贮藏温度对神秘果果实采后品质、生理代谢及病害的影响

神秘果是一种具有发展前景的热带优稀水果。为研究贮藏温度对神秘果果实采后品质、生理代谢及采后病害的影响,试验采用低温（4 ℃）和常温（25 ℃）贮藏,测定了神秘果果实在贮藏过程中的可溶性固形物、维生素C及可滴定酸等品质指标的变化,同时进行了呼吸强度、乙烯释放速率测定以及采后病害鉴定。结果表明：神秘果采后贮藏期间可溶性固形物含量升高,维生素C含量和可滴定酸含量下降,且低温贮藏条件较常温条件变化缓慢;常温贮藏条件下神秘果呼吸强度和乙烯释放速率极高,而低温能明显抑制果实的呼吸强度和乙烯释放;低温贮藏还可以显著延缓神秘果的果色转变,保持92.33％的好果率;神秘果采后主要病害为炭疽病（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides（Penz.）Sacc.）和蒂腐病（Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.）。总之,低温贮藏能显著延长神秘果的贮藏期,并显著降低其采后病害的发生。     

低温贮藏对‘松风本’龙眼果实品质和耐贮性的影响

本文以‘松风本’龙眼果实为试验材料,研究贮藏温度对龙眼果实贮藏品质和耐贮性的影响。采后龙眼果实经过挑选、清洗等预处理后晾干,用聚乙烯保鲜袋（0.015 mm厚）包装,分别置于室温(25±0.5)℃和低温(3±0.5)℃下贮藏。贮藏期间定期取样测定龙眼果实的营养品质和耐贮性指标。结果表明：与(25±0.5)℃室温贮藏相比,(3±0.5)℃低温贮藏可以有效延缓龙眼果实采后呼吸强度,保持较高的果皮色素（叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色素苷、类黄酮）含量和果肉营养物质（可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、蔗糖、还原糖、维生素C）含量。此外,(3±0.5)℃低温贮藏还能延缓采后龙眼果肉自溶和果皮褐变,以及抑制龙眼果实失重率的升高,维持较高的龙眼果实商品率。据此认为,(3±0.5)℃可以作为‘松风本’龙眼果实低温贮运的推荐温度条件,以保持‘松风本’龙眼果实的贮藏品质和延长其保鲜期。     

红龙果最适贮藏温度试验

以桂龙1号红龙果为试材,研究不同贮藏温度对红龙果果实品质的影响,探寻红龙果的最适贮藏温度,为延长红龙果的贮藏保鲜期提供理论依据。结果表明：0～5℃低温可显著抑制红龙果果实的呼吸强度,减少果实的重量损失,有效延缓可溶性糖的分解消耗,保持红龙果果实的风味和品质;3℃以下低温会引起红龙果冻害的发生,使果实失去商品价值。红龙果最适宜贮藏温度为3～5℃。     

温度对采后香蕉果实糖代谢及其酶活性的影响

以香蕉为试材,研究采后不同温度(20、4℃)贮藏对果实的呼吸作用、糖代谢及其相关酶活性变化的影响。结果表明:20℃贮藏早期(0~8d),果实呼吸作用平缓上升,SPS、NI和AI酶活性较低,蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量较少;随着果实进入快速软化阶段(8~13d),3种酶活性与蔗糖含量分别在第13天和第12天达到峰值,然后急剧下降,变化趋势类似于CO2释放量。而果糖和葡萄糖含量在20℃贮藏过程中持续上升,SS活性无明显变化。相比之下,4℃贮藏可明显抑制果实的呼吸作用,CO2含量先降低后缓慢增加,SPS、NI和AI酶活性和糖含量上升缓慢,SS活性下降。由此,低温贮藏可明显抑制香蕉体内碳素代谢,降低代谢酶活性和糖分积累速度,有利于提高果实品质,延缓贮藏时间。     

采后‘长营’和‘惠圆’橄榄果实的耐贮性比较

品种的差异是影响采后橄榄果实品质和货架期的重要因素之一。比较研究福建省2个主栽橄榄品种‘长营’和‘惠圆’果实的贮藏性差异。采后‘长营’和‘惠圆’橄榄果实经清洗并用抑霉唑杀菌剂处理(1.0 m L/L浸果5 min),晾干后用0.015 mm厚的聚乙烯薄膜袋密封包装,在(8±1)℃下贮藏140 d。贮藏期间定期测定果实呼吸强度、细胞膜透性、好果率、失重率和果皮褐变指数的变化。结果表明:2个品种的橄榄果实呼吸强度在贮藏0~60 d内上升,贮藏60 d之后下降;果实细胞膜透性、失重率和果皮褐变指数都随着贮藏时间的延长而上升;果实好果率随着贮藏时间的延长而下降。但‘长营’和‘惠圆’橄榄果实的耐贮性不同。在同一贮藏期间,‘惠圆’橄榄果实的呼吸强度、细胞膜透性和果皮褐变指数都高于‘长营’橄榄果实,而好果率则低于‘长营’橄榄果实。据此认为,‘长营’橄榄果实比‘惠圆’果实更耐贮性,其原因可能与‘长营’橄榄果实可以保持较低的呼吸强度和较完整的细胞膜结构有关。     

不同浓度 1-MCP 处理对采后安溪油柿果实的保鲜效应

本研究探讨了不同浓度纸片型 1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）（0、0.45、0.90、1.35、1.80 μL/L）处理对安溪油柿果 实在(25±1) ℃、相对湿度 85%贮藏条件下的保鲜效应。贮藏期间测定了果实呼吸强度，果实硬度，果皮色差 a*、b*、 L*值和色调角 h 值，果皮转红率，以及感官品质等指标的变化。结果表明：与对照安溪油柿果实比较，不同浓度纸片 型 1-MCP 处理 12 h 均可抑制采后安溪油柿果实呼吸强度，延迟呼吸高峰出现，保持较高的果实硬度，抑制果皮色差 a*、b*、L*值和色调角 h 值的变化，延迟果实转红，保持果实原有风味，减少果实腐烂。其中 1.35 μL/L 1-MCP 处理效 果最佳。因此，1.35 μL/L 纸片型 1-MCP 处理 12 h 可作为在(25±1) ℃、相对湿度 85%贮藏条件下安溪油柿果实的适宜 处理条件，以延长贮藏寿命和保持果实品质。     

甘蔗采后冷藏过程中品质及生理变化

甘蔗采后于２℃贮藏，随着贮期延长，蔗茎的呼吸强度呈上升趋势但没有高峰出现。蔗汁中蔗糖和可溶性总糖含量呈下降趋势，还原糖和酒精含量出现不同程度的增加。在贮藏前期，蔗汁中／中性蔗糖转化酶活性呈增加趋势，其中以酸性转化酶活性增加较为显著。甘蔗采后蔗糖含量下降是转化酶和呼吸作用的共同结果。     

低温贮藏花生嫩果病变及真菌状况初步研究

对低温贮藏花生嫩果果实的研究表明,在花生嫩果果实上有真菌15种,以酵母菌、毛霉、曲霉菌、青霉菌、镰孢霉和交链孢霉等6种为优势菌,不同地区的花生嫩果果实上真菌状况有较大差异,花生嫩果果实上真菌数量随贮藏时间的延长而大幅度增加,贮藏花生嫩果的病变有褐(黑)、红(白)腐,果实长霉等3种类型。     

基于PCA分析‘南丰’和‘新余’蜜橘的耐贮性差异

品种的差异是影响采后柑橘果实耐贮性的重要因素之一。采用主成分分析法对江西省2个主栽宽皮柑橘品种‘南丰’和‘新余’蜜橘果实在低温(5 ± 0.5) ℃下贮藏过程中,果实腐烂率、失重率、果皮色差指数、褐变指数、可滴定酸、维生素C、可溶性固形物、总糖、呼吸强度、相对电导率、抗氧化酶活性等14个生理指标的变化进行统计分析,筛选出代表果实耐贮性能指标88.781%信息量的3个主成分,第1主成分反映失重率、果皮色差指数、褐变指数、可滴定酸、呼吸强度、相对电导率、过氧化氢酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性8个生理指标的信息;第2主成分反映腐烂率、可溶性固形物、总糖、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶的信息;第3主成分反映维生素C的信息。主成分分析法能科学评价‘南丰’和‘新余’蜜橘果实的耐贮性差异,综合单一指标和主成分分析结果表明,‘南丰’蜜橘果实的耐贮性优于‘新余’蜜橘。     

采前喷施胺鲜酯对采后龙眼果实品质和耐贮性的影响

研究采前喷施胺鲜酯对采后龙眼果实品质和耐贮性的影响,为龙眼果实贮藏保鲜提供科学依据和生产指导。以‘福眼’龙眼为材料,在龙眼盛花期后70、90、110 d用浓度为10 mg/kg的胺鲜酯喷施龙眼果实3次,以蒸馏水喷施为对照。龙眼果实在盛花期后120 d采收,采后龙眼果实经过挑选、清洗和晾干后用0.015 mm厚的聚乙烯薄膜袋密封包装,在(28±1)℃、相对湿度85%下贮藏。贮藏期间取样测定果实呼吸强度、果皮色素含量、果肉营养物质含量和果实耐贮性指标。结果表明:与对照龙眼果实对比,采前喷施胺鲜酯可有效降低采后贮藏期间龙眼果实呼吸强度,保持较高的果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色素苷和类黄酮含量,及较高的果肉TSS、可溶性总糖、蔗糖和维生素C含量,延缓果皮褐变和果肉自溶的发生,降低果实失重率,保持较高的好果率。因此认为,采前喷施浓度为10 mg/kg的胺鲜酯能有效延缓采后龙眼果实的品质下降、较好维持龙眼果实品质,提高龙眼果实耐贮性和保鲜效果。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.