大豆百粒重相关基因的全基因组发掘分析

百粒重是大豆重要的产量性状之一,利用正向和反向遗传学方法鉴定与籽粒大小/粒重相关的基因具有重要的理论和实践意义。利用拟南芥和水稻等模式植物中已明确功能的调控籽粒大小/粒重的基因,基于序列相似和结构域相同的原则,在大豆全基因组内筛选到175个同源基因,通过基因表达谱分析发现有22个基因在大豆种子中特异性表达。利用56份大豆种质资源重测序数据查找这些基因内的SNP位点,共得到2769个SNP位点,从中筛选得到在野生大豆和栽培大豆中分化明显的SNP位点121个。通过扩增测序对其中的16个导致非同义变异的SNP位点进行验证,发现有5个SNP位点在野生大豆中为一种变异,而在栽培大豆中为另一种变异。利用2368份大豆种质资源的重测序数据获得了其中的4个SNP位点的变异数据,结合其中1695份材料的百粒重表型分析,发现每个SNP位点对应的野生和突变基因型材料的百粒重表型间都存在极显著差异,并且每个SNP位点中野生基因型材料的百粒重大部分≥12g,突变基因型材料的百粒重大部分＜12g,因此上述4个SNP位点所在的基因（Glyma.05G019800、Glyma.07G022800、Glyma.13G259700和Glyma.13G261700）可能与大豆籽粒大小/粒重的调控有关。获得了与大豆百粒重相关的4个候选基因,为大豆百粒重QTL的精细定位和功能标记的开发以及调控大豆籽粒大小/粒重的基因的功能研究提供了参考。     

玉米籽粒产量与产量构成因子的关系及条件QTL分析

以我国玉米育种的骨干亲本齐319和黄早四构建的230个F2:3家系群体为材料,通过条件分析结合QTL定位方法探讨了单株产量(GYPP)与单株粒数(KNPP)和百粒重(KWEI)的遗传关系。结果表明,百粒重比单株粒数和单株产量遗传力高,受环境影响小。相关分析表明,单株粒数和百粒重与单株产量均呈现显著正相关,单株粒数与单株产量的相关系数更高。单株产量非条件QTL分析共定位到5个遗传主效应QTL和5对上位性位点,其中4个是控制3个性状(单株产量、单株粒数和百粒重)的一因多效性位点,1个是控制2个性状(单株产量和单株粒数)的一因多效性位点,全部5对上位性位点都与单株粒数和百粒重有关。条件QTL分析还检测到14个QTL位点及10对上位性位点,这些位点在非条件QTL分析中未被检测到,其效应较小。因此,单株粒数和百粒重与单株产量密切相关,通过改良单株粒数和百粒重可有效提高产量;条件QTL分析方法在单个QTL水平上证实了单株产量与单株粒数、百粒重较强的遗传相关性,并且能够检测到更多效应较小的QTL;发掘的两个效应较大的一因多效位点可为玉米高产分子育种和进一步精细定位提供理论参考。     

玉米籽粒颜色全基因组关联分析

籽粒颜色是玉米重要的性状之一,籽粒色素影响玉米的营养价值和商品品质,解析其遗传机制对玉米优良种质选育至关重要。本研究以244份玉米优良自交系为材料,分析其籽粒颜色的遗传变异规律,并利用覆盖玉米全基因组的913万个SNP标记,开展籽粒颜色的全基因组关联分析,以期初步解析玉米籽粒颜色的遗传学基础。结果显示,共检测到258个SNP位点与玉米籽粒颜色性状紧密关联,其中与Level、R、G、B、Gray和RGB性状显著关联的SNP位点(Sig SNP)分别有27、11、7、197、5和11个,且有6个位点/区间(meta SNP)被至少2个性状同时定位到。所有显著性SNP位点附近共定位到482个候选基因,其中37个候选基因位于meta SNP区域,控制玉米黄白粒的Y1基因和类胡萝卜素合成的DXS3基因被籽粒颜色B值定位到。本研究结果可为进一步筛选控制籽粒颜色的基因和指导籽粒颜色选择育种提供理论基础。     

不同生态环境下玉米产量性状QTL分析

以玉米（Zea mays L.）自交系黄早四和Mo17为亲本得到的191个F₂单株为作图群体,衍生的184个F_2∶3 家系作为性状评价群体,分析了单株穗数、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重和单株籽粒产量在北京和新疆2个生态环境下的表现和数量性状基因位点的定位结果。QTL检测结果表明,2个环境共检测出47个QTL,分布于除第10染色体以外的9条染色体,其中与单株穗数相关的QTL共10个,可解释的表型变异为5.3%~25.6%;与穗行数相关的QTL共13个,可解释的表型变异为4.5%~23.2%;与行粒数相关的QTL有9个,解释的表型变异为5.4%~13.7%;与百粒重相关的QTL达10个,可解释的表型变异为4.9%~13.3%;与单株籽粒产量相关的QTL有5个,可解释的表型变异为6.1%~35.8 %。大部分产量QTL只在单一环境下被检测到,说明产量相关QTL与环境之间存在明显的互作。表型相关显著的产量性状,它们的QTL容易在相同或相邻标记区间检测到。研究还发现了若干个QTL富集区域,可能是发掘通用QTL的候选位点。     

基于杂交群体解析玉米籽粒大小相关性状及其配合力的分子遗传机制

配合力是育种过程中评价自交系潜力、筛选优良杂交组合的重要指标。籽粒大小相关性状是产量的重要构成因子,解析籽粒大小相关性状及其配合力的遗传基础有助于高产玉米品种的培育。本研究以NCII遗传交配设计获得的246份玉米杂交组合为材料展开籽粒大小相关性状及其配合力的全基因组关联分析。研究表明,粒长、粒宽、粒厚3个性状的广义遗传力分别为76.20%、86.52%和81.14%,各性状与其配合力均呈显著正相关(0.58～0.82)。基于EMMAX(efficientmixed-modelassociationexpedited)算法检测到31、21、5个显著的SNP(singlenucleotidepolymorphism),它们分别与性状、GCA (general combining ability)和SCA (special combining ability)关联,其中10个SNP为性状与配合力共定位的。对共定位的SNP进行效应分析,发现3个为加性效应、4个为部分显性效应、1个为超显性效应。结合公共数据库中基因注释及籽粒发育相关转录组数据,在共定位、主效SNP位点附近共筛选到17个候选基因,...     

玉米籽粒淀粉含量全基因组关联分析和候选基因预测

玉米是重要的粮食作物,其籽粒重量的70%来自于淀粉。淀粉不仅是人类及其他动物的主要能量来源,同时也是化工等行业的重要原料。本研究利用711份玉米自交系作为关联群体,对2个环境下玉米籽粒湿基淀粉含量和干基淀粉含量进行统计分析,结合覆盖玉米全基因组的2799个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)标记,通过FarmCPU模型对玉米籽粒淀粉含量性状开展全基因组关联分析(genome-wideassociationstudy,GWAS),共关联到67个显著SNP位点,其中23个高可信度显著SNP位点可在多个环境重复检测到。3个高可信度SNP标记位点为本研究首次发现与玉米籽粒淀粉含量相关,其余20个SNP标记位于前人已定位QTL(quantitative trait locus)置信区间或/和已报道与籽粒淀粉含量显著相关SNP标记1Mb之内。进一步通过基因功能注释、基因本体论(gene ontology, GO)分析及籽粒胚乳基因表达分析,在23个高可信度显著SNP位点上下游各200 kb候选区间共挖掘45个重要候选基因,涉及淀粉生物合成与代谢、...     

河南夏大豆区近30年主要大豆品种产量改良的遗传进展

提高产量是大豆育种的主要目标。研究大豆产量及其相关性状的遗传进展,对于今后制定高产育种策略有重要参考意义。本研究随机选择近30年河南主要育成品种中的18个大豆品种,进行两年产量评价试验的研究。结果表明,产量随育种年份增加总体呈递增趋势,遗传进展为17.39kghm^-2,年递增率是0.7%;有效分枝、主茎节数、百粒重、株高有弱的正向遗传进展,而单株荚数和每荚粒数表现弱的负向遗传进展,但均不显著。百粒重、主茎节数和株高与产量有显著的遗传相关与表型相关,环境相关均不显著,表明这3个性状具有较大的遗传力,随产量性状的遗传改良,这3个性状均协同提高,且不易受环境条件的影响;而有效分枝、单株荚数、每荚粒数与产量的遗传相关和表型相关均没达到显著水平,这是它们与百粒重、主茎节数、株高有极显著负遗传相关所致。     

基于783份大豆种质资源的叶柄夹角全基因组关联分析

叶柄夹角是影响植株高效受光态势的重要因素,通过调节叶柄夹角实现大豆株型改良,对大豆产量提高非常重要。大豆叶柄夹角为数量性状,目前大多数研究处于QTL定位阶段,已报道的控制叶柄夹角GmILPA1基因也是从突变体中克隆得到,因此亟须发掘更多调控基因及优异等位变异,以促进大豆叶柄夹角调控机制的解析及育种利用。本研究于2019年和2020年分别在海南、北京种植783份和690份大豆种质资源并调查叶柄夹角表型,通过分布于大豆全基因组的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)标记对叶柄夹角进行关联分析。结果表明,不同节位叶柄夹角呈现正态分布,属于典型的数量遗传特征。全基因组关联分析共统计到325个与叶柄夹角显著相关的SNP位点,在顶部节位关联到51个SNP位点,中部节位关联到230个SNP位点,底部节位关联到10个SNPs位点, 3个节位的平均值关联到34个SNP位点。显著位点LDblock进一步分析得到3个候选基因,第1个是生长素类调节蛋白相关的基因Glyma.05G059700,在茎尖分生组织中特异性表达,第2个是生长素反应因子(AFR)类蛋白相关基因Glyma.06G076900,在叶片和茎尖分生组织中高表...     

利用抗旱选择导入系定位向日葵产量性状QTL

干旱是造成向日葵减产的最主要因素之一。利用综合性状优良的自交系K55作为轮回亲本与抗旱自交系K58杂交构建回交导入系, 在干旱条件下进行单株产量筛选, 得到45个BC₃F₂抗旱定向选择导入系。通过全基因组SSR及SNP标记扫描, 以方差分析和基于遗传搭车原理的卡方检验对呼和浩特市及武川县两点、两种水分条件下的5个产量性状进行QTL检测。方差分析检测到的QTL根据不同环境下的表达情况分为三类, 第一类在两种水分条件下稳定表达, 包括武川的4个百粒重QTL及呼和浩特的2个单株产量QTL、3个单株实粒数QTL, 这些QTL可能对向日葵抗旱性有直接贡献; 第二类受干旱胁迫表达, 包括呼和浩特的30个和武川的27个; 第三类仅在正常供水条件下被检测到, 包括呼和浩特的38个和武川的64个。卡方检验检测到极显著位点274个。用两种方法共检测到一致性位点14个, 可能是与向日葵抗旱性相关的关键位点。本研究结果可为向日葵高效抗旱分子育种奠定基础并提供相关材料。     

甘蓝型油菜容重及其相关性状的全基因组关联分析

种子容重大小反映了作物光合产物在籽粒中的积累特性,是油菜千粒重重要的组成部分,筛选高容重种质资源,研究容重的遗传特性在油菜遗传育种中具有非常重要的作用。本文以不同遗传背景的187份甘蓝型油菜品种(系)构成的自然群体为研究对象,进行2年种子的容重及其相关性状(千粒重、体积)测定和资源评价,基于最优模型对各性状进行全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association analysis, GWAS)和候选基因预测。结果显示, 187份材料在2年中容重及其关联性状在品种(系)间差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05),筛选出3个种子千粒重较大的高容重种质资源。全基因组关联分析共检测到24个与种子容重及其相关性状显著关联的SNP位点,可解释表型变异的8.21%～10.40%。通过单倍型分析确定关联SNP位点的Block区间,其所在的Block覆盖了12个与容重、粒重和体积有关的候选基因,主要编码转录因子(如WOX8、HAIKU1、AP2/ERF转录因子、Dof家族-Zinc finger超家族和BZR1转录因子)、酶类(如BKI1、KAT2、CEL1和UBP15)、DNA结合蛋白和激...     

Genome-wide association analysis detecting significant single nucleotide polymorphisms for chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in soybean (Glycine max) landraces

Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters are generally used to characterize the intrinsic action of photosystem II (PSII), which is interrelated with the photosynthetic capacity. Mapping of quantitative trait loci for chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and associated traits is important for genetic improvement in soybean. In this study, a genome-wide association analysis was conducted to detect key single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with chlorophyll content (chl) and chlorophyll fluorescence using 1,536 SNPs in a soybean landraces panel. The analysis revealed significant correlations among chl and five chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, including maximum quantum yield of PSII primary photochemistry in the dark-adapted state (Fv/Fm), light energy absorbed per reaction center (ABS/RC), quantum yield for electron transport (ETo/ABS), probability that a trapped exciton moves an electron into the electron transport chain beyond QA⁻ (ETo/TRo), and performance index on absorption basis (PI_ABS). Genome-wide association analysis using a mixed linear model detected 51 SNPs associated with chl and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Among these identified SNPs, 14 SNPs were co-associated with two or more different traits in this study, and 8 SNPs were co-associated with soybean yield and yield components in our previous study. These significant SNPs will help to better understand the genetic basis of photosynthesis-related physiological traits, and facilitate the pyramiding of favorable alleles for photosynthetic traits in soybean marker assisted selection schemes for high photosynthetic efficiency.     

Genetic dissection of the relationship between plant architecture and yield component traits in soybean (Glycine max) by association analysis across multiple environments

Plant architecture and yield components are critical for the determination of seed yield in soybean. In this study, we performed genetic association analysis to dissect the relationships between plant architecture and yield component traits. Two hundred and nineteen accessions were employed, and eight agronomic traits were evaluated in six environments. Our results revealed strong positive correlations of plant architecture traits with yield components and the significant association of 4 SNPs with plant architecture traits and of 7 SNPs with yield component traits in two or more environments. Eight SNPs were co‐associated with two traits. Based on the phenotypic effects of the alleles of the detected SNPs, the best alleles were mined for twenty‐three distinct SNPs. Fifteen typical carrier materials harbouring the best allele effects were also mined. Twenty parental combinations were proposed by pyramiding possible alleles per SNP in one individual (excluding possible epistatic effects). These proposed combinations with the best alleles and carrier materials will aid in the improvement of targeted traits and marker‐assisted selection (MAS) efficiency in soybean breeding.     

Association analysis for detecting significant single nucleotide polymorphisms for phosphorus-deficiency tolerance at the seedling stage in soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.]

Tolerance to low-phosphorus soil is a desirable trait in soybean cultivars. Previous quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies for phosphorus-deficiency tolerance were mainly derived from bi-parental segregating populations and few reports from natural population. The objective of this study was to detect QTLs that regulate phosphorus-deficiency tolerance in soybean using association mapping approach. Phosphorus-deficiency tolerance was evaluated according to five traits (plant shoot height, shoot dry weight, phosphorus concentration, phosphorus acquisition efficiency and use efficiency) comprising a conditional phenotype at the seedling stage. Association mapping of the conditional phenotype detected 19 SNPs including 13 SNPs that were significantly associated with the five traits across two years. A novel cluster of SNPs, including three SNPs that consistently showed significant effects over two years, that associated with more than one trait was detected on chromosome 3. All favorable alleles, which were determined based on the mean of conditional phenotypic values of each trait over the two years, could be pyramided into one cultivar through parental cross combination. The best three cross combinations were predicted with the aim of simultaneously improving phosphorus acquisition efficiency and use efficiency. These results will provide a thorough understanding of the genetic basis of phosphorus deficiency tolerance in soybean.     

玉米种子萌发相关性状的全基因组关联分析

种子萌发是出苗的前提, 对玉米产量影响重大。为了解玉米种子萌发相关性状的遗传机制, 本研究对476份玉米自交系种子萌发相关的6个性状进行调查, 结合125万个(1.25M) SNP标记, 利用3种统计模型(Q, K, Q+K)进行全基因关联分析(GWAS)。结果表明K模型能够较好地评价吸胀前重量、吸胀前体积、吸胀后重量、吸胀后体积和吸胀体积5个性状; Q+K模型能更好地评价吸胀重量性状。基于这6个性状的最优模型的GWAS结果, 共检测到15个种子萌发相关性状的显著SNP, 15个SNP对应6个QTL, 集中分布在玉米第3、第6、第7和第10染色体上, QTL内单个SNP能解释的表型变异为5.09%~7.85%。其中5个QTL可在多个生物学重复中被检测到。以最显著SNP所在基因或附近基因作为QTL的候选基因, 共筛选到6个最可能的候选基因。GRMZM2G148411是吸胀后重量、吸胀重量和吸胀体积3个性状共同鉴定到的QTL候选基因, 根据基因的功能注释, 该基因编码一个包含TLD-domain的钙离子结合蛋白, 可能是一种调控种子休眠与萌发的信号分子。本研究鉴定的QTL为解析玉米种子萌发的遗传机制和相应功能标记的开发奠定了基础。     

大豆生物量积累、收获指数及产量间的相关与QTL分析

利用亲本间生物量、收获指数和产量有较大差异的南农1138-2和科丰1号杂交衍生的大豆重组自交家系(NJRIKY), 研究始花期(R1)、始荚期(R3)、始粒期(R5)、收获期生物量以及表观收获指数和产量间的相关, 并进行QTL定位, 分析相关的遗传基础。结果表明, (1) 生物量与产量显著相关, 相关程度随生长进程逐渐增加, 收获期生物量与产量相关最高, R²=0.76。R1、R3、R5期生物量与产量的相关呈负指数曲线相关, 生物量分别达到1 000、2 300和5 500 kg hm^-2时, 产量不再随生物量的增加而增加。收获期生物量与产量呈直线正相关, 在试验范围内未发现高产的收获期生物量上限。表观收获指数与产量呈指数曲线相关, 小于0.42时与产量具正变关系, 大于0.42时与产量具负变关系。收获期生物量与表观收获指数呈指数曲线相关, 表观收获指数增加生物量降低。(2) 检测到产量、表观收获指数、收获期生物量有关的QTL分别为9、10和10个, 其中两年稳定的QTL分别有2、3、3个。检测到R1、R3和R5期生物量有关的QTL分别有6、9和6个, 其中3个时期在两年均能稳定表达的有2个。(3)在9个产量QTL中的6个区间, 还同时检测到生物量和表观收获指数有关的QTL, 该3性状有部分QTL共享同一连锁区间, 表明有其共同的遗传基础, 同时也解释了性状间相关的遗传原因。     

大豆产量和产量构成因子及倒伏性的QTL分析

随机选取中豆29×中豆32重组自交系群体中165个家系作为2年田间试验材料,分析大豆单株产量、产量构成因子及倒伏性等性状的相关性和遗传效应,并检测各性状QTL。结果表明,38个与产量、产量构成因子及倒伏性状等有关的QTL,主要集中在C2、F和I连锁群。表型相关分析结果与QTL定位结果一致。在F连锁群上,2年均检测到倒伏QTL qLD-15-1,解释的表型变异超过20%,与百粒重和分枝荚数QTL分别位于相同和相邻标记区间,表明产量相关性状与倒伏性存在一定的关联。在I连锁群上,每荚粒数QTL和二、三、四粒荚数QTL不仅于同一位置,解释的表型变异为32%~65%,并且2个年份均重复出现,每荚粒数和四粒荚数QTL与二、三粒荚数QTL的增效基因分别来自不同的亲本。这4个粒荚性状QTL的共位性与表型相关分析结果一致,证实每荚粒数和四粒荚数与二、三粒荚数分别由不同的机制调控,对于育种上探讨以改良大豆粒荚性状为途径提高大豆产量,提供了重要依据。     

Estimates of relative contribution of biomass, harvest index and yield components to soybean yield improvements in China

A method was developed to estimate the relative contribution of increased biomass, harvest index and yield components to seed yield gain of soybean. Data from four field experiments conducted in three soybean production regions in China were used to measure the role of different traits (such as harvest index) in seed yield improvement by applying this method. The results indicated that harvest index was a larger contributor to the progress of soybean yield improvements than biomass in China. However, the estimates of improvements of yield components suggested that there could be several strategies for obtaining high yield. High yielding would be achieved by improving all of the three yield components (pods per plant, seeds per pod and seed weight) simultaneously, or significantly improving one or two of the three components.     

Quantitative trait loci for agronomic traits in soybean

There continues to be improvement in seed yields of soybean by conventional breeding, but molecular techniques may provide faster genetic gains. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the agronomic traits seed yield, lodging, plant height, seed filling period and plant maturity in soybean. To achieve this objective, 101 F₆‐derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a population developed from a cross of N87‐984‐16 × TN93‐99 were used. Experiments were conducted in six environments during 2002–2003. Heritability estimates on an entry mean basis from data combined across environments ranged from 0.12 to 0.65 for seed yield and seed filling period, respectively. Composite interval mapping detected one QTL for yield (near Satt076), two for lodging (near Satt225 and Satt593) and four for maturity (near Satt263, Satt292, Satt293 and Satt591) in this population. Additional environmentally sensitive QTL for these traits, and for seed filling period and plant height are also reported. The QTL associated with agronomic traits that we report and the recently released germplasm (PI 636460) from this population may be useful in soybean breeding programmes.     

Identifying and exploring significant genomic regions associated with soybean yield,seed fatty acids,protein and oil

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] yield and seed fatty acids, protein, and oil content are important traits for which an improved understanding of significant genomic regions would be useful. To accomplish this, a soybean population consisting of 203 F5 derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed and genotyped with 11,633 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Each RIL was grown in a single plot at Knoxville, TN in 2010; followed by replicated, multi-location field trials in 2013 and 2014. The data from 2010, 2013, and 2014 were analyzed together in order to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for these traits, and 30 total QTLs were detected. Five QTLs are candidates for confirmed status and one QTL is a candidate for positional confirmation. Many of the genes with mutations in close proximity to the fatty acid QTLs are involved in biological processes for fatty acids and/or lipids and could be considered possible candidate genes. Similarly, genes with mutations in genomic regions near yield, protein, and oil QTLs were plentiful and may contribute to the variation observed in these traits. Except for yield and stearic acid, each trait displayed pleiotropic effects with other traits in this study. Notable are the pleiotropic effects for oleic and linolenic acid on chromosomes 9, 13, and 19. Overall, the findings from this research contribute new information to the genetic understanding of soybean yield and seed fatty acids, protein and oil content. This understanding will be useful in making trait improvements.