上坡融雪径流对下坡融雪影响的模拟试验

东北低山丘陵区土地利用复杂,常有上坡积雪优先融化产流现象,不同产流模式融雪侵蚀过程不同.为深入了解上坡积雪优先融化条件下坡面融雪产流过程,采用室内模拟融雪试验,研究解冻期上坡融雪径流、坡度、坡长及积雪密度对坡面融雪产流过程的影响.结果表明：1）影响积雪融化速率的主要因素为上坡融雪径流,上坡融雪径流量为0.1L/s时,融雪速率为591 g/min,上坡融雪径流量增加至0.5 L/s时,融雪速率提高到1 121 g/min,融雪速率加快近2倍;2）坡度与积雪融化速率呈正相关关系,坡度为2°时,融雪速率为766 g/min,坡度提高至14°时,融雪速率增大到1 002 g/min;3）融雪速率随坡长增加整体呈上升趋势;4）积雪密度变化与积雪融化速率之间线型关系不明显.研究结果可为融雪侵蚀预报模型研究提供参考.     

玛河流域山区冰雪覆被变化与驱动因素的关联性分析

对1977—2013年Landsat影像运用监督分类进行解译获取冰雪覆被信息,并运用回归分析法对其驱动因素进行分析。结果表明:（1）冰雪覆被消融面积为2 372.92 km²,年均消融速率为2.1%。冰雪覆被斑块由大面积破碎,转向小面积斑块消失。（2）驱动因素中气温、人口、GDP在0.01水平上显著相关。冰雪覆被变化趋势滞后于气温变化趋势13～15 a,滞后于GDP变化趋势5 a,与人口变化呈非线性相关。驱动因素中坡度、坡向的影响为冰雪覆被分布趋于缓坡且多分布在西坡,雪线高度也逐年上升。（3）驱动因素与冰雪消融关联强度的顺序为:气温>人口> GDP,气温为主要影响因素。     

东北低山丘陵区季节性积雪特性研究

为探究东北低山丘陵区冬季积雪物理特性变化过程,利用超声雪深监测仪和Snow Fork雪特性分析仪采集积雪物理特性(积雪深度、积雪密度、液态含水率)数据,分析积雪深度、密度和液态含水率随时间的变化特征及其在垂直剖面上的变化过程。结果表明:主要积雪期为11月下旬至翌年2月中下旬,积雪深度与雪层温度、气温呈显著负相关关系,与降雪量呈正相关关系。积雪消融主要集中在10:00—18:00之间,且积雪消融相对于气温表现出滞后性,滞后时间约为4h。积雪初(12月1日观测),雪底层密度为0.198g/cm~3,表层为0.126g/cm~3,从底层至表层呈逐渐减小趋势。随着雪底层形成深霜,中间层5—10cm的积雪密度大于表层和底层。积雪0—5,5—10,10—15cm层平均液态含水率分别为0.308%,0.319%和0.205%,中间层最高,整体表现为单峰型。积雪液态含水率与积雪密度呈显著正相关关系(r=0.866,p0.05)。研究结果将为融雪径流形成、融雪侵蚀防治以及季节性积雪区生态系统功能评估提供基础数据。     

Increased snow depth affects microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in two Arctic tundra communities

Microbial activity in Arctic tundra ecosystems continues through the winter and is an important component of the annual C budget. This activity is sensitive to climatic variation, particularly snow depth because that regulates soil temperature. The influence of winter conditions on soil N cycling is poorly understood. In this study, we used intact core incubations sampled periodically through the winter and following growing season to measure net N mineralization and nitrification in dry heath and in moist tussock tundra under ambient and experimentally increased snow depths (by use of a snowfence). In dry heath, we sampled soils under Dryas octopetela or Arctostaphylos alpine, while in tussock tundra, we sampled Eriophorum vaginatum tussocks and Sphagnum dominated areas between tussocks. Our objectives were to: (1) examine how different winter snow regimes influenced year-round N dynamics in the two tundra types, and (2) evaluate how these responses are affected by dominant species present in each system. In tussock tundra, soils with increased winter snow cover had high net N mineralization rates during the fall and winter, followed by immobilization during thaw. In contrast, N mineralization only occurred during the autumn in soils with ambient snow cover. During the growing season when N immobilization dominated in areas with ambient snow cover, soils with increased winter snow cover had positive net mineralization and nitrification rates. In dry heath tundra, soils with increased snow depth had high late winter net N mineralization rates, but these rates were: (a) comparable to early winter rates in soils under Arctostaphylos plants with ambient snow cover; (b) greater in soils under Arctostaphylos plants than in soils under Dryas plants; and (c) less than the rates found in tussock tundra. Our findings suggest under ambient snow conditions, low soil temperatures limit soil N mineralization, but that deeper snow conditions with the associated warmer winter soil temperatures dramatically increase over-winter N mineralization and thereby alter the amount and timing of plant-available N in tundra ecosystems.     

Snow contamination by heavy metals and sulphur in Cracow agglomeration (Southern Poland)

The concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe), light metals (Ca, Mg), sulphate (SO _inf4 ^sup2? ) and pH in snow samples collected along 35 km transect from a large steel mill was determined. The concentration of heavy metals, light metals and sulphate decreased with the increasing distance from the emittors, whereas the snow acidity increased. Significant differences in the concentration of pollutants in snow between forest and open stands, between deciduous and mixed forests as well as with the date of snow collection were found.     

锡林河流域积雪时空特征及其对径流的影响

寒旱区草原流域地表水资源极为匮乏,融雪径流是寒旱区草原流域重要的水源,冰雪融化对河川径流有着十分显著的影响。利用锡林河流域水文站2000—2013年逐日径流数据、锡林浩特气象站2000—2015年逐日平均气温、降雨、雪深数据及MOD10A2积雪产品数据,分析了锡林河流域积雪面积、雪深年际变化特征,气象因子与积雪面积、雪深之间的相关性,以及径流的影响因素。结果表明:研究区积雪面积、雪深年内变化呈单峰型,冬季积雪面积、雪深均达到最大值,春秋次之,夏季最小。在年际变化上,积雪面积、雪深总体呈现增加趋势,其中冬季的积雪面积呈显著性增加。通过研究区气象因子与积雪的相关性表明,在积雪期,气温、风速和日照时数是影响雪深和积雪面积的主要因素,而在融雪期,气温与降水是影响雪深和积雪面积的主要因素。对径流影响因素的分析可得,气温对径流的影响最大,并且积雪面积、雪深与径流之间也存在很强的相关性,说明积雪的变化也会对径流产生影响。研究积雪动态变化及其对径流的影响对寒旱区草原流域水资源管理、农牧业发展和灾害防御具有重要的现实意义。     

Outdoor scale modeling of shrub barriers in drifting snow

Model shrub barriers one-twentieth the average height of corresponding mature plants were exposed to snow drifting on a frozen lake, to test the effects of barrier porosity and row spacing on snow accumulation. Single rows with porosities of 8, 15, and 23% produced drifts with average cross-sectional areas of 9H², where H is model height, The area of the average deposition downwind of a 36% porosity model was 12H². Total deposition behind two model shrub rows spaced 8, 10 and 14H apart, perpendicular to the wind, was greatest for the largest spacing. At this spacing, the minimum snow depth between rows was 0.5H. The experiments demonstrate the importance of maintaining porous barriers. Gaps, simulating shrub mortality, greatly reduced snow storage, especially during high winds. Results from this investigation indicate that a porous shrub in rows spaced at least 14 times the average barrier height, would provide good snow distribution for forage production between rows.     

北疆地区积雪与冻土变化的特征分析

利用1960—2007年北疆6个国家基本气象站积雪及冻土资料,分析了北疆地区积雪和冻土深度的气候分布特征,并利用统计学方法总结了积雪对冻土变化的影响。结果表明:（1）最大冻土深度受海拔高度的影响较大,并与其成正比。最大冻土深度值出现年代从平原向山区滞后;从20世纪80年代后最大冻土深度出现减小的趋势,且平原较山区更加明显;3个不同类型冻土区冬季最大冻土深度和平均冻土深度的年际变化基本上随时间逐渐减小;（2）Ⅰ区的最大积雪深度大于Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区,各站冬季最大积雪深度和平均积雪深度的年际变化基本上都呈现单峰单谷型;（3）Ⅰ区最大积雪深度和最大冻土深度的对应关系呈现双峰型,Ⅱ区为单峰型,Ⅲ区则为对数型。积雪深度较浅时,冻土深度增加较明显,随着积雪深度的增加,冻土深度变化较小,当积雪深度超过一定限值后,冻土深度还有下降的趋势;（4） M-K检验结果为各站最大冻土深度与积雪的变化趋势基本相反且突变点基本一致,呈现负相关。     

SPOT VEGETATION S10影像云和雪盖的检测与处理

以整个中国区域为例,采用3种检测方法对Spot vegetation S10影像上存在的云和雪盖的检测结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,BISE检测器得到的云层和实际最为接近,用Spot vegetation状态地图得到的云层过少,而用Spot vegetation检测器V2.0得到的云和雪盖像素有部分重叠.最后利用云、雪盖像素在时间序列上的相邻像素进行平滑处理方法达到去云和雪盖的目的,研究结果对于Spot vegetation S10影像的噪音消除和应用精度的提高具有借鉴意义.     

黑土表层有效养分含量和酶活性对雪被去除的季节性响应

为探究黑土养分和土壤酶活性对极端积雪覆盖情况的季节性响应,该研究采用雪被去除的方法,设置了2个试验组(积雪覆盖试验组和雪被去除对照组),并进行了土壤温湿度、有机质含量、碱解氮含量、速效磷含量以及脲酶活性和转化酶活性动态变化的分析.结果表明,雪被去除显著降低了土壤温度和土壤水分(P<0.05),使土壤冻结和融化时间提前,...     

新疆雪密度分布研究

新疆9个代表站点实测资料显示，新疆雪密度变化有明显稳定期和不稳定期之分，稳定期雪密度随时间呈斜率为0．0059的直线变化；进一步通过对新疆29个有雪密度观测资料的气象站40a（1964—2003年）气象资料进行聚类和回归分析，结果表明降水、雪深、大风、吹雪日数等因子与稳定期雪密度有显著或极显著正相关关系，从而建立了雪密度估算的气候模型。利用雪密度气候模型，以79个站雪密度为基础，采用mapgis65，结合地形、高程和卫星遥感数据，完成了新疆稳定期雪密度的空间分布图，该图是可用于计算的电子图集，可随时提取新疆及其任意区域的雪密度。     

积雪覆盖条件下土壤液态含水率空间分布

为了揭示季节性冻土区积雪覆盖条件下土壤垂直剖面各层次液态含水率序列的复杂性变化过程,基于(2013年11月-2014年4月)实测的田间数据,分析了裸地、自然降雪、积雪压实和积雪加厚覆盖处理条件下5、10、15、20、40、60、100、140、180 cm土层土壤液态含水率的变化过程,采用变异系数、方差等指标评价其时间序列的离散程度,同时利用小波变换信息量系数(wavelet transform information cost function,WT-ICF)值对含水率序列的复杂性进行识别验证。结果表明:冻融期,积雪覆盖阻碍了土壤与环境之间的水汽传输与能量交换过程,裸地处理条件下土壤含水率变幅最大的层面出现在20 cm土层处,其含水率变幅为18.31%,自然降雪、积雪压实和积雪加厚条件下其最大变幅层面分别为15、15、10 cm,层面逐渐上升;裸地处理条件下20 cm土层处的离散程度最大,随着积雪覆盖厚度的增加和密度的增大,序列离散程度最大的层面逐渐上移,其变异系数依次为6.0189%、6.1367%和6.8546%,波动性增强;小波变换信息量系数能够精确的测算各土层土壤含水率的复杂度,裸地、自然降雪、积雪压实和积雪加厚处理条件下其复杂性活跃层依次为21、18、14和10 cm,积雪的存在导致了环境因子对于土壤的影响区域减小,复杂性活跃层向地表移动。该研究揭示了北方寒区冻融期土壤水分迁移的复杂性特征,对于合理预测春播期土壤墒情,精准、高效的利用土壤水资源具有指导意义。     

Snow removal and its influence on temperature and N dynamics in alpine soils (Vallée d'Aoste,northwest Italy)

The effect of a lack of snow cover in winter was investigated in two soils, beneath larch and meadow, in NW Italy (Vallée d'Aoste Region). During the late 1980s and early 1990s and 2000s, this region experienced extreme climatic conditions including a low snow pack and lack of snow cover for extended periods with important effects on soil temperature and nutrient dynamics. In particular, the mountain belt in the Alps may be extremely sensitive to these phenomena, in relation to the rise in average snowline projected under a warmer global climate. The study area is located at an elevation of 1450 m asl in the Italian Alps (Mont Mars Natural Reserve). During the winter 2003/04, snow was continuously removed in a treatment plot while a reference plot was maintained undisturbed. Soil temperature was measured at 10 cm depth by data loggers (UTL‐1). Soil N transformations in the topsoil (10 cm depth) were determined by the buried‐bag technique. The removal of the snow cover caused a significant decrease in soil temperature, related to concurrent decreases in air temperature. The lowest soil temperatures recorded were –4.3°C and –4.5°C beneath larch and meadow, respectively, on January 31, 2004. Soil temperature in the undisturbed plots was maintained above the freezing point when the snow cover was present. The snow removal caused significant increases in net ammonification in both soils and net nitrification only under meadow, but did not affect microbial biomass N which decreased in both plots. Our results suggest that the lower temperature reached in the plot without snow favored the production of inorganic N by physical rather than microbial degradation of soil organic matter (SOM). Soil freezing could enhance soil‐aggregate disruption releasing physically protected SOM and fragmentation of OM itself.     

Experimental snowpack reduction alters organic matter and net N mineralization potential of soil macroaggregates in a northern hardwood forest

Climate change is predicted to reduce or delay annual wintertime snow pack formation in the forests of the northeastern US. Any delay in snowpack formation could increase soil freezing in winter and, thereby, alter soil characteristics and processes. We examined the hypothesis that delayed snowpack would disrupt soil structure and change organic matter bioavailability in an experimental snow removal study at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), NH, USA. Pairs of reference and snow removal treatment plots were studied in four different sites at HBEF. Snow was removed from November–January of two winters, inducing soil freezing throughout both winters. Size class distribution and organic matter concentration and content of aggregates, and carbon and nitrogen mineralization potential of size fractions were quantified for surface mineral soils in the spring of both years immediately after snowmelt. In the first year of sampling, the only significant effect of snow removal was an increase in the smallest (<53 μm) size fraction of mineral soil. In the second year, snow removal increased organic matter concentrations of macroaggregate (250–2,000 μm) and microaggregate (53–250 μm) size fractions. This change corresponded to an increase in net N mineralization potential and the ratio of N to C mineralized in the macroaggregate fraction, but there were no effects of snow removal on C mineralization. We propose that soil freezing increases the movement of organic matter from organic to mineral soil horizons and increases the N content of mineralizable substrates in mineral soil following years with delayed snowpack formation.     

雪荷载作用下几字型钢日光温室极限承载力分析

雪灾是导致日光温室倒塌的主要原因之一。为探明几字型钢日光温室在雪荷载作用下的失稳机理,该研究采用有限单元法,以8 m跨日光温室为研究对象,模拟其在雪荷载（均匀分布雪荷载和非均匀分布雪荷载）作用下的失稳破坏过程,计算其极限承载力,并探究纵向系杆、初始几何缺陷、截面参数对极限承载力的影响。结果表明：对于净截面面积、上翼缘宽度、腹板高度和壁厚均相同的几字型钢和空心矩形钢管,几字型钢日光温室极限承载力稍高于空心矩形钢管日光温室极限承载力;相较于均匀分布雪荷载,日光温室拱架对非均匀分布雪荷载更为敏感,非均匀分布雪荷载作用下的极限承载力约是均匀分布雪荷载作用下的28%,在日光温室结构设计中,应重点考虑非均匀分布雪荷载工况;在非均匀分布雪荷载作用下,屋脊和后屋面支座处为危险截面,最先进入全截面屈服状态;纵向系杆的设置可有效抑制结构平面外变形,进而提高结构极限承载力,有纵向系杆约束条件下的结构极限承载力约是无纵向系杆约束条件下的1.25倍;该日光温室拱架对初始几何缺陷敏感度较低,当最大初始几何缺陷幅值从5 mm增加到20 mm时,极限承载力降低约2%;在几字型钢截面选取时,在满足规范要求宽厚比前提下,建议上翼缘宽度与翻边宽度之比控制在4.17左右,腹板高度与翻边宽度之比不大于9.25,下翼缘宽度与翻边宽度之比不大于1.7,上翼缘宽度与下翼缘宽度之比控制在3.33左右,腹板高度与下翼缘宽度之比控制在4.67左右。该研究结果可为开口冷弯薄壁型钢日光温室拱架抗雪设计提供参考。     

Substances in Urban Snow. A comparison of the contamination of snow in different parts of the city of Luleå, Sweden

The aim of the study was to investigate how the quality of snow varies within a city. The study area is situated in the Luleå municipality, in northern Sweden (lat. 65°35′N and long. 22°10′E). For this study, the city was divided into three different types of areas: housing areas, city centre and outskirts. In one area of each type, sampling sites were selected. Snow samples were taken at nine occasions, once every fourteenth day in the city centre and in the housing area. Analyses were carried out for pH, conductivity, suspended solids and both the total and dissolved concentration of phosphorus and selected metals. It was concluded that traffic or activities related to traffic were a major source of heavy metals and phosphorus in urban snow, both in the city centre and in the housing area. Also, the type of area and the design of the street were important for the quality of snow. A clear relation was found between the pH and the quantity of suspended solids in the snow. Higher pH values were found in snow samples from sites with higher traffic loads, and lower pH values at sites, which were the no-traffic sites, with small quantities of particles. The particulate and dissolved substances in the snow behaved in different ways.     

Cloudwater chemistry in the subcooled droplet regime at Mount Sonnblick (3106 M A.S.L., Salzburg,Austria)

Cloudwater and wet precipitation (snow) samples were collected at Mount Sonnblick during two field campaigns in May and November 1991. A newly designed active cloud water samples was used. Concentrations of major anions, cations and carboxylic acids were determined. Cloudwater and wet precipitation samples were generally more acidic in the warm season than in the cold season. Average cloudwater pH was 4.2 in May and 4.5 in November, average pH in snow was 4.4 in May and 5.1 in November. Average levels for sulfate (May: 96 μeq L^?1, November: 64 μeq L^?1) and nitrate (May: 27 μeq L^?1, November: 32 μeq L^?1) in cloudwater at SBO (3 km altitude) were considerably lower than at high mountain sites (0.9–2 km altitude) in the Eastern U.S.A. Cold season levels of sulfate in cloud water at SBO were as low as cloud water levels observed in Alaska. Equivalent concentrations of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in snow precipitation were basically lower or equal compared to cloudwater but showed higher concentrations and stronger acidity in both phases in May than in November. Cloud to snow ratios for major ions were higher in November showing a wider spread than in May. Average cloud to snow ratios for sulfate were 2.4 in May and 3.5 in November. For nitrate the ratio was 1.7 in May and 2.1 in November. The lower cloud to snow ratios for nitrate are explained by the ability of the ice phase to scavenge nitric acid. Cloud to snow ratios were similar to measurements from the Swiss Alps and generally equal or lower than high elevation cloud to rain ratios from the U.S.A. Cloud to snow ratios for sulfate were used to reconstruct the mixing ratio of sublimation grown ice phase and cloud water droplets during the riming process of the ice particles in the seeder-feeder mechanism. The mixing ratio of ice phase and cloud droplets was estimated to be 1.4 in May and 2.5 in November. Sulfate to nitrate ratios were higher in cloud water than in snow and within the range of values found in North America. Generally, sulfate was more concentrated than nitrate at an equivalent basis for both cloudwater and rainwater. Total equivalent concentrations of acetate were generally higher than those of formate which is in contrast to measurements at remote high elevation sites in the U.S.A.     

Dry deposition to snow in an urban area

Ambient particle and gas concentrations, wet deposition and dry deposition were measured in Warren, MI between December 18, 1983 and April 6, 1984. Dry deposition was measured to various surfaces in a cutoff bucket, including a snow surface, a snow/water surface during melting and a deionized water surface. Dry deposition velocities were calculated for various species from the ratio of the dry flux to the ambient concentrations. The dry deposition velocities measured to a snow surface were 0.082 cm s^?1 SO₂ 2.0 for HNO₃, 0.083 for NH₄ ⁺, 2.0 for Ca⁺⁺ and 4.3 for Cl^?. The values were not significantly different for a snow/water surface during melting compared to a snow surface. However, higher values of 0.69 cm s^?1 for SO₂, 6.2 for HNO₃, 0.33 for NH₄ ⁺, and 4.2 for Ca⁺⁺ were found to a deionized water surface in the spring. These higher values could be due to the higher air temperature, the pH of the liquid or to increased atmospheric mixing during this period.     

基于GIS的青海省雪灾风险评估模型

通过建立雪灾定量化评估模型,提供反映雪灾地理分布特征的风险区划,以实现快速、准确地对区域雪灾进行大范围监测和情景分析。根据青海基础地理信息数据,以县级行政为评价单元,提取了91.7 m×91.7 m栅格的坡度、坡向、草地类型等孕灾环境参数值,对雪灾形成的潜在地理条件进行分析;以雪灾规模、频率和密度等为致灾体危险性指标;选取人口密度、经济密度、交通密度以及土地资源丰富度等社会经济背景数据为承灾体易损性评价指标。基于ArcGIS平台,应用数学综合评价法建立了基于空间统计分析的青海牧区雪灾定量化综合风险评估模型,在使用相关基础图件和资料基础上,对属性和图形数据库进行操作,分别得到雪灾的孕灾环境敏感性、灾害危险性、承灾体易损性评价图层,再经过图层叠加、斑块合并以及等级划分等操作,最终得到青海省雪灾风险区划图。研究结果可对牧区越冬前采取有效风险管理以减轻损失,保障草地畜牧业的可持续发展具有重要意义;并且为当地政府及防灾救灾部门制定灾前减灾规划和灾后救助决策提供科学依据,研究方法对于全国其他省区的雪灾风险评估也具有重要参考价值。     

典型黑土区不同尺度观测场地融雪径流

通过对典型黑土区坡面、微型小流域和小流域3个尺度观测场地连续4 a的融雪监测,比较分析了融雪径流发生特征及其所占的比例。结果表明,该区融雪发生和持续时间取决于日最高气温和冬季总降雪量。降雪径流系数远大于降雨径流系数,部分年融雪径流量多于降雨径流量,坡面尺度的径流系数高于小流域尺度的径流系数。小流域的融雪径流最能代表汇入河流中的雪水量。降雪径流系数年际波动大,范围为3%~83.6%,融雪径流量占全年降水径流量的59.3%,在径流观测中不容忽视。