高毒效杀甜菜夜蛾苏云金芽孢杆菌WY-190

从本实验室分离得到的406株苏云金芽孢杆菌中，以甜菜夜蛾为供试昆虫，采用生物测定的方法，筛选出一株对甜菜夜蛾高效的WY－190菌株，确定其发酵原液LC50为0.25μl/ml。对WY－190的形态特征，生理生化特性和伴孢晶体蛋白进行了观察和研究。研究结果表明，WY－190属于H3a3b血清型库斯塔克亚种；具有几丁质酶活性，伴孢晶体主要为大小不一的菱形，小正方形，椭圆形，并具镶嵌结构；SDS－PAGE电泳图谱表明主要由135kD和65kD两种蛋白成分组成，在菌株生长形态，发酵培养特征，生理生化特性方面与生产菌株HD－1的差别不大，共主要差异表现在对甜菜夜蛾的敏感性和杀虫毒力的差别上。     

对夜蛾科幼虫高毒力的苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株及其晶体蛋白特性

本文对自德国土壤中分离的８株苏云金芽孢杆菌进行毒力测定和晶体蛋白特性的研究。生物测定结果表明，８株Ｂｔ中除Ｓ２１－１、Ｓ２１－１３对甜菜夜蛾无毒性外，对夜蛾科的４种供试昆虫均有很高的毒效，４８小时校正死亡率高达８０％～１００％；扫描电镜观察和ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ晶体蛋白电泳结果可知，Ｓ１１－６和Ｓ２１－１３２个菌株只有一种菱形晶体和一条相应的１３５ＫＤａ主带，其余６个菌株均有菱形和方形两种晶体，以及两条相应的１３５ＫＤａ和６５ＫＤａ主带。另对晶体的特性与其毒力的关系进行了讨论。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株B-Pr-88的生物学特性

就自行分离的、对鳞翅目夜蛾科害虫具有高毒力的Bt菌株B-Pr-88的生物学特性进行了系统研究.B-Pr-88可形成菱形、球形和不规则形等多种形态的晶体,主要由130kDa和60kDa两种蛋白组成;酯酶型与标准菌株蜡螟亚种和库斯塔克亚种一致,同属于galleriae型;10项生理生化反应结果表明,B-Pr-88与标准菌株蜡螟亚种反应一致;B-Pr-88菌株至少含有3种大小不同的质粒,经PCR-RFLP鉴定该菌株至少包括cry2Ab、cry9Ba和多种cry1(包括cry1Cb、cry1Db、cry1Fb和cry1Gb)等6种不同的杀虫晶体蛋白基因.     

苏云金杆菌HD-1制剂对小菜蛾的抗性筛选及抗性特征

本文报道用苏云金杆菌ＨＤ┐１的全培养物和杀虫晶体蛋白制剂对室内饲养的小菜蛾分别进行抗性筛选的结果。全培养物筛选群体对ＨＤ┐１筛选源的敏感性基本没有变化,ＨＤ┐１杀虫晶体蛋白制剂对这个品系的ＬＣ５０较敏感小菜蛾的ＬＣ５０提高了将近１．４８倍;含有灭活芽孢的杀虫晶体蛋白混合制剂对其ＬＣ５０增加了１．３３倍。经杀虫晶体蛋白制剂处理的群体,ＨＤ┐１全培养物、杀虫晶体蛋白制剂和灭活芽孢┐杀虫晶体蛋白混合制剂对它的ＬＣ５０分别是对敏感小菜蛾的１．４８、６．６８和７．５６倍,但是这两个抗性筛选群体对异源菌株ＴＪ┐２０全培养物的敏感性与敏感小菜蛾比较,基本没有变化;对其它两种ＴＪ┐２０制剂表现出了较低的交差抗性。     

对小地老虎具有杀虫毒力的苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株的分离及鉴定

从我国3种典型植被覆盖的6个地区的土壤样品分离得到了348株苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株,采用杀虫活性测定方法从中获得了32株对小地老虎具有高毒力的菌株。利用PCR-RFLP鉴定体系和SDS-PAGE蛋白分析法,研究了这32株苏云金芽孢杆菌的杀虫晶体蛋白基因类型和晶体蛋白表达情况,对小菜蛾、二化螟、棉铃虫的杀虫活性测定也证明了苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因类型、表达蛋白及杀虫活性间的相关性。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌分离过程中无晶体芽胞杆菌的分析

本研究选择了在苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)分离过程中发现的与Bt芽胞相似、没有伴胞晶体的8株芽胞杆菌,对其种属、质粒等生物学特性和杀虫活性进行了初步研究.对分离菌株所产芽胞进行形态观察及质粒图谱分析,发现其与Bt相似;但肽指纹图谱分析和16S rDNA聚类研究表明所分离菌株与蜡样芽胞杆菌B.cereus(Bc)匹配最高;杀虫活性测定表明这8株菌对猿叶甲Colaphellus bowringi幼虫均无毒杀作用,而15-3、W23-1和W25-3 3个菌株及其培养上清液对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫有一定的杀虫活性,说明它们能产生活性物质.这些结果说明在Bt菌株的分离过程中要对无晶体菌株加以重视,其含有的活性物质具有潜在的研究和利用价值.     

苏云金杆菌（Bt）芽孢的杀虫作用

本文简要综述了苏云金杆菌（Ｂｔ）芽孢的杀虫作用。讨论了Ｂｔ芽孢和晶体之间的增效作用，芽孢孢衣蛋白和晶体蛋白的同源性，芽孢孢衣蛋白的杀虫活性以及芽孢杀虫的可能机制。     

对蛴螬有活性的苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株的筛选与基因鉴定

为了寻找对地下害虫蛴螬有杀虫活性的基因资源,以实验室分离的500株苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)菌株为材料,通过杀虫活性测定筛选到43株对蛴螬有活性的菌株,其中菌株C9对3种供试昆虫均有活性.光学及扫描电镜检测发现这些菌株均释放球形晶体.SDS-PAGE分析显示这些菌株均表达约130kD的蛋白.采用3种方法分析43株菌株的杀虫晶体蛋白基因类型,结果显示:其中21株只含cry8Ca;13株同时含cry8Ca和cry8Ea基因;QC4等8株菌株只能用引物HRM8F/HRM8R获得高度保守区域约110bp的扩增产物,说明这些基因的5'端序列与已知基因差异较大.测序结果经BLAST分析显示,产物序列同cry8基因的相似性均在98%以上,但其全长基因类型还需要其它方法确定.菌株QCM的PCR-RFLF图谱不同于已发现的cry8基因,推测其中含有新基因.     

杀线虫苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株YC-10的分离鉴定及活性测定

自烟草中分离获得对南方根结线虫Meloidogyneincognita具有较高杀线活性的拮抗细菌菌株YC-10。研究发现该菌株有伴胞晶体产生,菌体、芽胞形态及生理生化特性与苏云金芽胞杆菌库斯塔克亚种B．thuringiensissubsp．kurstaki相似,16srDNA序列分析表明其与苏云金芽胞杆菌相似性最高,初步确定该菌株为苏云金芽胞杆菌。菌株发酵液及伴胞晶体蛋白对南方根结线虫J2有很强的杀线活性,发酵液处理南方根结线虫,24h线虫死亡率为100％;伴胞晶体蛋白处理南方根结线虫,24h的LC50为5．86μg．mL^-1。研究结果显示该菌株在线虫生物防治上有较大的应用潜力。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌对松材线虫的杀线活性

在室内条件下,测定了17株苏云金芽孢杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis伴孢晶体蛋白对松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus的杀线活性。通过初筛,发现菌株020、RBT-200701的伴孢晶体蛋白对松材线虫有明显毒杀作用。在测试的浓度范围内（菌株020为6.37-203.9μg/ml;RBT-200701为13.7-438.8μg/ml）,菌株对松材线虫的校正死亡率随其浓度增大而提高;随时间延长杀虫效果提高。020菌株晶体蛋白24h、48h时对松材线虫的LC50、LC95分别为183.20、408.20μg/ml和80.132、25.29μg/ml;RBT-200701菌株伴孢晶体蛋白24、48h时对松材线虫的LC50、LC95分别为368.00、868.00μg/ml和82.73、382.73μg/ml。SDS-PAGE分析发现这2个菌株晶体蛋白的蛋白图谱不同。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Transgene herbizidresistente Kulturen

Zusammenfassung Herbizidresistente Kulturpflanzen nehmen unter den derzeit weltweit angebauten gentechnisch veränderten Ackerbaukulturen Sojabohne, Baumwolle, Raps und Mais den weit überwiegenden Anteil ein. Als Ursachen für die rasche Zunahme der Anbauflächen herbizidresistenter Sorten sind unter anderem die Unzulänglichkeiten der für diese Kulturen bestehenden Herbizidlösungen sowie die Zunahme der pfluglosen Bestellverfahren zu sehen. Im Gegenzug hat die Minimalbodenbearbeitung aufgrund der Einführung der Herbizidresistenztechnologie, insbesondere in Sojabohne, ein ausgeprägtes Flächenwachstum erfahren.Als Entscheidungskriterien für die Wahl des Unkrautbekämpfungssystems unter Einbezug des Anbaus herbizidresistenter oder konventioneller Sorten lassen sich aus den Erfahrungen der vergangenen 8 Jahre anführen: Sortenleistung, erhöhte Kulturverträglichkeit und zeitliche Anwendungsflexibilität, Wirkungssicherheit einer Nachauflaufbehandlung in Trockenregionen, Wirkungsbreite, Wirkungsdauer und Bekämpfung resistenter Unkrautbiotypen. Aufgrund fehlender Zulassungen und Kennzeichnungsvorschriften in wichtigen Exportmärkten sind für den Anbau transgener Sorten in Übersee auch Vermarktungseinschränkungen sowie für den Anbau in Europa Haftungs- und Koexistenzregeln wichtige einzelbetriebliche Entscheidungsparameter.Fortschritte erfährt die Herbizidresistenztechnologie kurz- und mittelfristig in der Weiterentwicklung bereits praktizierter Spritzfolgen und Tankmischungen zu Fertigformulierungen der Komplementärherbizide mit residualen Partnern. Zur Bekämpfung und Vorbeugung der Ausbreitung neuer herbizidresistenter Biotypen werden die Komplementärherbizide mit Partnern anderer Wirkungsmechanismen kombiniert. Weitere Entwicklungen sind die Kombination verschiedener transgener Merkmale mit der Herbizidresistenz sowie die Ausweitung von den derzeit dominierenden Kulturen auf weltweit weniger bedeutsame Kulturen, in denen die Entwicklung neuer konventioneller Herbizidwirkstoffe bisher wenig erfolgreich war oder im Verhältnis zum Aufwand nur bedingt attraktiv ist. Für die langfristige Entwicklung könnte die Plastidentransformation zur Verhinderung einer unerwünschten Ausbreitung transgener Merkmale Bedeutung erlangen.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in the Netherlands. 3. Monographella nivalis and Fusarium spp. in winter wheat fields and seed lots

Data from surveys of winter wheat fields in the period 1974–1986 and of seed lots in the period 1962–1986 and identifications of diseases on plant samples were compiled to describe the occurrence of snow mould (Monographella nivalis) andFusarium spp. On average,M. nivalis dominated overFusarium spp. The complex ofFusarium spp. constituted mainly ofF. culmorum, followed byF. avenaceum andF. graminearum. M. nivalis was dominant in May on stem-bases and in July on leaves and leaf sheaths. On seedsM. nivalis predominated only in years with low temperatures in July and August.Average brown footrot infection in the field was 4% tillers in May and 5% culms in July. Brown footrot intensity in July was high in cropping seasons with high precipitation in October and with low temperatures in October, November and December. In July during the early eighties, an average of 8% of leaves and 6% of flag leaf sheaths were infected byM. nivalis. Average ear blight incidence was 1.2% glumes infected. Seed contamination by these pathogens averaged 16% in the years 1962–1986. The contamination was high in years with high precipitation in June, July and August. Aspects of cv. resistance and yield loss are illustrated.