棉子蛋白的改性研究

系统总结并评述了国内外对棉子蛋白改性研究的进展。涉及棉子蛋白的组成和基本功能特性 (水溶性、发泡性、乳化性等 )及其在棉子产品中的表现 ,包括组织化、水解和酰化等提高棉子蛋白功能特性的改性方法。对这些蛋白质改性方法分别从原理、具体步骤、对产品性能的作用等方面进行了详细阐述。尤其对酶法水解制作低酚棉子蛋白发泡粉的工艺控制参数——水解率 ,水解率与发泡性能的关系 ,以及所得棉子蛋白发泡粉的氨基酸组成变化等做了深入分析     

超声酶法对大豆分离蛋白乳化性的影响

研究超声酶法共同作用对大豆分离蛋白乳化性影响,对不同超声时间、超声功率、水解度对其乳化性影响进行分析,并通过正交试验,最终得出提高大豆分离蛋白乳化性最佳工艺条件,即:超声功率300W,处理时间20min,水解度为5%,在此条件下,乳化活性与乳化稳定性分别提高81%和28%。     

花生蛋白溶解性和乳化性的研究

采用碱性提取和等电点法分离出花生蛋白并研究了花生蛋白粉的功能特性,探讨了不同蛋白浓度、pH值、温度和离子强度对其溶解性、乳化性和乳化稳定性的影响。当pH值在4.5-5.5范围内为其等电点,此时花生蛋白的溶解性最低;在0-1mol/L浓度范围内,NaCl和CaCl2可以提高花生蛋白的溶解性;当温度超过60℃时,为花生蛋白溶液大幅度变性的临界温度,其溶解度下降;花生蛋白的质量分数达到6%时,对乳化性和乳化稳定性几乎没有什么影响,NaCl浓度为0.4mol/L时乳化性能最好。     

大米蛋白的双酶法水解条件研究

为研究大米蛋白的酶法水解条件,提高大米蛋白的溶解、乳化和发泡性能。通过酶催化反应进程确定酶的加入方式;通过均匀设计实验和Mathematica数学软件确定酶的反应条件。结果表明碱性蛋白酶和复合蛋白酶的共同水解效果高于单一酶制剂;酶催化反应过程中,大米蛋白的溶解性、乳化性和发泡性等指标变化趋势不同,水解度与上述指标之间也没有对应关系。得出的结论是双酶法水解更适于改善大米蛋白的溶解性能;两种酶之间有一定的协同作用,适当控制反应条件可以分别得到溶解、乳化或发泡性能显著的大米蛋白水解物。     

双酶法水解米糠蛋白工艺优化的研究

以米糠为原料,经脱脂后,采用碱性蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶双酶法水解米糠蛋白。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验研究温度、pH、米糠质量分数、两种酶的比例及水解时间比对米糠蛋白水解度的影响。结果表明,影响米糠蛋白水解度的因素主次顺序为:米糠质量分数温度时间比pH酶比;优化的双酶法水解米糠蛋白的工艺条件为:温度45℃,米糠质量分数3%,碱性蛋白酶处理时pH为9.5、中性蛋白酶处理时pH为6.5,时间比3︰1(即碱性蛋白酶4.5 h,中性蛋白酶1.5 h),加酶总量3%时的酶比(碱性蛋白酶︰中性蛋白酶)2︰1。在此工艺条件下,米糠蛋白的水解度达到56.28%。     

Protamex酶解玉米蛋白质制备生物活性玉米肽的研究

利用Protamex蛋白酶控制玉米蛋白水解,制备有利于消化吸收,具有降血压和抗氧化等特定生理功能的玉米肽。适度变性的玉米蛋白易被Protamex蛋白酶水解,热处理的时间和温度均影响玉米蛋白的变性程度,经温度85℃热处理60min的玉米蛋白的水解度最大。相同的水解时间,在pH值为9.0,温度60℃时,该酶对变性玉米蛋白的水解度最大,在此条件下酶解60min,消耗NaOH（5mol/L）16.3mL,玉米的水解度为32.5%,肽的得率为51.2%。SephadexG-25对玉米蛋白水解产物的分离结果表明,Protamex蛋白酶水解玉米蛋白可生成分子量不同的5个组分。     

Protamex~酶解玉米蛋白质制备生物活性玉米肽的研究

利用Protamex~蛋白酶控制玉米蛋白水解,制备有利于消化吸收,具有降血压和抗氧化等特定生理功能的玉米肽。适度变性的玉米蛋白易被Protamex~蛋白酶水解,热处理的时间和温度均影响玉米蛋白的变性程度,经温度85℃热处理60min的玉米蛋白的水解度最大。相同的水解时间,在pH值为9.0,温度60℃时,该酶对变性玉米蛋白的水解度最大,在此条件下酶解60min,消耗NaOH(5mol/L)16.3mL,玉米的水解度为32.5%,肽的得率为51.2%。SephadexG-25对玉米蛋白水解产物的分离结果表明,Protamex~蛋白酶水解玉米蛋白可生成分子量不同的5个组分。     

Protamex(R)酶解玉米蛋白质制备生物活性玉米肽的研究

利用Protamex(R)蛋白酶控制玉米蛋白水解,制备有利于消化吸收,具有降血压和抗氧化等特定生理功能的玉米肽.适度变性的玉米蛋白易被Protamex(R)蛋白酶水解,热处理的时间和温度均影响玉米蛋白的变性程度,经温度85℃热处理60 min的玉米蛋白的水解度最大.相同的水解时间,在pH值为9.0,温度60℃时,该酶对变性玉米蛋白的水解度最大,在此条件下酶解60 min,消耗NaOH(5 mol/L)16.3 mL,玉米的水解度为32.5%,肽的得率为51.2%.SephadexG-25对玉米蛋白水解产物的分离结果表明,Protamex(R)蛋白酶水解玉米蛋白可生成分子量不同的5个组分.     

制备乳清抗氧化肽的水解条件优化

采用碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶3种酶对乳清蛋白进行酶水解试验,研究了不同酶解产物、水解时间、水解温度和pH值下的乳清抗氧化肽的水解度和TBARS值,确定了制备乳清抗氧化肽的最佳水解参数。结果表明,乳清蛋白水解物具有抗氧化活性,最佳复配条件是碱性蛋白酶的水解时间5 h,最佳水解温度为65℃,pH值8.5;胰蛋白酶的水解时间1 h,最佳水解温度为45℃,pH值8.0。当水解度达到32.28%时,乳清肽具有较强的抗氧化能力。     

芝麻蛋白酶水解条件的研究

对芝麻蛋白的酶水解工艺进行了初步研究,结果为:①通过比较,选用木瓜蛋白酶为酶解芝麻蛋白制备功能性短肽的专用酶,其工艺参数为:底物质量浓度9.0 g/L,酶添加量20.0%,pH值6.5,温度50℃,时间6 h,在此工艺下得到的酶解产物的抗氧化活性最高,对邻苯三酚自氧化的抑制率为35.6%;②酶解前的热处理可以提高酶水解的效果,最佳的热处理条件是将蛋白溶液在90℃下加热10 min。     

Effects of the dominant glandless gene Gl2e on agronomic and fibre characters of Upland cotton

Seven pairs of near‐isogenic lines (glandless vs. glanded) and the recurrent parents were used to determine the effects of the dominant glandless gene from ‘Hai 1’(Gossypium barbadense) on agronomic, fibre, and seed characters in Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, backgrounds. The results showed that there were no apparent linkage associations of the glandless gene on most agronomic, fibre and seed characters of Upland cotton, except for seed quality. The glandless line derived from ‘Liaomian 7’had significantly more protein (489.6 g/kg), and that from H237 had significantly more oil (362.4 g/kg) and had the largest oil index (2.70 g) and protein index (3.03 g). The gossypol content of seed in dominant glandless lines in Upland cotton was very low (<0.04 g/kg). Therefore, it is suggested that the glandless gene can play an important role in breeding glandless or low seed‐gossypol Upland cotton cultivars.     

棉酚合成及棉花腺体形成相关基因的研究进展

棉酚是限制棉籽开发利用的重要因子。培育低酚棉,特别是采用基因工程方法创制低酚棉是解决棉籽开发利用难题的关键。棉酚合成以及棉酚储存场所棉花腺体形成相关基因的研究,是基因工程创制低酚棉的基础。综述了国内外对于棉酚合成途径、棉花腺体形成相关基因的研究进展以及利用基因工程手段创制低酚棉的相关实例,以期为相关研究者提供参考。     

Effect of 1,1-Dimethyl Piperidinium Chloride (Pix) on the Seed, Protein, Oil and Fatty Acids of Egyptian Cotton

Two field experiments were conducted in 1985 and 1986 on the cotton cultivar, Giza 75 (Gossypiitm barbadense L.) to determine the effect of foliar application of Pix at 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 ppm on cottonseed yield, seed index, protein and oil contents and fatty acid compositions of cottonseed oil. Pix was sprayed once at 90 days or twice at 90 and 110 days from sowing date.
Seed yield/plant or /ha, protein and oil yield/ha, and seed index increased due to the application of Pix compared to the control. The highest response occurred with 40 or 60 ppm Pix and with one application rather than two. The seed protein percentage increased due to Pix application, especially at 10 ppm. A slight increase in seed oil percentage was detected throughout Pix applications. The number of applications had no noticeable effect on seed protein and oil %. Application of Pix caused a general decrease in the saturated fatty acids (myristic, stearic, and palmitic), associated with an increase in the unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic). These results were confirmed bv the ratio of total unsaturated fatty acids to total saturated (TU/TS). Ten ppm Pix gave the highest TU/TS. Generally, the saturated fatty acids decreased while the unsaturated fatty acids increased with one application rather than two. Palmitic acid was the most abundant saturated fatty acid, whereas linoleic acid was the most abundant unsaturated ones.     

酸性条件下大黄鱼鱼卵水解蛋白-大豆卵磷脂复合体系物理稳定性分析

通过对鱼卵水解蛋白-大豆卵磷脂复合体系稳定的乳液乳化活性、乳化稳定性、乳液粒径的测定和快速稳定性分析及微观结构观察,较为系统地研究了在酸性条件下(pH值为3)鱼卵水解蛋白-大豆卵磷脂复合体系乳液的物理稳定性。结果表明,分别与鱼卵水解蛋白、大豆卵磷脂稳定的乳液相比较,添加了大豆卵磷脂的乳液乳化性能表现出不同程度的提高,当鱼卵水解蛋白-大豆卵磷脂配比为0.2∶0.8时,该复合体系的乳化性能最好,制备获得的乳液粒径分布最小,物理稳定性显著提高。复合体系乳液粒径最小为56.8 nm,液滴分布最均匀。可为大黄鱼鱼卵水解蛋白作为乳化稳定剂在酸性含油脂饮品生产中的应用提供一定的参考。     

棉籽蛋白质和油分形成的模拟模型

基于不同熟性棉花品种的异地分期播种和施氮量试验,综合量化品种特性、主要气象条件(温度、太阳辐射)和栽培措施(施氮量)对棉籽蛋白质和油分的影响,基于棉籽氮素积累和油分合成的“库限制”假设,结合棉花铃期与棉籽干物质积累模型,建立基于过程的棉籽蛋白质和油分形成模拟模型。利用不同生态点不同品种、播期和施氮量的田间试验资料对模型进行检验的结果表明,供试品种科棉1号和美棉33B棉籽的蛋白质含量模拟值与实测值的根均方差(RMSE)分别为2.05%和2.33%,其油分含量模拟值与实测值的RMSE分别为2.45%和2.95%。模型以主要气象资料(日平均温度、日太阳辐射量)和栽培措施(施氮量)作为模型输入,以棉花铃期与棉籽干物质积累模拟模型为基础,实现了较广泛生态条件下对不同品种棉花棉籽蛋白质和油分形成过程的模拟及其含量的动态预测。模型预测精度高,广适性强。     

棉籽蛋白质和油分形成的模拟模型

基于不同熟性棉花品种的异地分期播种和施氮量试验,综合量化品种特性、主要气象条件(温度、太阳辐射)和栽培措施(施氮量)对棉籽蛋白质和油分的影响,基于棉籽氮素积累和油分合成的“库限制”假设,结合棉花铃期与棉籽干物质积累模型,建立基于过程的棉籽蛋白质和油分形成模拟模型。利用不同生态点不同品种、播期和施氮量的田间试验资料对模型进行检验的结果表明,供试品种科棉1号和美棉33B棉籽的蛋白质含量模拟值与实测值的根均方差(RMSE)分别为2.05%和2.33%,其油分含量模拟值与实测值的RMSE分别为2.45%和2.95%。模型以主要气象资料(日平均温度、日太阳辐射量)和栽培措施(施氮量)作为模型输入,以棉花铃期与棉籽干物质积累模拟模型为基础,实现了较广泛生态条件下对不同品种棉花棉籽蛋白质和油分形成过程的模拟及其含量的动态预测。模型预测精度高,广适性强。     

Correlation Analysis of Seed Kernel Oil Content and Major Economic Traits in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

One of the new directions in cotton breeding is to develop varieties with high oil content. In this study, we analyzed the relationships between the oil content of cottonseed kernels and other selected major economic traits of cotton. We used the DPS V3.01 data processing system to calculate linear correlation coefficients using experimental data for cottonseed oil content and other agronomic characteristics obtained from 108 cotton lines. There were no significant correlations between oil content and lint yield, boll numbers per plant, boll weight, and lint percentage. There were significant positive correlations between oil content and fiber uniformity, and oil content and elongation. The positive correlation between oil content and the fiber upper half mean length was not statistically significant. There were no significant correlations between oil content and fiber strength or fiber fineness. Oil content was weakly negatively correlated with Fusarium wilt resistance, but showed no correlation with Verticillium wilt resistance. The results of this study indicated that improvement of the oil content of cottonseed kernels will not affect lint production, and only weakly affect disease resistance. The results further indicated that such improvement may improve the fiber quality to some extent. Cottonseed kernel protein content and oil content were significantly negatively correlated. The findings indicated that it will be feasible to produce new varieties with high oil contents combined with good disease resistance, high lint yield, and better fiber quality. However, it will be very difficult to breed new varieties with both high oil and high protein content.     

棉籽蛋白的研究进展

棉籽蛋白是一个巨大的蛋白质资源,可以进行精加工,广泛用于食品工业。介绍了棉籽蛋白的组成、营养特性,以及影响棉籽蛋白的主要成分——棉酚的性质,论述了棉籽蛋白的各种生产工艺,介绍了棉籽蛋白在当前的应用情况。     

棉子含油量研究进展与高油棉花育种可行性分析

本文综述了棉子含油量的遗传特性、棉子含油量与棉纤维产量和品质性状间的关系,讨论了我国开展高油棉花育种的必要性和可行性,为开展高油棉花种质资源筛选与创新应用研究提供参考.     

Genetic variation and comparative analysis of thrips resistance in glandless and glanded cotton under field conditions

Glandless cotton can be grown for cottonseed free of toxic gossypol to be used as food and feed for non-ruminant animals. However, one of the most important limiting factors preventing its commercial production is its higher insect damage than conventional glanded cotton. Thrips is the one of the most important insect pests in the early growing season that may cause yield losses. In this study, 28, 29, 26, and 2 glandless cotton lines were compared with glanded control Acala 1517-08 and other glanded lines for resistance to the Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in four replicated field tests each containing 32 genotypes. In the same field, 28 glanded commercial cultivars and 78 glanded breeding lines were compared with Acala 1517-08 and Acala 1517-99 in three other tests with 32 genotypes each. The experimental layouts allowed a comprehensive comparative analysis of thrips resistance within and between glandless and glanded cotton. Overall, glandless cotton had similar or lower thrips damages than glanded cotton, indicating that the glandless trait may serve as a genetic factor for suppressing thrips damage. As compared with Acala 1517-08 which represented one of the most thrips resistant genotypes among glanded cotton tested, glandless Acala GLS and many selections from glandless germplasm were more resistant, while some were similar to Acala 1517-08, indicating that genetic factors other than the glandless trait also affect thrips resistance in cotton. The estimates for broad-sense heritability for thrips resistance were moderate, indicating that thrips resistance is selectable. This is corroborated by the identification of many thrips resistant lines from a cross between Acala 1517-08 and Acala GLS. This study has laid a foundation for a more detailed study using most resistant lines with desirable agronomic traits in multiple environments.