K、Cu、Zn含量基本适宜,Mg、B、P含量偏低,Mn含量高;部分梨园叶片Fe含量缺乏,2017年梨园叶片整体N含量偏低。土壤酸化是造成利川市梨园叶片营养失衡的主要原因。在生产中应通过施用酸性土壤调理剂如生石灰、硼泥类等碱性肥料提高土壤pH,增施有机肥提高土壤有机质含量,并重视补充Mg、B、Fe等中微量元素,实现‘长十郎’梨的提质增效。主成分分析可将10个叶片营养指标简化为4个主成分,代表了82.512%的原始信息量。基于主成分分析建立了‘长十郎’梨叶片营养综合评价模型Z=0.278N+0.030P+0.250K-0.042Ca-0.133Mg+0.193Fe+0.193Mn+0.174Cu+0.177Zn-0.106B,可较好地应用于梨树叶片营养的综合评价。     

磁化水对黄瓜叶片氮磷钾钙镁含量的影响

以当地冬春茬保护地品种寒秀、鲁圣顶峰1号为试材，研究了磁化水对黄瓜叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁含量的影响。结果表明：叶片生长发育期间，黄瓜叶片氮、磷含量呈单峰曲线变化；钾、钙、镁含量呈双峰曲线变化。磁化水处理后，寒秀叶片内磷、镁含量极显著高于对照，钙含量显著高于对照，氮、钾含量差异不显著；鲁圣顶峰1号磷、镁含量极显著高于对照，氮、钾、钙含量差异不显著。     

Phosphorus Redistribution in Maize Plants, Zea mays L., in Relation to the Nitrogen Supply

The influence of different nutrition regimes on phosphorus (P) redistribution in maize plants, cv. LG 11, was studied. Nutrient solutions in four combinations of high and low nitrate concentrations and high and low phosphate concentrations were used to grow four different groups of plants. During the development of the plants dry weights and total P contents were measured. It was concluded that P redistribution into reproductive organs was dependent on N supply and was a consequence of N redistribution. The ratio of N and P concentrations was not equal in several parts of the plant, and was not constant during the development. In different parts of a young plant the ratio increased. As soon as redistribution of N and P started the N/P ratio decreased. The minimum N/P ratio of a mature maize plant was about 3 for leaves and 1 or 2 for roots and stems.     

Responses to Aluminium Toxicity Effects of Two Populations of Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Cosson

The effects of different aluminium (Al) concentrations (0 (control), 5 and 25 ppm) and pH levels (4.5 and 10.0) on two Piptatherum miliaceum populations, one from a bauxite area (population 1) and the other from pasture soil (population 2) were studied. Root length of both populations was severely inhibited at 25 ppm Al concentration and pH 4.5. Positive correlations between the Al content of roots of the two populations and increasing Al concentrations and pH levels in the nutrient solution were observed. Increase of Al concentrations in nutrient solution resulted in the decrease of calcium (Ca) content of the roots of the two populations in both pH values, while potassium (K) concentrations in the roots slightly differed from those of the control. Leaf chlorophyll content increased with increasing Al concentrations and pH values of nutrient solution in population 1 but decreased in population 2.
Based on relative values at different treatments of root length (R.L.), Ca and K content of roots and leaf chlorophyll content, it is concluded that population 1 is more tolerant to Al than population 2.
The chlorophyll content, under Al influence, may serve to distinguish Al-tolerant and non-tolerant ecotypes.     

Foliar Nutrient Analyses in Bananas Grown in the Highlands of East Africa

Data gathered from 45 farms in the Kagera Region of Tanzania were used to estimate critical nutrient levels (CNL) of foliar tissue and norms of the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) for bananas ( Musa spp.) grown in the highlands of East Africa.
CNL values are proposed as 3.1 % N, 1.13 % Ca, 0.48 % Mg, 18.4 ppm Zn and 10.0 ppm B. Optimum ranges for cation ratios were estimated as 0.54—0.67 for K/(K + Ca + Mg), 0.22—0.32 for Ca/(K + Ca + Mg) and 0.09—0.15 for Mg/(K + Ca + Mg). Productivity of bananas and foliar levels of P, K, S, Fe, Mn and Cu were too weakly related to estimate CNLs for these nutrients. A set of DRIS norms for East African Highland bananas is presented.     

营养液浓度对大棚甜瓜生长发育的影响

在基质栽培条件下，研究了不同营养液浓度对大棚甜瓜生长发育的影响。试验结果表明，甜瓜营养液浓度三段管理（定植—授粉２．０ｍＳ／ｃｍ，授粉—网发生２．５ｍＳ／ｃｍ，网发生一收获３．０ｍＳ／ｃｍ）能促进甜瓜营养生长和生殖生长。营养液浓度增加，甜瓜叶片中磷、钾含量和钾／（钙＋镁）比率提高，但镁含量降低。试验还表明，不同品种甜瓜对营养液浓度具有相同的适应性。     

‘翠冠’梨树苗不同部位矿质元素的分布与变化

以2年生‘翠冠’梨幼树为试材,分析年生长周期内植株根、干、枝、稍、叶的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn 9种矿质营养含量变化特点。结果表明：（1）N、P、K、Mg 4种矿质营养元素在植物生长季节前期含量降低,中期先增后减,后期增加;（2）植株生长季节前期Ca、Mn、Zn在各器官中先降后升;中期在根、干、枝中变化很小,叶片中Ca、Mn先增后减,Zn先减后增;后期含量增加;（3）Fe和Cu含量在植株根、干中呈现出先增加至峰值而后降低的类似正态分布的变化。生长前期,枝中Fe、Cu先增后减;新梢和叶片中Fe含量升高,Cu含量降低。中期枝中Cu先增后减,Fe含量变化小;新梢和叶片中2种元素含量变化小。后期根系中Fe含量下降,其他各器官中2种元素的含量均增加。在果园年周期管理上,应该关注梨树春季营养生长开始之前树体的营养贮存,同时应该注意中期适量追肥。