猪HK2基因第17外显子多态与胴体和肉质性状的相关性研究

采用PCR—RFLP技术,分析了HK2基因第17外显子中MspI的酶切突变多态位点（A171G）在6个群体186头猪中的多态性分布及其与胴体性状和肉质性状间的相关性。研究结果表明：3个纯种猪群和3个杂交猪群中A和B等位基因频率分布情况较一致,均为B等位基因占绝对优势;在6个群体中,没有发现AA基因型个体,AB与BB基因型效应与胴体长、肋骨数和眼肌面积的相关性极显著（P〈0．01）,与肩部背膘厚、胸腰椎间背膘厚、三点平均背膘厚、眼肌高度、眼肌宽度、肥肉率、瘦肉率和肌内脂肪等性状的相关显著（P〈0．05）。该位点是否可用作改良猪胴体、肉质性状的标记位点并在标记辅助选择中加以应用还有待进一步的研究。     

陕北白绒山羊H-FABP基因SNPs及其与生长、胴体性状的相关研究

利用PCR-SSCP技术分析了262头周岁陕北白绒山羊H-FABP基因外显子2的多态性及其与生长和胴体性状的关系,结果表明该座位存在1个突变位点(G→C),且该群体处于Hardy-Weinberg非平衡状态;H-FABP基因的AB与AA和BB基因型个体背膘厚差异显著,AA和BB型个体间的差异极显著;AB和BB型个体的胸围和管围差异显著(P＜0.05),AA和BB型个体的眼肌面积具有显著差异(P＜0.05),其他性状在不同基因型间均无显著差异;此外,在初生重、眼肌面积、背膘厚等6项指标上,均表现为AA＞AB＞BB,而在体高、胸围、管围3项指标上,均表现为AB＞AA＞BB.可以推断H-FABP基因可作为陕北白绒山羊生长及胴体性状的候选基因和绒山羊肉用性能的分子标记.     

松辽黑猪IGF-Ⅰ基因外显子4多态性及与部分生产性能的关系

以IGF-Ⅰ基因作为松辽黑猪生长和胴体性状的候选基因,采用PCR-SSCP方法检测30头松辽黑猪IGF-Ⅰ基因外显子4(179 bp)的多态性,对该基因的不同基因型与生长和胴体性状的关系进行分析。结果表明,IGF-Ⅰ基因的2个等位基因和3种基因型在松辽黑猪中均有不同频率的分布,遗传多态性较高;IGF-Ⅰ不同基因型对断奶后日增重有显著影响,AA型显著高于AB型和BB型(P<0.01)。AA型猪的瘦肉率显著低于AB型和BB型(P<0.01),而AA型猪的平均背膘厚显著高于AB型和BB型(P<0.01),对其它性状的影响差异不显著。因此,IGF-Ⅰ基因的遗传分析结果说明该基因对松辽黑猪的平均日增重、瘦肉率和平均背膘厚等3个性状有显著的遗传影响,可以初步推断IGF-Ⅰ基因可能是影响猪生长和胴体性状的一个主效基因或是一个与影响猪生长和胴体性状的QTL连锁的基因。     

松辽黑猪IGF-Ⅰ基因外显子4多态性及与部分生产性能的关系

以IGF-Ⅰ基因作为松辽黑猪生长和胴体性状的候选基因，采用PCR-SSCP方法检测30头松辽黑猪IGF-Ⅰ基因外显子4(179 bp)的多态性，对该基因的不同基因型与生长和胴体性状的关系进行分析。结果表明，IGF-Ⅰ基因的2个等位基因和3种基因型在松辽黑猪中均有不同频率的分布，遗传多态性较高; IGF-Ⅰ不同基因型对断奶后日增重有显著影响，AA型显著高于AB型和BB型(P<0.01)。AA型猪的瘦肉率显著低于AB型和BB型(P<0.01)，而AA型猪的平均背膘厚显著高于AB型和BB型(P<0.01)，对其它性状的影响差异不显著。因此，IGF-Ⅰ基因的遗传分析结果说明该基因对松辽黑猪的平均日增重、瘦肉率和平均背膘厚等3个性状有显著的遗传影响，可以初步推断IGF-Ⅰ基因可能是影响猪生长和胴体性状的一个主效基因或是一个与影响猪生长和胴体性状的QTL连锁的基因。     

松辽黑猪IGF-Ⅰ基因的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)及其与生长和胴体性状的关联性

采用PCR-SSCP技术分析了IGF-Ⅰ基因的5’UTR、外显子4在松辽黑猪群体中的遗传多态性。结果在所扩增的IGF-Ⅰ基因的5’UTR中的2个目的片段均未发现PCR-SSCP遗传多态;在第4外显子中发现PCR-SSCP多态,有2种等位基因A和B,有3种基因型AA型、AB型、BB型。对多态片段的测序分析表明:在IGF-Ⅰ基因第4外显子中存在有1碱基A→G突变。适合性卡方检验表明,该位点的不同基因型频率处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡。用最小二乘法分析IGF-Ⅰ基因第4外显子不同基因型与松辽黑猪生长和胴体性状的相关性,发现IGF-Ⅰ不同基因型对断奶后日增重有显著影响,AA型显著高于AB型和BB型(P&lt;0.01)。AA型猪的瘦肉率显著低于AB型和BB型(P&lt;0.01),而AA型猪的平均背膘厚显著高于AB型和BB型(P&lt;0.01),对其他性状的影响差异不显著。结果表明,松辽黑猪IGF-Ⅰ基因应是影响生长和胴体性状的一个主效基因或与影响这些性状的主效基因紧密连锁。     

松辽黑猪胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱ基因PCR-SSCP多态性分析

采用PCR-SSCP技术检测胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱ(IGF-Ⅱ)基因外显子3和外显子4在松辽黑猪中的单核苷酸多态性,同时研究该基因对松辽黑猪部分重要生长、胴体性状的影响。结果表明:3对引物中,只有p3的扩增片段存在多态性。p3的扩增片段在松辽黑猪中检测到AA、AB和BB 3种基因型;测序分析发现BB型与AA型相比在IGF-Ⅱ基因(AY044828)第21585 bp处有G→C突变,松辽黑猪AA、AB和BB基因型频率分别为0.6956、0.2609和0.0435。AA基因型对瘦肉率(P<0.05)、日增重(P<0.05),BB基因型对平均背膘厚(P<0.01)有正遗传效应,对其他性状差异不明显。     

猪PGC1基因多态性与胴体性状的相关性分析

通过PCR-RFLP方法,检测外来品种大约克猪和江苏地方品种梅山猪、二花脸猪、姜曲海猪以及培育品种苏钟猪共144头,结果表明PGC1基因第8外显子序列经Aul I酶切后存在AA、AT和TT 3种基因型,其中大约克猪中AA基因型占优势,A等位基因频率为0.7, 而江苏地方品种猪中,TT占绝对优势.分析PGC1基因型与胴体性状相关性发现,AA基因型猪的左胴重、右胴重和脂肪重均高于TT基因型猪,差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05).倒数第三、四腰椎间背膘厚AA基因型显著高于TT基因型猪,差异达到极显著水平(P＜0.01),AT基因型与TT基因型差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05).     

PLIN基因多态性与秦川牛胴体、肉质性状的相关性研究

旨在研究PLIN基因第3、4外显子多态性与秦川牛部分产肉性状的关系。以相同饲养条件下18~24月龄的405头秦川牛为研究对象,利用PCR-SSCP方法和测序技术,对PLIN基因第3、4外显子进行SNPs位点检测,并将发现的SNPs位点与部分产肉性状进行关联性分析。结果,在第3外显子的156 bp处发生T→C突变,第4外显子的14 bp处发生C→T突变。方差分析表明:AB基因型个体的宰前活体质量、胴体质量、背膘厚和眼肌面积显著高于AA和BB基因型个体(P0.05),而且相对于AA基因型个体达到差异极显著水平(P0.01);DE基因型个体的胴体长、胴体胸深和背膘厚显著高于DD和EE基因型个体(P0.05),DD基因型个体的肌肉嫩度极显著高于EE和DE基因型个体(P0.01)。研究显示,PLIN基因单核苷酸多态性对秦川牛脂肪沉积有一定的影响,可作为影响胴体和肉质的候选基因,指导肉牛的育种工作。     

MyoG和c-fos基因多态性及其合并基因型与猪肌纤维性状的关联分析

旨在对MyoG和c-fos基因多态性及其合并基因型与猪肌纤维性状的关联性进行分析。本研究以大白猪(180头)和北京黑猪(170头)2个品种共350头猪作为试验动物,利用冰冻切片、H-E及SDH染色等技术对其进行了肌纤维性状的测定,采用PCR-SSCP技术对肌纤维性状候选基因MyoG与c-fos的外显子进行了SNPs检测,并对不同标记基因型与部分肉质性状和肌纤维性状进行关联分析。结果表明:(1)在MyoG基因外显子1上发现1个多态位点(A2512G),检测到3种基因型(AA、AB、BB);在c-fos基因外显子4上发现2个多态位点(G2650A与A2910G),并分别检测到3种基因型(AA、AB、BB);(2)对A2512G和G2650A2个位点进行分析表明,在2个猪种中,提高A2512G座位上等位基因A的频率可减小肌纤维面积与直径,增加肌纤维密度;提高G2650A位点等位基因B的频率可增加肌纤维密度与红肌纤维比例;而A2910G位点的等位基因A和B则分别具有增加肌纤维面积与肌纤维密度的效应;(3)在北京黑猪,有利合并基因型和不利合并基因型个体的各性状(背膘厚除外)间差异均达到了显著或极显著水平(P<0.05或P<0.01);在大白猪,有利合并基因型和不利合并基因型个体间肌纤维直径、密度、面积、红肌纤维比例、白肌纤维比例和眼肌面积间均达到了显著或极显著水平(P<0.05或P<0.01)。以上结果提示,MyoG和c-fos基因单核苷酸多态性及合并基因型对猪肌纤维性状有一定的影响,可以作为影响猪肌纤维性状的候选基因。     

不同猪种ADIPOQ基因外显子2多态性及其与山西白猪体重和体尺性状的关联分析

本研究旨在检测猪脂联素（adiponectin,ADIPOQ）基因外显子2的多态性,并分析其对山西白猪体重和体尺性状的影响。采用PCR-SSCP技术检测了长白猪、大白猪、杜洛克猪、山西白猪、山西黑猪和马身猪6个猪种392个个体ADIPOQ基因外显子2的多态性,并采用GLM程序分析了ADIPOQ基因外显子2多态性与山西白猪体重和体尺性状的关联性。结果显示,在ADIPOQ基因外显子2的89 bp处检测到G→A错义突变,引起缬氨酸（Val）向异亮氨酸（Ile）的转变。ADIPOQ基因外显子2存在3种基因型：AA、AB、BB,2个等位基因：A和B。杜洛克猪中只有BB基因型,长白猪、大白猪、山西白猪和山西黑猪中BB基因型为优势基因型,马身猪中AA基因型频率最高。在引入品种长白猪、大白猪和杜洛克猪中B等位基因为优势等位基因,基因频率分别为0.96、0.96和1.00;在地方品种马身猪中A等位基因频率（0.52）略高于B等位基因（0.48）;在培育品种山西白猪和山西黑猪中B等位基因频率分别为0.76和0.78,介于引入猪种和地方品种之间。基因型频率分布在马身猪、山西白猪和山西黑猪之间无显著差异（P>0.05）,杜洛克猪与长白猪、大白猪间差异均不显著（P>0.05）,而长白猪和大白猪间差异显著（P<0.05）,任意一个引入品种与马身猪、山西白猪和山西黑猪之间的差异均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）。ADIPOQ基因外显子2多态性对断奶重有显著影响,其中BB基因型个体28日龄断奶重显著高于AA和AB基因型（P<0.05）,AA和AB基因型间无显著差异（P>0.05）,但对其他性状无显著影响,说明该位点只在个体发育早期阶段起作用。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.