三角帆蚌内脏团培育圆形有核珍珠的试验

报导了三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)内脏团培育圆形有核珍珠的试验结果。结果显示:插植珠核的7362只手术蚌植核后一个月内成活率99.2%。经23个月养殖后,随机抽取50只。结果留核率达94%,成珠率为86%,其中中高档珠占37.2%。有核珍珠直径在9.4~11.6 mm之间,其中10 mm以上占88.4%。11.6%的珍珠表面有小于3 mm的凸起,未发现带扁而长尾巴的珍珠。试验表明:三角帆蚌内脏团内能培育出高品质的有核珍珠。此外还发现,脱核或核片分离的细胞小片仍可在内脏团内形成珍珠。     

育珠期三角帆蚌的生长及其与珍珠增长的关系

通过对三角帆蚌壳长、壳宽、蚌总重（整体湿重）、内脏团湿重、壳重和珍珠重等指标在5-11月间的逐月连续测定,研究了常规养殖模式下育珠期2龄三角帆蚌在主要生长季节的生长规律及其与珍珠生长的相关性。结果表明：珍珠重(PW)与壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)的关系分别为PW=0.0008SL3.3946 (R2=0.6948)和PW=0.7809SW1.0227 (R2=0.6888);而珍珠重(PW)与蚌重(TW)、内脏团重(BW)和壳重(W)的关系分别为PW=0.0021TW1.5434 (R2=0.7337),PW=0.107BW0.9125 (R2=0.7158)和PW=0.0324W1.1259 (R2=0.7101);三角帆蚌总重(TW)与壳长(SL)、 壳宽(SW)的关系最适合用指数函数进行拟合,其关系式分别为TW=16.003e0.1681SL,(R2=0.7961),和TW=64.311e0.1372SW (R2=0.6822);而内脏团重(BW)和壳重(W)与壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)的关系则适合为幂函数曲线拟合,关系式分别为BW=0.0188SL3.1427,(R2=0.6927);W=0.0656SL2.7721, (R2=0.8271)和BW=12.446SW0.8974 (R2=0.617);W=19.876SW0.802 (R2=0.7563)。本研究结果发现,珍珠生长与蚌总重、壳长和壳宽等外部测量指标之间的相关性显著,从而无须通过杀蚌取珠而直接通过这些外部生长指标的测定就能较好地了解珍珠的生长,更好地为珍珠养殖生产和管理提供指导。     

Effects of integrated combination and quicklime supplementation on growth and pearl yield of freshwater pearl mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii (Lea, 1852)

The effects of integrated combination and quicklime supplementation on growth and pearl yield of a freshwater mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii (Lea, 1852), were examined through a 137-day growout in land-based enclosures. The integrated combinations examined were either mussel, bighead carp and gibel carp or mussel and bighead carp. Each combination was treated either with or without quicklime supplementation. One half of the mussels in each enclosure were grafted with pieces of the mantle epithelium while the other half were not. During the experiment, gibel carp were fed formulated feed while the mussel and bighead carp were fed natural live food. Quicklime was regularly provided in the enclosures as calcium replenishment. The species composition in the integrated system significantly affected growth in shell size and wet weight of the mussels regardless of the graft and pearl yield, while no significant effects of quicklime supplementation were detected. Growth rates in shell size and wet weight of both grafted and non-grafted mussels and pearl yield were slightly higher in the enclosures with mussel, bighead carp and gibel carp than those with mussel and bighead carp, although these differences were not statistically significant. The non-grafted mussel exhibited faster growth in shell size and wet weight than the grafted mussel within the same treatment. Results of the present study indicate that species combination in an integrated system can affect growth and pearl yield of H. cumingii . The species combination of mussel, bighead carp and gibel carp is recommended for commercial H. cumingii farming.     

三角帆蚌生长性状和内壳色与所产无核珍珠质量的相关性分析

为了研究供片蚌和育珠蚌对无核珍珠质量的影响,以三角帆蚌紫色选育系F₅为材料,在插植无核珍珠前,测量了供片蚌和育珠蚌的壳长、壳高、壳宽、体质量等生长性状,检测了供片蚌内壳色颜色参数L、a、b、dE。经过18个月育珠,测量了育珠蚌的壳长、壳高、壳宽、体质量,计算其特定生长率,检测了育珠蚌内壳色颜色参数L、a、b、dE,测量了育珠蚌所产无核珍珠的颜色、大小、圆度、光泽和产珠量。结果发现,供片蚌生长性状与所产无核珍珠大小、圆度和产珠量相关性不显著(P>0.05)。供片蚌内壳色与无核珍珠颜色相关性极显著(r=-0.400~0.376,P<0.01),供片蚌dE值越大所产紫色珍珠比例越高、dE值越小所产白色珍珠比例越高。育珠蚌特定生长率与所产无核珍珠大小、光泽和产珠量相关性极显著(r=0.237~0.516,P<0.01),相关程度为体重> 壳长> 壳宽> 壳高,育珠蚌特定生长率与所产无核珍珠圆度相关性极显著(r=-0.284~-0.256,P<0.01),相关程度为壳长>体质量>壳宽>壳高。育珠蚌内壳色与所产无核珍珠颜色、大小、圆度、光泽和产珠量相关性不显著(P>0.05)。综合各性状相关性分析,改良供片蚌内壳色可以改良珍珠颜色,改良育珠蚌的生长性状可以改良珍珠大小、光泽、圆度和产珠量。     

三角帆蚌对综合养殖水体水质及鱼蚌生长的影响

在草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)养殖池中进行鱼蚌综合养殖试验,以探究三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)吊养密度和深度对水质、鱼和蚌生长的影响。试验共分4个处理组,三角帆蚌放养模式分别为对照组0只/m³(C)、水下40 cm处单层吊养9只/m³(D-6)、水下40 cm处单层吊养18只/m³(D-12)、水下40 cm和80 cm处双层吊养18只/m³(S-12)。结果显示:试验期间,各组透明度和溶氧均随时间的延长呈现下降趋势。吊养组(D-6、D-12、S-12)TN、NH⁺₄-N和COD的平均含量均低于C组。各组TP平均含量无显著差异。吊养三角帆蚌后草鱼的成活率和增重率显著提高,其中D-12组鱼和蚌的存活率和增重率最高。同等三角帆蚌密度下,单层吊养(D-12)的水质化学指标、鱼和蚌的存活率和增重率均优于双层吊养(S-12)。从改善水质、鱼蚌生长情况等指标考虑,在草鱼养殖池中,三角帆蚌最佳吊养密度和深度分别为18只/m...     

四种微藻投喂对三角帆蚌生长、产珠性能、内壳层颜色和微量元素的影响

为筛选三角帆蚌集约化养殖优质的饵料微藻,本实验采用单因子实验方法,探究投喂不同藻(小环藻、小球藻、二形栅藻、旋转单针藻和混合藻)对三角帆蚌生长、产珠性能和内壳珍珠层颜色的影响.结果显示,投喂不同藻对三角帆蚌的生长影响显著,投喂小环藻组三角帆蚌的体质量增重率、壳长、壳宽和壳高增长率最佳.二形栅藻组次之,但壳长增长率略高于...     

诸暨养殖池塘内水环境、三角帆蚌生长与珍珠产量

2006.06.03-11.08研究了浙江省诸暨市3口蚌养殖池塘内的水温、透明度(SD)、溶氧(DO)、pH等理化因子以及三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)生长和珍珠产量。结果显示:实验期间池塘内水温平均为28℃,透明度为24~31 cm,pH为8.5~8.8,DO为6.6~7.8 mg/L,盐度为0.1,Ca2+含量为19.4~37.0 mg/L,总硬度为64.0~123.3 mg CaCO3/L,总碱度为58.4~109.4 mg CaCO3/L,TN为0.76~1.12 mg/L,TP为0.14~0.33 mg/L,TN/TP为4~8,CODMn为9.99~15.5 mg/L。经过158 d生长,池塘内育无核珠或有核珠的3龄蚌蚌壳长增加0.16~0.94 cm,蚌重增加21~61 g;育无核珠的5龄蚌蚌壳长增加0.1~0.25 cm,蚌重增加27~76 g。蚌壳和蚌重生长速度受蚌龄影响,蚌重生长速度的变化幅度往往比蚌壳大。育无核珠的3龄蚌和5龄蚌内珍珠增重分别为每蚌2.03~2.87 g和3.52~5.23 g。3龄蚌蚌壳长和蚌重生长比5龄蚌快,但珍珠产量低于后者,表明三角帆蚌珍珠产量与其蚌壳和蚌重生长速度并不完全一致。     

吊养在池塘不同水层中的三角帆蚌的存活和生长

2005年5～11月在浙江省诸暨某池塘研究了吊养在池塘水表层下10 cm、40 cm和80 cm处三角帆蚌(Hyri-opsis cumingii)的生长。实验结果表明:吊养在不同水层的三角帆蚌成活率无显著差异,但吊养在表层下40 cm水层的蚌蚌壳长、蚌壳宽和蚌重增长速度明显高于吊养在表层下10 cm和80 cm水层的蚌,吊养在表层下10 cm处的蚌生长最慢。     

An investigation of salmonid host utilization by the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) in north‐west Scotland

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Effects of replacing microalgae with an artificial diet on pearl production traits and mineralization‐related gene expression in pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii

The effects of replacing dietary microalgae with artificial diet on pearl production traits and biomineralization‐related gene expression were investigated in pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii). Three experiment groups (EG1, EG2 and EG3) were set. EG1 and EG3 were separately fed Platymonas subcordiformis and artificial diet (D4), respectively, and EG2 was fed with mixed P. subcordiformis and D4. A control group (CG) was cultured in natural sea. All groups were continuously fed for 150 days. The results showed that the survival rates of EG1, EG2 and EG3 were significantly higher than that of CG. No significant differences in retention rate and pearl thickness were observed among the four groups, but CG had the lowest values of both parameters. The relative expression levels of EGFR and FGF18 mRNA did not significantly differ among EG1, EG2 and EG3. Moreover, the relative expression levels of GHITM and TβR I mRNA significantly varied among the groups and EG3, and EG1 had the highest and lowest relative expression levels of GHITM and TβR I mRNA respectively. The relative expression levels of nacrein and chitin‐binding mRNA significantly differed among the groups, and EG1 had the lowest expression levels of nacrein and chitin‐binding mRNA. No significant differences in the relative expression levels of MSI60 and TIMP mRNA were observed among the groups. The results suggested that D4 can replace part of microalgae, which is helpful for further studies on developing artificial diet of pearl oyster.     

三角帆蚌产珠性能与生长性状和插片部位的关系

2003年5月,获得鄱阳湖群体三角帆蚌（Hyriopsis cumingii）同一母蚌的后代,同年10月插种无核珍珠,然后在同一口池塘培育3年,于2006年11月研究其产珠性能与生长性状和插片部位的关系。结果表明,珍珠单颗质量、粒径、直径差百分比、产珠量和圆珠率5个指标的极差以及变异系数非常大,说明同一亲蚌子代个体间在育珠性能方面出现较大分化,可通过选育进行改良。各指标与单蚌产珠量的相关性由高到低依次为,壳质量、体质量、壳高、壳宽、壳长;各指标与珍珠粒径的相关性由高到低依次为,壳质量=体质量、壳宽、壳高;各指标与直径差百分比的相关性由高到低依次为,壳宽、壳质量=体质量;各指标与圆珠率的相关性由高到低依次为,壳宽、壳质量、体质量。结合生产可操作性,体质量和壳宽应作为两个最主要选育性状;位于外套膜外侧的珍珠质量显著高于内侧（P〈0．05）,但未发现左壳与右壳间珍珠质量具有显著性差异（P≥,0．05）。[中国水产科学,2008,15（3）;493-499]     

三角帆蚌F5壳色及生长性状选育效果评价

以选育系紫色三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)F_4和非选育系三角帆蚌为亲本建立后代家系群体,比较选育组与对照组贝壳珍珠质颜色和生长性状,以评价F5贝壳珍珠质层颜色与生长性能选育效果。结果显示,选育组明度L*、饱和度C*、色差值d E*与对照组差异极显著(P0.01),选育组明度L*比对照组低17.13%,饱和度C*高于对照组20.55%,色差值d E*高于对照组22.56%,表明选育组贝壳珍珠质层颜色较对照组颜色更深,色彩更丰富。选育组左右两侧贝壳珍珠质层颜色参数–L*、d E*从前端至后端逐渐增大,表明贝壳珍珠质层颜色逐渐加深,对照组前端至后端变化规律与其不同。选育组与对照组左右贝壳相同位置处,贝壳珍珠质层颜色参数均无显著性差异(P0.05)。选育组各生长性状均显著高于对照组(P0.05),壳长、壳高、壳宽、体重分别高于对照组12.30%、9.95%、8.60%、36.34%。对贝壳珍珠质层颜色参数与生长指标综合评定值联合分析发现,B2、B4、B5、B6、B3家系最优,贝壳珍珠质层颜色深,并具有较强生长优势,可用于进一步选育与推广。通过对贝壳珍珠质层颜色和生长性状相关性分析发现,选育组内壳珍珠质层各颜色参数与生长性状之间相关系数较低,相关程度极弱,无法通过生长性状间接选择贝壳珍珠质颜色。     

Phenotypic indicators for cultured pearl size improvement in the black‐lipped pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera): towards selection for the recipient growth performance

The black‐lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, is the most important farmed species in French Polynesia and the basis of the most valuable export industry. Mass production of black pearls relies on a surgical operation requiring tissue from a donor pearl oyster to be grafted, together with a nucleus made of shell, into the gonad of a recipient oyster. Improving pearl size through family selection remains one of the main challenges for future aquaculture development. This study analyses the relative contribution of donor and recipient oysters to pearl size. To this end, hatchery‐produced donor oysters of two batches, large and small (based on shell height), were used to supply grafts for recipients, which were then monitored individually for their growth performance by recording shell height, width, and thickness, and total live weight (flesh + shells) every 6 months (four biometric measurement times) over 20 months of culture. Pearls issued from the two batches of donors showed no significant differences in nacre weight or thickness. In contrast, recipient oyster shell height and total weight were increasingly positively correlated with these pearl size parameters over the culture period, becoming significant at 8 months post‐grafting. Potential therefore exists to use shell height and oyster weight as phenotypic indicators for selective breeding of recipient oysters with high growth performance to increase pearl size in P. margaritifera.     

三角帆蚌外套膜细胞体外培养优化及体内植入培养对细胞生长的影响

以DMEM为基础培养基, 通过优化改良培养基及缓冲液的配方, 对三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii Lea)外套膜进行细胞培养, 并且以显微观测、RNA/DNA的比值作为该细胞增殖的评价指标, 分别对体外培养细胞的迁出时间、速度、数量以及增殖活力进行测定。分别取体外培养第24、108、120 小时的细胞进行Hoechst DNA荧光标记, 然后将3组标记细胞植入三角帆蚌外套膜中在蚌体内培养, 在植入后第24、72、120、168、216 小时运用RNA/DNA指标检测活体培养的细胞增殖活力。结果表明, 经过优化后的缓冲液和培养基更有利于细胞从外套膜组织中迁出, 迁出速度和细胞数量显著增加(P<0.05), 且细胞的活力随着培养时间的延长而逐渐增大, 培养至108 h时, 细胞活力达到最大, RNA/DNA比值为 24.53, 在108 h后显著下降(P<0.05), 显微观测的细胞生长状况与RNA/ DNA指标测定相吻合。对体外培养的细胞植入蚌体外套膜中再进行培养时发现, 对体外培养活力较好的细胞, 活体内环境可增大细胞的活力, RNA/DNA比值最高达到25.45, 但在活体培养168 h 后活力显著下降(P<0.05); 而对体外培养活力较差的细胞, 活体内环境对细胞活力影响不显著(P>0.05)。本研究旨在为三角帆蚌外套膜细胞增殖的深入研究及建株提供基础性资料。

     

Macro‐geographical differences influenced by family‐based expression on cultured pearl grade,shape and colour in the black‐lip ‘pearl oyster’ Pinctada margaritifera: a preliminary bi‐local case study in French Polynesia

In French Polynesia, the aquaculture of Pinctada margaritifera is carried out in numerous grow‐out sites, located over three archipelagos (Gambier, Society and Tuamotu). To evaluate the impact of macro‐geographical effects of these growing sites on pearl quality traits, five hatcheries produced families were used as homogeneous donor oysters in an experimental graft. The molluscs were then reared in two commercial locations: Tahaa Island (Society) and Rangiroa atoll (Tuamotu). At harvest, eight pearl quality traits were recorded and compared: surface defects, lustre, grade, circles, shape categories, darkness level, body and secondary colour and visual colour categories. Overall inter‐site comparison revealed that: (1) all traits were affected by grow‐out location except for lustre and round shape, and (2) a higher mean rate of valuable pearls was produced in Rangiroa. Indeed, for pearl grade, Rangiroa showed twice as many A‐B and less reject samples than Tahaa. This was related to the number of surface defects (grade component): in Rangiroa, twice as many pearls had no defects and less pearls had up to 10 defects. Concerning pearl shape, more circled and baroque pearls were found in Tahaa (+10%). For colour variation, 10% more pearls have an attractive green overtone in Rangiroa than in Tahaa, where more grey body colour were harvested. Lustre does not seem to be affected by these two culture site (except at a family scale). This is the first time P. margaritifera donor family have been shown to vary in the quality of pearls they produce depending on their grow‐out location.     

Age‐dependence of cultured pearl grade and colour in the black‐lipped pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera

Pinctada margaritifera is an economically important marine bivalve species for cultured pearl production in French Polynesian aquaculture. In order to evaluate the influence of donor oyster age on pearl quality traits, experiments were conducted over 6 years using both grafts and surgreffe operations. At harvest, six pearl quality traits were recorded and compared: surface defects, lustre, grade, darkness level and visual colour. Analysing the quality traits of pearls harvested in the initial graft process and those of pearls obtained from surgreffe experiments allowed a comparison of the influence of pearl sac cells originating from the initial mantle graft, which aged together with their recipient oysters. The results demonstrated a significant decrease between these successive grafts in lustre, grade (A‐B‐C), darkness level, and green colour – traits that are of major importance in the pearl market. The duplicated graft experiment allowed the comparison of donor oyster families at 2 and 5 years old, where a mantle graft was inserted into recipient oysters aged 2.5 years. The results showed the same tendencies to a lesser extent, with (i) an improved pearl grade, predominantly through a most important rate of 0 surface defect category, and (ii) a green/grey ratio in favour of the younger donor. A comparison between the graft‐surgreffe and the duplicated graft experiments also highlighted: (i) the indirect role played by the younger recipient oysters, which must be optimized for optimal pearl quality realization, and (ii) the complex interplay between the donor and recipient oysters.     

Factors influencing the quality of half‐pearls (mabé) produced by the winged pearl oyster,Pteria penguin (Röding, 1758)

The winged pearl oyster, Pteria penguin, is cultured primarily to produce half‐pearls (mabé). The mabé quality is influenced by culture techniques, but there is limited information in this field. P. penguin with mean (±SE) dorso‐ventral height of 250 ± 6.5 mm were used to investigate the influence of culture period and nucleus position on mabé quality. Oysters were relaxed using 1‐propylene phenoxetol, and five nuclei were glued at different positions to the inner surfaces of the oyster shells; three on the more concave left valve and two on the right valve. Nucleated oysters were then cultured for 10 months under commercial pearl farming conditions at Savusavu in Fiji. Nacre deposited at the base and top of the nuclei was measured monthly, from the 6th to the 10th months of culture and the different qualities of mabé produced at different positions were scrutinized. Nacre thicknesses at the base and top of the resulting mabé were significantly different at different months (P < 0.05) and the rate of nacre deposition was highest during the warmer months. The different positions of nuclei on the valve greatly affected the quality of mabé formed. After a 10‐month culture period, around 1 mm of nacre covered the nuclei although the best quality mabé were obtained after 9 months.     

Genetic diversity of freshwater pearl mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii) in populations from the five largest lakes in China revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)

Triangle sail mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii) is the most important mussel species commercially exploited for freshwater pearl culture in China. Its genetic diversity was studied among populations from the five largest freshwater lakes of China, Poyang Lake (PY), Dongting Lake (DT), Taihu Lake (TH), Hongze Lake (HZ), and Chaohu Lake (CH), by the polymorphism of the inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detections showed that a total of 62 loci were amplified from eight primers; of those, 31.88%, 31.15%, 31.03%, 27.27% and 26.92%, respectively, were polymorphic in each of the five populations across all genotypes tested. The average heterozygosities were 0.4747, 0.3274, 0.2366, 0.2099 and 0.2018 in each of these populations from PY, TH, DT, CH and HZ, respectively. Phylogenic analyses showed that PY and TH populations clustered with CH and HZ and formed a group, while the DT population on its own formed a separated branch. The smallest distance (0.0404) was scored between PY and TH populations, indicative of their closest relationship; the biggest distance (0.2438) was found between PY and DT populations, suggesting their greatest divergence. The present study provided genetic basis for managing mussel stocks from these lakes separately to best preserve the genetic diversity of H. cumingii. On the other hand, since the population in PY displayed the highest genetic diversity, it may be used preferably in future selective breeding to improve pearl yield and quality.     

三角帆蚌紫色选育系1龄阶段内壳色及生长性状的遗传参数估计

采用群体选育辅助种内群体间杂交选育的方法,以内壳色、体质量作为选育性状,经过连续4代的选育获得了紫色选育系F4。本实验以F4为亲本进行繁殖,利用6对微卫星标记,对15个同批繁育的F4母蚌的1龄后代进行亲子鉴定,鉴别出了来自12个父本、15个母本的42个全同胞家系,使用ASREML软件的约束极大似然法对三角帆蚌内壳色及生长性状进行了遗传参数分析。结果显示,内壳色颜色参数L*、a*、b*、dE*的遗传力分别为0.31±0.22、0.11±0.08、0.36±0.18、0.29±0.19,L*、a*、b*之间的遗传相关和表型相关均较低,范围为0.08~0.47和0.04~0.32,L*与dE*相关性最大,遗传相关为-0.94±0.06,表型相关为-0.96±0.01;生长性状壳长、壳高、壳宽、体质量和壳重的遗传力分别为0.24±0.19、0.37±0.27、0.26±0.16、0.26±0.17、0.31±0.19,各性状间遗传相关和表型相关均为正相关,分别为0.71~0.92、0.66~0.94;颜色参数与生长性状的遗传相关和表型相关均很低,为0.02~0.18。三角帆蚌紫色选育系1龄阶段内壳色和生长性状的遗传力多为中高水平,对其继续进行遗传改良预期能够获得良好遗传进展。内壳色与生长性状的相关度很低,无法实现相互选择,体质量与其他生长性状相关均较紧密,表明将内壳色、体质量作为目标性状进行同步选育的方法合理,可实现同时改良壳色及生长性能的目的。