水稻烂秧防治措施

<正>水稻烂秧就是秧田中发生烂种、烂芽和死苗的总称。烂种是指播种后不能萌发的种子或种子播后腐烂不发芽。烂芽是指萌动发芽至转青期间,芽和根死亡的现象。死苗是指第一叶展开后的幼苗死亡,多发生在二叶期至三叶期。水稻烂     

两株哈茨木霉菌株防治水稻纹枯病及促进水稻生长的潜力研究

 由茄丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)引起的纹枯病是水稻生产中的重要真菌病害,严重影响水稻产量及品质。本研究评估了两株哈茨木霉菌株3S1-13和4S2-46对纹枯病生防潜力及其对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的促生效果。研究表明两株哈茨木霉菌株在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)上不产生分生孢子,但在含有1%酵母粉的PDA上能恢复产分生孢子的能力。菌株3S1-13和4S2-46发酵液对茄丝核菌的菌丝生长及菌核形成均有较强抑制作用,具有防治水稻纹枯病潜力,且发酵液防效显著高于孢子液的防效。菌株3S1-13和4S2-46发酵液处理后的水稻种子发芽率和幼苗的根系、鲜重均显著高于对照,显示出有利于促进种子发芽与生长的作用。研究结果表明两株哈茨木霉菌株发酵液不仅可以用于水稻纹枯病的生物防治,而且可以促进水稻种子发芽及生长,具有较好的应用潜力。     

药剂浸种对水稻发芽率及安全性影响

本文介绍了水稻浸种剂登记情况,概述了药剂浸种对水稻安全性的影响因素,梳理了近10年药剂浸种抑制水稻发芽的试验报道,总结了水稻药剂浸种技术,以期为水稻科学安全种植与推广药剂浸种提供参考。     

药剂种子处理对水稻恶苗病的防治效果

用37.25%吡虫啉·戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂不同剂量处理水稻发芽种子后,对水稻恶苗病的防治效果在79.31%~97.81%,防治效果优于40%三氯异氰尿酸。     

防城区2010～2014年稻飞虱发生动态及防治策略

稻飞虱是防城区水稻的重要害虫,对防城区水稻生产影响很大,进一步掌握其发生动态,对指导防城区的粮食生产具有重要意义。     

酸雨对水稻生产的影响及防控补救措施

酸雨对水稻生产的危害主要表现在对土壤中酶的活性、种子发芽、植株生长、叶片伤害和结实等方面的影响;在田间识别上,应根据风速、风向、地形、地势及污染源远近、酸雨p H值及叶片表现症状等因素,综合进行辨识;在防控措施上,应根据水稻生育期和危害程度,分类施策,科学防控。     

水稻除草剂的安全使用

水稻化除是水稻生产中较为重要的措施,农药的选择、混用、使用是影响当前水稻化除安全性的重要因子,除草剂安全使用应根据杂草发生特点和除草剂特性来应用.     

常用药剂防治水稻纹枯病对比试验

水稻纹枯病是宝应县水稻上的重要病害,常年为中等以上发生,每年发生面积在5.3万hm2以上,给水稻生产造成一定损失。目前宝应县农药市场上防治水稻纹枯病的药剂很多,为了解其对水稻纹枯病的防治效果,宝应县植保植检站于2010年选用生产中常用药剂对水稻纹枯病进行了防治对     

兴义市水稻细菌性条斑病综合防治技术推广应用

水稻细菌性条斑病属全国植物检疫对象,近年来已成为兴义市水稻的主要病害之一,常年发生3800hm2左右,一般减产15%左右,发病重的减产50%以上,严重威胁兴义市水稻生产安全。因此,水稻细菌性条斑病的综合防治是保障兴义市水稻生产、促进粮食总产稳步增长的重要战略任务之一。2009年兴义市植保植检站组织实施水稻细菌性条斑病综合防治技术应用推广项目．以期提高水稻细菌性条斑病综合防治技术水平,确保水稻生产安全。     

拿敌稳和好力克防治水稻主要病害最佳施用时间和施用次数探索

水稻是我国主要粮食作物之一,水稻病害的危害一直严重影响着水稻生产。稻瘟病、纹枯病发生面积大,流行性强,危害严重,长期以来是水稻的主要病害。近年来,随着耕作制度变化、杂交稻推广、生产条件改善和生产水平提高,稻曲病的发生越来越严重,在一些地区已经跃升为主要病害。使用化学药剂是防治水稻病害的重要手段之一,2009年,笔者进行了拿敌稳和好力克防治水稻主要病害最佳施用时间和施用次数探索试验,现将试验结果小结如下。     

不同杀菌剂对稻粒黑粉病菌冬孢子萌发的影响

稻粒黑粉病(Rice kernel smut)是一种真菌病害。在离体条件下,采用孢子萌发测定法,测定了嘧菌酯、灭菌唑、拌种灵、多菌灵、咪酰胺和二硫氰基甲烷抑制稻粒黑粉病菌冬孢子萌发的最低抑制浓度(MIC);同时研究了药剂浸种处理对稻种的安全性以及浸种处理效果。结果表明,嘧菌酯和二硫氰基甲烷对稻粒黑粉病菌冬孢子萌发的抑制活性较高,MIC为0.4μg/mL,多菌灵的抑制活性次之,MIC为0.8μg/mL,其他3种药剂的抑制活性不高,MIC均大于1.6μg/mL。种子安全性试验表明,嘧菌酯在2.0、4.0、8.0μg/mL和多菌灵在4.0、8.0、16.0μg/mL处理3d和7d后,稻种的萌芽率与对照相比无显著性差异;而二硫氰基甲烷在4.0和8.0μg/mL处理下,所选稻种的萌芽率显著低于对照,说明该药剂在浸种处理后会影响所选稻种的萌芽,但其在低剂量处理下对稻种的萌芽率影响较小。关于稻粒黑粉病浸种处理的合适农药剂型仍需要进一步研究。     

Inter‐ and intrapopulation variation in dormancy of Oryza sativa (weedy red rice) and allelic variation in dormancy‐linked loci

Oryza sativa (weedy red rice), the same species as cultivated rice, is a serious problem in rice production worldwide. Seed dormancy contributes to its persistence. We determined the effect of germination temperature and after‐ripening period on germination capacity (GC) of red rice seeds from Arkansas rice fields in three production zones. We also determined the gene diversity (GD) of dormancy‐linked loci among selected populations. The germination behaviour was evaluated at three temperatures (1°C, 15°C and 35°C) and four after‐ripening periods (0, 30, 60 and 90 days) in two independent experiments. Germination response to temperature and after‐ripening time differed among and within populations in each production zone. Overall, populations from the Delta and Grand Prairie were more dormant than those from White River. Regardless of ecotype or production zone, incubation at 35°C (mean GC = 84–100%) favoured the germination of seeds after‐ripened for 60 days. Germination of these seeds was most variable at suboptimal temperature (15°C), with mean GC ranging from 44 to 97%; at 1°C, none of the seeds germinated. Primary dormancy was released in the majority of populations after 90 days of after‐ripening. Blackhull populations generally had lower mean GC than strawhull populations, regardless of temperature, and required longer after‐ripening time to release dormancy. They also showed a higher inter‐ and intrapopulation variation in germination and after‐ripening than strawhulls and had the highest gene diversity (GD = 0.55–0.58) among test populations. Non‐dormant strawhulls were most distant (D = 0.63) from dormant blackhulls. Ecotype influenced genotypic clustering more than the dormancy trait.     

Effect of calcined lime (CaO) on chlamydospores of the rice false smut pathogen,Villosiclava virens,and their root attachment and infection

Rice false smut caused by Villosiclava virens is a devastating disease. The smut balls contain chlamydospores, which fall onto paddy soils to become the primary inoculum. After transplanting, the chlamydospores subsequently germinate and infect rice roots. The application of a CaO-containing fertilizer to paddy soils can inhibit the development of rice false smut disease; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the suppression of chlamydospore behaviour due to CaO. Specifically, we clarified the effects of the following on chlamydospore morphology and germination: (a) pH, (b) calcium (Ca) concentration, (c) Ca concentration (pH adjusted to 6.5), and (d) CaO-added soil solution. Germination was suppressed at pH 4 and 10, in contrast with the normal germination at pH 6, 7, and 8. Treatments with more than 10 mg/L Ca melted the outer layer of chlamydospores and suppressed germination regardless of whether the pH was adjusted to 6.5. A saturated CaO solution induced bursting of chlamydospores. Suppressed germination and a melted outer chlamydospore layer were also observed, even though the soil buffering effect initially prevented the CaO-mediated pH increase. Furthermore, the chlamydospores within 15 mm from the CaO small lump exhibited suppressed germination in soil. In addition, there was no effect of CaO treatment on chlamydospore attachment to rice roots and hyphal invasion of rice roots in in vitro inoculation tests. These results suggest that Ca concentration is an important factor for inhibiting the occurrence of rice false smut disease.     

毒素在稻纹枯病菌致病中的作用分析

用水稻胚根生长抑制法测定了10个稻纹枯病菌菌株在寄主体外产生毒素的能力,发现不同菌株的产毒能力各不相同,且产毒量差异极显著。用水稻离体叶接种法测定了这10个菌株的致病力,结果表明：不同菌株的致病力也各不相同,且差异极显著。相关分析发现,菌株的体外产毒能力与致病力高度正相关（R =0.915 2）。这些结果表明：稻纹枯病菌毒素的分泌可能在其致病过程中起重要作用。     

水稻粒黑穗病侵染的研究

 稻粒黑穗病在川东焉蔓延已久的病害。解放前万孙熊家乡长民曾企图用温汤浸梗法以防治此病,结果无效。     

稻糠与浮萍控制稻田杂草和稻纹枯病初步研究

温室盆栽和田间小区试验研究了稻糠、稻草糠、浮萍和满江红对稻田主要杂草和水稻纹枯病的控制作用,以及对水稻生长及产量的影响。结果表明,单独施用稻糠、稻草糠、浮萍和满江红对水稻分蘖、株高、生物量和产量无显著影响,但可明显抑制稗草的萌发、降低其生物产量;对移栽的莎草、鸭舌草、牛毛毡的株高、鲜重控制效果不一。稻糠加浮萍可显著提高对主要杂草和水稻纹枯病的控制效果,且对水稻无明显影响。     

Implications of bacterial contaminated seed lots and endophytic colonization by Pseudomonas fuscovaginae on rice establishment

The economic impact of seedborne bacterial diseases on rice production provides a major motivation for research on seed health. This paper reports on the endophytic growth of a rifampicin‐marked strain of the seedborne rice pathogen Pseudomonas fuscovaginae. The bacterium was found in most tested seeds indicating that, even without visible discolouration, seed transmission is possible. Crushed discoloured seeds contained more bacterial cells than did non‐crushed discoloured seeds. These bacteria were released during seed soaking, contaminating clean seed and lowering seed germination. Cells of a rifampicin‐resistant strain of P. fuscovaginae, which had been inoculated onto rice seeds, were subsequently recovered from different growth stages and from different rice tissues, thereby indicating endophytic colonization. These results have implications for seedling establishment, as symptomless seeds do not assure disease‐free seeds, and the presence of seedborne bacteria results in poor germination and poor seedling establishment. Elimination of seedborne bacteria by soaking in sodium hypochlorite can increase seed germination. This could be used in developing control strategies, and, if practised regularly, reduce entry of seedborne disease‐causing organisms into crops, resulting in lower disease pressure.     

苏南苏中苏北地区3个杂草稻生物型萌发特性比较研究

为了搞清楚江苏地区杂草稻不同生物型在萌发特性上的差异,选择了苏南、苏中和苏北地区3个杂草稻生物型及2个常规栽培稻品种,采用种子生测法,进行了温度、水势、盐分、pH值和埋土深度对杂草稻与常规栽培稻种子萌发影响的研究。结果表明,在萌发适宜温度范围方面,JT-3、JD-4〉SY63〉GY-LZC〉WYJ7;不同水势条件下,JT-3、JD-4的萌发率〉GY-LZC的萌发率〉常规栽培稻的萌发率。JT-3、JD-4在每个盐浓度处理下的萌发率〉GY-LZC的萌发率;在pH值7~8范围之外,JT-3、JD-4的萌发率〉GY-LZC的萌发率〉常规栽培稻萌发率;当埋土深度在4~7 cm范围内,常规栽培稻的出苗率〉杂草稻。     

超氧自由基在三环唑防治稻瘟病中的作用

 研究了三环唑对水稻超氧自由基(O₂^{· -})产生的影响及其在病害防治中的意义,结果表明三环唑能刺激药剂-植物-病菌互作过程中O₂^{· -}的产生。O₂^{· -}清除剂甘露醇和抗坏血酸对稻瘟病菌菌丝生长有一定的抑制作用,于接种后处理却对三环唑表现拮抗作用。外源H₂O₂和O₂^{· -}及从经三环唑预处理并接种的植株获得的叶片泌出液都对稻瘟病菌孢子萌发有直接的抑制作用,且三环唑对这种抑制作用表现明显的增效。说明刺激寄主产生O₂^{· -}和降低病菌的抗氧化能力可能是三环唑防治稻瘟病的作用机制之一     

利用绿色荧光蛋白GFP研究稻瘟病菌与水稻的互作

稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae严重威胁水稻的产量与质量,明确稻瘟病菌与水稻互作过程及机理,对防治稻瘟病具有重要意义。本研究利用稻瘟病菌常用致病菌株GUY11和ZB25,构建了绿色荧光蛋白GFP的过量表达菌株,并通过荧光显微观察菌株侵染寄主水稻过程中侵染结构的形成与发育,包括孢子萌发、附着胞形成、侵染钉形成、侵染菌丝增殖、坏死斑形成及产孢。另外,通过比较过量表达菌株对稻瘟病高抗水稻和易感水稻的侵染过程,发现侵染过程的差异主要集中于侵染钉的穿透和侵染菌丝的定殖。本研究为分析稻瘟病菌对寄主水稻的定殖规律提供了一种有效工具。