大肠埃希菌多重耐药调节子研究进展

大肠埃希菌多重抗生素耐药主要是由多重耐药调节基因和外输泵共同作用产生的。大肠埃希菌多重耐药调节子是广泛存在于肠杆菌科细菌染色体上的抗生素多重耐药调节中心,是大肠埃希菌耐药的主要组成部分。为解决多重抗生素耐药问题,很多专家和学者对大肠埃希菌多重耐药调节子和外输泵的耐药机制进行了深入的研究,研究开发多重抗生素耐药基因消除剂和外输泵抑制剂,或增加外输泵抑制基因的表达,将成为从根本上解决多重抗生素耐药问题的最好方法。文章对大肠埃希菌AcrAB、AcrAB-Tolc,Mar和膜孔蛋白Ompf、Ompc等多重抗生素耐药调节子的组成、功能及其影响因素进行了综述。     

整合子参与的大肠埃希氏菌多重耐药机制的研究

细菌耐药是一个严重的世界性难题。目前大肠埃希氏菌呈现多重耐药趋势,给临床抗感染治疗带来困难。大肠埃希氏菌染色体中存在多重耐药操纵子(maroperon),该操纵子编码的蛋白产物MarA可通过对数个远程基因的调控,影响大肠埃希氏菌细胞膜通透性、主动外排泵系统,形成大肠埃希氏菌     

连翘对大肠埃希菌多重耐药基因AcrA的影响研究

为了研究和开发理想的大肠埃希菌多重耐药抑制剂,用连翘作用于多重耐药大肠埃希菌,提取其基因组DNA,并以大肠埃希菌AcrA基因的编码序列设计引物,成功扩增出AcrA基因中1005bp的片段,与多重耐药菌种中的AcrA基因序列进行对比。结果表明,连翘改变AcrA基因的编码序列,并能有效抑制多重耐药大肠埃希菌的生长,减弱其耐药性。     

大肠埃希菌耐药机制研究进展

大肠埃希菌在自然界中广泛存在,在一定的条件下可以引起畜禽患病,在长期治疗过程中,由于药物的选择压力可以引起其对药物的抗性,而且耐药广泛、耐药机制复杂,给疾病临床治疗带来了一定的困难。大肠埃希菌耐药机制主要包括细胞膜通透性改变、细菌产生灭活酶或者钝化酶、靶点结构改变、主动外排泵、质粒介导的大肠埃希菌耐药等。论文介绍了我国部分地区畜牧业中大肠埃希菌耐药现状、大肠埃希菌耐药机制以及应对大肠埃希菌耐药的策略,以便了解耐药大肠埃希菌的传播特点,为防治大肠埃希菌耐药性产生和临床治疗大肠埃希菌感染提供一定的理论指导。     

大肠埃希菌的耐药性

随着抗菌药物在临床治疗和其他领域的广泛应用,细菌耐药现象已成为当今人们极为关注的公共健康问题之一.大肠埃希菌存在于人和动物肠道中,极易产生耐药性,目前大肠埃希菌对抗菌药物的耐药状况已十分严重,其耐药性呈进行性增长,对于预防和治疗带来了潜在的危机.文章对抗菌药物的应用历史、耐药性发展状况、细菌的耐药现状、耐药机制及耐药性产生的原因做了综述.     

鸡源大肠埃希氏菌流行病学调查及耐药性分析

为了解广东韶关地区鸡源大肠埃希氏菌的流行病学及其耐药性特点,本研究通过2022年对采集自广东韶关地区41个规模养鸡场和28个土鸡散养场的鸡喉头、肛门粪便、病死鸡的肝脏、心血、脾、肠道内容物共737份样品进行细菌分离纯化、病原菌的生化鉴定和药敏试验,研究广东韶关地区鸡源大肠埃希氏菌的流行病学及其耐药性特点。结果显示,541份样品分离到大肠埃希氏菌,检出率73.41%,总体泄殖腔大肠埃希氏菌检出率87.78%,咽喉部大肠埃希氏菌检出率58.24%,死鸡病料大肠埃希氏菌检出率78.38%,规模场大肠埃希氏菌检出率为73.72%,散养场大肠埃希氏菌检出率为73.01%。分离菌株普遍对阿奇霉素、头孢噻肟、阿米卡星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星敏感,对青霉素、氨苄西林、链霉素、卡那霉素、四环素、阿莫西林、氟苯尼考、泰乐菌素、林可霉素、克林霉素耐药,多重耐药比高达79.71%。规模场分离菌多重耐药比为97.56%,散养场多重耐药比为53.57%。本研究为广东韶关地区鸡源大肠杆菌病的防控提供了参考。     

整合子与大肠埃希菌多重耐药的关系

大肠埃希菌是一种重要的人畜共患病病原菌。目前由于在食用动物中使用抗生素造成沙门氏菌多重耐药性增加,耐药菌可通过被污染的食品或直接与动物接触而使人感染,细菌多重耐药性通常是通过获得耐药基因引起的,而染色体基因突变只占很小部分。耐药基因可通过转化、     

洛阳不同养殖方式猪源大肠埃希菌耐药性分析

为了解洛阳市散养和集约化养殖方式猪源大肠埃希菌耐药谱,采用Kirby-Bauer纸片琼脂扩散法测定35株集约化养殖场猪源大肠埃希菌(其中17株肥育猪源、10株生长猪源、8株保育猪源)和6株散养肥育猪源大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、阿莫西林/棒酸、头孢噻肟、萘啶酸、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、复方新诺明、四环素、强力霉素、庆大霉素和大观霉素共11种抗菌药物的耐药性。结果表明,散养肥育猪源大肠埃希菌仅对氨苄西林、四环素和强力霉素耐药,集约化养殖场猪源大肠埃希菌对11种检测药物的耐药率明显高于散养猪源的大肠埃希菌;测定41株细菌具有19种耐药模式,其中散养肥育猪源大肠埃希菌有5种模式,集约化养殖场猪源大肠埃希菌有17种模式,13种为多重耐药模式;88.6%(31/35)集约化养殖场猪源菌交叉耐药,33.3%(2/6)散养猪源菌仅交叉耐四环素和强力霉素。     

猪源大肠埃希菌消毒剂敏感性及耐药基因qacE△1-sulⅠ的试验

为了考察养殖场细菌消毒剂耐药性与抗菌药物耐药性的相关性,选择临床分离的104株猪源大肠埃希菌进行了消毒剂敏感性试验,并对消毒剂-磺胺耐药基因qacE△1-sulⅠ进行了检测.结果显示,临床分离大肠埃希菌消毒剂耐药性比质控菌明显提高,qacE△1-sulⅠ基因检出率高达95.19％.结果说明,受试消毒剂耐药性在养殖业中已日趋严重,进一步研究细菌消毒剂耐药及与抗菌药物交叉耐药性的机制迫在眉睫,以期对细菌消毒剂耐药的有效控制提供理论依据.     

中草药消除大肠埃希氏菌耐药性及耐药质粒的研究

在系统鉴定和药敏试验的基础上,对９株大肠埃希氏菌多重耐药菌株进行而药基因定位,结果表明有４株菌株的氨苄青霉素基因位于质粒上。通过对中草药煎煮、水蒸气蒸馏等方法提取其有效成分,对耐药大肠埃希氏菌进行耐药性消除试验,结果发展大蒜油等对大肠埃希氏菌氨苄青霉素耐药性有消除作用;鱼腥草、紫草等对大肠埃希氏菌庆大霉素而药性及耐药质粒有消除作用,消除率分别为２．９８％和４．２０％。     

曲靖地区仔猪腹泻细菌性病原的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为了解曲靖地区仔猪出现腹泻的细菌性病因,对5个养殖场148份出现仔猪腹泻症状的样品进行细菌分离培养及耐药性分析,结果显示,检出致病性大肠杆菌(E.coli)114份,阳性率为77.03%;沙门氏菌(Salmonella)26份,阳性率为17.57%,混合感染率为17.57%.致病性大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌对多种抗生素产生了耐药性,其中114株致病性大肠杆菌中97株呈多重耐药性,占总菌数的85.09%,26株沙门氏菌中20株呈多重耐药性,占总菌数的76.92%.结果表明,致病性大肠杆菌是导致当地哺乳仔猪腹泻的主要细菌性病原,部分仔猪继发感染沙门氏菌,两种细菌对多种抗生素产生了耐药性,多重耐药现象较严重.     

猪源耐黏菌素大肠杆菌PFGE分型及耐药性研究

为了解河南省焦作市、许昌市规模化养殖厂耐黏菌素大肠杆菌的流行情况,对分离到的32株耐黏菌素大肠杆菌使用微量肉汤稀释法检测其药物敏感性,并采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(Pulsed field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)对分离株进行分型研究。结果显示,32株耐黏菌素大肠杆菌对四环素、多西环素、磺胺异噁唑、复方新诺明的耐药率均高达90%以上,32株猪源大肠杆菌可分为30种带型。结果表明,两地市养殖场猪源大肠杆菌耐药性普遍存在,且以多重耐药为主,PFGE分型结果显示,32株耐黏菌素大肠杆菌整体上表现出较大的遗传多样性,但不同菌株存在着不同程度的亲缘关系。     

豫北地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药性及基因多态性分析

为了解豫北地区规模化养殖场猪源大肠杆菌的耐药性及基因多态性,对分离的21株猪源大肠杆菌进行药物敏感实验,采用PCR技术对其耐药基因进行检测,RAPD技术进行基因多态性分析。结果表明:豫北地区规模化养殖场分离的猪源性大肠杆菌菌株对常见16种抗生素存在不同情况的耐药性。其中对四环素、红霉素、麦迪霉素、阿莫西林、磺胺异恶唑、环丙沙星、新生霉素、复方新诺明、恩诺沙星、甲氧苄啶的耐药率均为100%,对庆大霉素、洛美沙星的耐药率为85%以上,对其他药物的耐药率相对较低;PCR检测得到8种耐药基因的条带;对菌株进行RAPD分析得到7种不同的基因型。大肠杆菌极易产生耐药性,耐药基因广泛存在于耐药菌株中,但耐药表型与耐药基因之间无绝对相关性。豫北地区猪源大肠杆菌感染多重耐药十分严重,严重影响了该地区猪源大肠杆菌病的诊治和预防。     

Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cows with mastitis

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, susceptibility to 26 antimicrobial agents used in veterinary and human medicine, and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes of Escherichia coli isolated from cows with mastitis were evaluated. Among 135 E. coli isolates, PFGE analysis revealed 85 different genetic patterns. All E. coli were resistant to two or more antimicrobials in different combinations. Most E. coli were resistant to antimicrobials used in veterinary medicine including ampicillin (98.4%, >or=32 microg/ml) and many E. coli were resistant to streptomycin (40.3%, >or=64 microg/ml), sulfisoxazole (34.1%, >or=512 microg/ml), and tetracycline (24.8%, >or=16 microg/ml). Most E. coli were resistant to antimicrobials used in human medicine including aztreonam (97.7%, >or=32 microg/ml) and cefaclor (89.9%, >or=32 microg/ml). Some E. coli were resistant to nitrofurantoin (38%, >or=128 microg/ml), cefuroxime (22.5%, >or=32 microg/ml), fosfomycin (17.8%, >or=256 microg/ml). All E. coli were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and cinoxacin. Almost 97% (123 of 127) of ampicillin-resistant isolates carried ampC. Eleven of 52 (21.2%) streptomycin-resistant isolates carried strA, strB and aadA together and 29 streptomycin-resistant isolates (55.8%) carried aadA alone. Among 44 sulfisoxazole-resistant E. coli, 1 isolate (2.3%) carried both sulI and sulII, 12 (27.3%) carried sulI and 10 (22.7%) isolates carried sulII. Among 32 tetracycline-resistant isolates, 14 (43.8%) carried both tetA and tetC and 14 (43.8%) carried tetC. Results of this study demonstrated that E. coli from cows with mastitis were genotypically different, multidrug resistant and carried multiple resistance genes. These bacteria can be a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes and can play a role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes to other pathogenic and commensal bacteria in the dairy farm environment.     

宁夏吴忠地区奶牛临床型乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解宁夏吴忠地区奶牛乳房炎的主要病原菌及其耐药情况,采集56份罹患乳房炎的奶牛乳样进行病原菌分离,并对分离菌进行了生化鉴定、16S rRNA基因序列分析、药敏试验以及耐药基因检测.结果表明,该地区的主要病原菌为大肠埃希氏菌和无乳链球菌,检出率分别为23.2％和14.3％.药敏试验结果表明,大肠埃希氏菌主要对头孢他啶、...     

beta-Lactam resistance and beta-lactamases in bacteria of animal origin

beta-Lactams are among the most clinically important antimicrobials in both human and veterinary medicine. Bacterial resistance to beta-lactams has been increasingly observed in bacteria, including those of animal origin. The mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance include inaccessibility of the drugs to their target, target alterations and/or inactivation of the drugs by beta-lactamases. The latter contributes predominantly to beta-lactam resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. A variety of beta-lactamases have been identified in bacteria derived from food-producing and companion animals and may further serve as a reservoir for beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in humans. While this review mainly describes beta-lactamases from animal-derived Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., beta-lactamases from animal-derived Campylobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and other pathogens are also discussed. Of particular concern are the increasingly-isolated plasmid-encoded AmpC-type CMY and extended-spectrum CTX-M beta-lactamases, which mediate acquired resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. The genes encoding these enzymes often coexist with other antimicrobial resistance determinants and can also be associated with transposons/integrons, increasing the potential enrichment of multidrug resistant bacteria by multiple antimicrobial agents as well as dissemination of the resistance determinants among bacterial species. Characterization of beta-lactam-resistant animal-derived bacteria warrants further investigation of the type and distribution of beta-lactamases in bacteria of animal origin and their potential impact on human medicine.     

2022年北京市宠物源细菌耐药性监测浅析

为了解北京市宠物源细菌的抗菌药物耐药情况,2022年,笔者对北京市四个城区的四家宠物医院的犬、猫共计50份样本的肛拭子进行了研究。试验对样品中的大肠杆菌和肠球菌首先进行了分离培养和质谱鉴定,然后采用微量肉汤稀释法分析分离菌株的耐药表型。结果共分离出大肠杆菌25株、肠球菌25株（屎肠球菌14株、粪肠球菌11株）。大肠杆菌耐药率最高的2种抗菌药为四环素和氨苄西林,多重耐药菌占44%;肠球菌耐药情况较严重,粪肠球菌耐药率最高的抗菌药物为磺胺异噁唑,屎肠球菌耐药率最高的抗菌药物为磺胺异噁唑、头孢西丁和红霉素,二者多重耐药菌占分离株总数的100%。综上,北京地区宠物源大肠杆菌、肠球菌的耐药情况较为严峻,且多重耐药现象突出,需要加强对宠物抗菌药使用的监督与管理。     

Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from horses: Epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to the continued successful use of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infections. While the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from man has been studied extensively, less work has been undertaken in companion animals, particularly horses. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus has been identified as a cause of infections, with a low prevalence of nasal carriage by horses in the community but higher for hospitalised horses. Molecular characterisation has shown methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains either to be predominantly of types associated with horses or of sequence type ST398. Antimicrobial‐resistant Escherichia coli (including multidrug‐resistant and extended spectrum β‐lactamase‐producing isolates) have caused infections and been documented in faecal carriage by horses, with many significant resistance mechanisms identified. More sporadic reports and molecular characterisation exist for resistance in other bacteria such as enterococci, Salmonella, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas species. Limited work has been undertaken evaluating risk factors and much of the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from horses remains to be determined.     

鹅大肠埃希菌的分离及PCR鉴定

对江西南昌某养鹅场送检的病死雏鹅进行病理剖检,病原分离鉴定及药敏试验。分离得到一株纯培养细菌,革兰染色为G-杆菌,根据细菌培养特性及生化鉴定结果初步确定为大肠埃希菌。根据Gen-Bank上发表的大肠埃希菌16Sr RNA基因编码区rsmC基因,利用NCBI上的引物设计软件,设计一对特异性引物,通过PCR方法鉴定以及动物试验,确诊分离到的菌株为致病性大肠埃希菌。药敏试验结果表明,分离菌对阿莫西林/棒酸、头孢孟多、氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星4种药物高度敏感,对环丙沙星、洛美沙星中度敏感,而对其他16种药物表现耐药,多重耐药现象严重。     

3株猪源大肠埃希氏菌耐药基因的初步定位

本试验旨在对临床分离的猪源大肠埃希氏菌耐药基因进行初步定位。采用常规细菌分离培养、16S rRNA PCR扩增和序列测定方法从江西省3个规模化猪场送检的子宫脓液中分离鉴定病原菌,并通过质粒提取、转化大肠埃希氏菌DH5α感受态细胞及药敏试验对临床分离株的耐药基因进行初步定位。结果显示,分离鉴定到3株大肠埃希氏菌,其中JX-22分离株仅对氧氟沙星、大观霉素敏感,JX-26分离株仅对链霉素、氧氟沙星等4种药物敏感,JX-28分离株仅对氧氟沙星等3种药物敏感,均为多重耐药菌;3株大肠埃希氏菌均可纯化到分子质量大小不一的质粒。分离株、质粒转化菌及大肠埃希氏菌DH5α感受态细胞药敏试验对比结果显示,3株大肠埃希氏菌的耐链霉素、林可霉素、甲硝唑、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、大观霉素、丁胺卡那基因,JX-22和JX-26分离株的耐多西环素、氟苯尼考和复方新诺明基因,JX-22分离株的耐头孢曲松基因,JX-28分离株的耐头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、诺氟沙星基因均定位于细菌质粒上;JX-28分离株的耐多西环素、氟苯尼考和复方新诺明基因,JX-22分离株的耐诺氟沙星基因和JX-26分离株的耐头孢曲松、头孢噻肟基因均定位于其染色体上;3株分离株均无氧氟沙星耐药基因。本试验初步确定3株多重耐药猪源大肠埃希氏菌的大部分耐药基因定位于质粒上,为进一步研究猪源大肠埃希氏菌的耐药机理和有效控制措施奠定基础。